نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 45 (اسفند 1399)

Late Iranian intellectuals present their ideas based on two fundamental elements, namely religious rule in Iran and the age of globalization. In fact, intellectuals such as Seyyed Javad Tabatabai highlight issues such as government, authority, tradition, modernity, secularism, and democracy on two components. Therefore, the study of his views should be done according to his epistemological approach. Based on his epistemological principles such as Iranshahri, Sunnah, and the Hegelian West, Tabatabai tries to respond to the current challenges and issues of Iranians. This study examines Tabatabai's intellectual foundations and criticisms of these foundations. In this context, the principles of Hegelian West, Iranshahri, his methodology, and concepts have been criticized. We have criticized his ambiguity in the basic concepts such as Iran and modernity in Iran, his Hegelian view of Iranian history, and his disregard for democracy.

One of the most important consequences of the events of 11 September 2001 was the emergence of a new complex and dangerous security environment that led to the revival of the use of force in international relations. Following these events, the jus cogent principle of prohibition of the use of force enshrined in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter faced a great threat. In responding to the events, the United States declared with concern that the principle of the non-use of force could no longer be considered efficient against the threats coming from terrorist activities and weapons of mass destruction proliferation. Therefore, the United States presented its new national security strategy based on pre-emptive/preventive action, and with confirming it in its national security strategy documents and examining it in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and Syria challenged the UN Charter jus ad Bellum regime. By analyzing the United States of America’s official stance concerning the use of force in the Bush and Obama administrations, this article argues that the US approach to the use of force, after September 11 events, was an effort to stipulate an interpretation of the Charter jus ad Bellum regime that would grant it exceptional discretion in the use of force within a hegemonic international legal system.

Presenting three models of political sociology, political economics, and political psychology can be considered as the result of six decades of studying electoral behaviorism in the West. In this paper, the effect of two of these three macro approaches on the electoral behavior of the people of the provinces of Kurdistan and East Azerbaijan is examined. In this article, we seek to examine the hypothesis that the criteria according to which Iranian ethnic groups participate in the elections are different and similar to each other, and social and economic indicators are better factors in this differentiation. The statistical population of the study is estimated at 2461553 people in East Azerbaijan and 943818 people in Kurdistan. Using Cochran's method for each province, 384 people have been selected as the sample size. Based on the research findings, it seems that the patterns of political sociology and political economy influence the electoral actions of the people of East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan.

Each country has a strategy in its foreign policy. Each strategy gives a specific direction to the country's foreign relations. With the victory of the revolution, Iran selected non-alignment strategy in its own foreign policy which is an active strategy. By deepening this strategy, based on the opinion of the Supreme Leader, the Islamic republic of Iran has implemented the strategy of resistance in practice. Therefore, the main question of the article is "What are the strategic components of resistance based on the ideas of Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution?" The hypothesis is: "The main components of resistance are the tendency to idealism while paying attention to the existing realities, paying attention to soft power while increasing the force of hard power, considering the existence of chaos in the international system, "creating a structural network of resistance by increasing regional agents, with the aim of countering the system of domination." The research method is analytical and its main purpose is to identify the components of the resistance strategy according to the idea of Supreme Leader in the field of foreign relations and study these components

This study focuses on recognizing the obstacles to women's political participation in parties, because the presence of women in political society can be described by their role and position in political parties. The main question that this research seeks to find an answer to is what are the main cultural and political barriers to women's participation in the inclusive parties of the country and what is the role of cultural structure in this regard? More generally, the dominance of patriarchal culture in society along with informal political barriers has a negative impact on three factors related to the participation of women's personality traits, political motivations and social status in society in order to achieve confirmation or rