نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 46 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

The notion of power and  its meanings  are related  to Nietzche's  thought  central  concepts .From  his  point  of  view ,power  is human's  stimulant  force  for life. The present  study  is  to  consider  how  power  occurred  throughout  periods  of  time , and  in  what  manner  it  happened  ,and  with   what  distinctive  faculty  it  is  circulating  in the  whole  world . Furthermore, in  what  way will , value , and  its  relationships  following  the  connected  concepts  of power  and  will  are  propounded in  Nietzche's  thoughts  and  then  in  Shamloo's  views ,Because Shamloo  mentioned  the same  notions  as Nietzche's  thoughts  in  his  poems  in most  cases  as  well ; whether  it  is  about  the  theory  of  power , or  it  is  discussing  love  and  freedom  and  particularly  in  arguing  about  evaluating  and  validating ; whether  it  is  because  of  being  familiar  with  those  thoughts  and  notion , or  it  is  due  to  the  complete  similarity.  The  current  paper  attempts  to analyze  and  criticize  these  views  and  opinions  in   Nietzche  and  Shamloo's  written  prose  and  poems . However ,this  criticism  is  composed  of  some  various  point  of  views  of  these  two thinker.

This research is written to answer this question that: what are the important weaknesses in historic research in iran? the hypothese of research shows that the main weaknesses  in two cases are: method in research history and the second is content. In the first case the most importanr are: ambiguity in the historic research concepts, description instead of analysiy  and the tendency to the oral sourses. In tee second case the important are: qualitative paradox in the historic texts, cultural management  in 6 casasse that are: nationalism, no attention to historic geography. The society of this  reseach are historic texts that are: Tabari , zen – o –akhbar , Moruj – o –zahab from Masudi, gardizi history, Alkamel o fe tarikh from ebn – e – asir , Ibn – e – khaldun  history. beihaghi  history, Tarikh – e -  jahangosha – e - joveini  and the contemporary historians  that are: nafisi,taghi zade, vavandi,etc.

Mikhail Bakhtin with The theory of dialogism created a new space within the fields of literature, linguistics. One of the main characteristic of this theory is saying carnival the most striking feature, Removing formal boundaries and transform the origins of most of the institutions and discourses of power. So, Carnival using a tool such as criticism, satire, irony and ridicule, is working on concepts, rules and values of the society to challenge and the monologue to disturb and will emerge polyphonic society, with diverse dialogue. On the other hand, In contemporary Persian poetry, Ahmad shamloo is a critical figure Who tried in his poems, including collection of fresh air to criticize the political and social situation monologue and limited community of his time and the beginnings of the official culture of challenge and the boundaries of political, social, cultural and literary usual break. For this reason, The paper will be reviewed and analyzed, Descriptive and analytical review Bakhtin's carnival theory with critical approaches Shamloo will be speaking criteria. It seems a number of factors such as Mixed feelings, and taking advantage of the grotesque, according to the earthly dimension of human life, official crush and values imposed by society, denial of polyphonic monologue and praise Shamloo approaches consistent set of Havaye Tazeh.

Sadegh Choubak is an author who describes the life of the lower classes of society in his books. He uses the language and tune them to illustrate the bitter realities of their ugly life with extreme details and attention. His realistic view of life depicts a world of miserable people - who have no choice over their lives- for the readers. The school of naturalism considers nature as a primary concept which concerns every event in the world. After a little time excitement in the behavior of followers of this school overcomes imposed censorships and expresses the ugliness and disasters of the society in which no other author had mentioned before him. Sadegh Choubak as a naturalistic writer has utilized these disorders to the advantage of his works. this article, Reviews the impact of naturalism on his works with an analytical – descriptive method.

The need for accurate, easy, and  non-conflictual translation with the definitive findings of the sciences is essential for the propagation of the message of the Quran to Muslim and non-Muslim audiences. One of the ways to achieve this is the pathology of  Quran translations .among  the verses which have been the subject of interpretations, are the verses of six and seven surah's of Tariq,Which irrational and inaccurate translations of it has been created the idea  that there is a mistake in the Holy Qur'an, by the new-Muslim and opposition. Therefore, the pathology of these verses, based on the two words " backbone ", "ribs ", was the object of this  research .this study revealed that neglect of the rules and criteria of the translation, failure to use correct equivalents in the target language, neglecting the interpretative rules, non-normative mention of correct interpretative additions, bringing false commentary additions, failure to comply with target language structures, not translating all the elements of the verses,not paying attention to the definitive findings of science and the neglect of all lexical abilities of arabic language is one of the most important damage to contemporary translationson these two verses, that considering them in refining future translations and clearing the verses from the mistake and provide correct translationsfor audiencesis essential.

Motif is one of the phenomena used to understand literary texts and serves to beautify the poetic subject, and also expresses the poet's efforts to further assist the readers in understanding poetry. One of the most important motifs that has strong and beautiful motifs proportional to the language and spirit of the poet is the re-reading of various characters in poetry; in fact, the motif of characters is a means for interpreting the poet's feelings. Sustained poetry is full of religious, mythical, and historical memories, and so on; religious rituals are of particular importance in Palestine's sustainability poetry. In many of his poems, the poets have used Qur'anic characters to bestow their emotions. Samih al-Qasim was one of the great contemporary Arab poets. He occasionally used these rationales and characters in accordance with their Qur'anic readings, and in other parts of his poems, he used this mystery according to his will. His poetry is full of epics spirit and resistance to Israel and oppression. The poet has been well versed in his poems about Qur'anic characters, enriching and deepening their poetic themes. The most important characters are Cain, Adam, Noah, Moses. All of them are symbols for fighting against oppression in their poetry. by studying the poems of Samih al-Qasim and using the descriptive-analytical method, the authors express the of Qur'anic characters of symbolic meaning of his poem and their implications.