پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 70 (بهار 1402)

The poems of the great poets reflect the conditions of their time, and in the meantime, due to the closeness of the poets to the rulers, as well as being sympathetic to the people and coming from the body of the society, the behavior of the rulers and their type of government is clearly manifested in the works of the great poets of this land. Rulers have a significant impact on reforming or corrupting the society and, as a result, the lifestyle. Tyranny rule is an act of corrupting the lifestyle, and in order to reform the society, the government must be reformed. In the history of Iran's past government, the people were the herd and the ruler or the king was the shepherd, which is clearly evident in the hadiths of the elders. Another important point is that the power of a government comes from its popular support, and the ruler is actually the trustee of this valuable support, which he should be grateful. In this article, using the library method and using the works and documents of the discussed poets, including Ferdowsi, Rumi, Saadi and Hafez, as well as the works of prominent scholars who have addressed these great men of Persian literature, indicators of the history of government and governance were identified and be introduced.

Since the British government's colonial policy in the Middle East was to preserve the interests of the East India Company and Iran was recognized as a gateway to India, it led to the government to change the Qajar government that was weak and create a powerful central government. That was the product of Reza Shah. Among the actions of Reza Shah during the monarchy were the seizure of high -profile property and people, which in the present article, with descriptive and analytical research to identify Reza Shah's motives in the occupation of real estate by ruling power, applying different policies to seize these real estate in general. Iran, and especially in the north and the Caspian coast. Now the key question is how the seizure of the real estate by Reza Shah what impact on the degeneration or development of the social classes of Iran of that day and theoretically and methodological using historical documents that lead to deep class divisions (between the poor and the rich. At the country level, as well as the oppression and acts of violence against ordinary people to use and harvest real estate products that led to pessimism and opposition to the Pahlavi government.Asaresult, Reza Shah somehow created the spread of feudalism and wealth in a limited part of the dominant and prosperous classes in the classes of society.

With the rise of the Qajar dynasty and due to their religious tendencies, the shrines and pilgrimages gained a special place. The rulers of Kermanshah, following the policies of the central government in Tehran, devoted a part of their governance measures to the path of highness and pilgrims and related issues.This research aims to answer this question by using the historical research method which is based on description and analysis, what is the role and place of the Way of Atabat in the social and religious developments of Kermanshah? And how did it lead to important changes in the social and religioussituation of this city?The findings of the present research show that the actions of the Qajar kings and the rulers of Kermanshah to create security on the way to the tombs and also to create mosques and takayas and caravanserais for the well-being of pilgrims led to the expansion of pilgrims in this geography and considering that religious scholars, merchants and princes along with Ordinary people were important people among the pilgrims, the good interactions between them and the rulers and people of Kermanshah led to the permanent residence of some of them, and the formation of the clerical class and merchants took place from that time, and this caused social and religious changes in Kermanshah. It is possible to mention the strengthening of the discourse and religion of Shia in opposition to other religions and religious minorities, as well as the tendencies of constitutionalism in it.

Ibrahim Pourdavood was among the biggest and the most prominent researchers of ancient Iran culture (Mazdeyasnā Culture) whose life devoted to this and showed ancient Iran culture and history burried long time ago. He was eager to publish pre-Islamic culture, language and literature. In that time Iranology knowledge was in hand of foreign scientists, it was a masterpiece that Pourdavood could revive ancient Iran culture after many centuries and give it a scientific face. In addition to introducing Pourdavood personality and opinions, the study aims to research in Avesta translation and ancient Iran culture. Basic question in the study is that: what was Pourdavood purpose of Avesta translation and writing ancient Iran culture book? It seems that his purpose is to declare ancient Iran to present generations of this land and stimulate interest to this land and attempt for land reclamation. The study is descriptive analytic one and compiled based on library studies.

Knowledge and awareness of the changes and transformations that occurred in the old Astarabad (currently Gorgan) is necessary for any planning for the changes that have occurred, because all the economic, social and cultural aspects of a society are linked with its population and structural features. Iran's nomadic community, which played a decisive role in the social and political situation of the country until the beginning of the current century (A.H.), has lost its former importance and has gradually been marginalized following some political events, including the nomad settlement policy by Reza Shah. . In the upcoming research, after examining the information obtained from oral sources and supplementing it with other available sources, we will comprehensively understand the effects of Pahlavi's first measures with descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of this research, the effects of the first Pahlavi's actions on the course of social developments and changes in the municipality system in the old Estrabad, including the cities of Gorgan and Bandar Turkmen. In written documents and sources, less attention has been paid to the mentality of people about the events around them. Therefore, oral sources play an important role in reaching the conclusion of this research. Therefore, one of the important measures in the first Pahlavi period was the construction of streets in small and large cities of Iran.

with the beginning of Ba'ath and religious discourse, the state of Mullah or the rule of the Quraysh aristocracy, saw the new discourse in conflict with their interests and from the fourth to the fourteenth year They did it to stop it. One of the most important actions against the Prophet's invitation is the action of the Muqtasmin group. Accordingly, the present article seeks to respond to the nature and appearance of the Muqtasim in the early period of Islam and their method of action against the newcomers and newcomers who have looked at it with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library style with the benefit of the H0ly Koran and historical narratives. The findings of this study show that the Muqtasmin group converged with the Quraysh leaders in their dealings with the Prophet (PBUH) and through their cultural activities, created obstacles for trade and pilgrimage caravans in religious discourse. However, the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) and the newcomers, in contrast to their cultural movements and the set of factors of tribal relations, caused the failure and ineffectiveness of the actions of the Muqtasmin group.

One of the reasons for the tendency of the Muslim Arabs to conquer Trans-Nahar and Khwarizm was that they were not able to conquer Tabaristan in the beginning of the conquests, and when they realized that the Chinese were connected with Tabaristan through Farad, and also, the presence of the Turks in the northeastern and southern regions of Tabaristan. Khwarazm doubled the difficulty of the conquests, they decided to seize the area of ​​Suq al-Jishi of Tabaristan in order to prevent the advance of the Chinese and Turks. But the geographical conditions of this region, such as: impassability, dense forests and swampy area, high humidity and continuous rains, as well as the resistance of the people, made the work of conquest difficult.This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library studies, tries to answer the question that the process of occupying the north and northeast of the Iranian plateau took place based on what process? Studies show that due to the threat of non-Muslim influence in strategic areas of Iran and the necessity of connecting the conquered areas to the route of conquests and emphasizing the territorial integrity of Iran, the Islamic Caliphate was able to control Fararod and Tabaristan areas by sending numerous troops and attracting the target areas. In a symmetric time frame, he took possession. However, despite the Umayyad campaigns, the Abbasids gained the fruits of their conquest of Tabaristan and tied the fate of this region to Khorasan and Mavarlanhar.

AbstractOne of these tribes is the Turkmen, whose relations with the central government have varied during history. One of the events that led to the conflict between the Turkmen and the central government is the historical event of Nardin. This event is one of the most important historical events of the Turkmen that took place in the late Qajar period during the rule of Ahmad Shah Qajar. This historic event took place while the deposed Muhammad Ali Shah, in his unsuccessful attempt to gain power with the help of tribes and nomads, especially the Turkmen, and his presence in Gomesh Tappeh, had failed. In such a situation that the central power was weakened and disorder broke out in the country, there was a famine and a hard winter in 1289. It caused the Turkmen to face problems that eventually led to the Nardin incident and the assassination and massacre of the Turkmen families, Goklan.This study intends to investigate the Nardin incident by using the method of historical research, which is based on description and research, and by asking reason for the assassination and massacre of Goklan leaders and the cause of this incident.The research findings also indicate that the occurrence of famine, hunger and mismanagement of the rulers of Nardin and Bojnourd has caused this crisis.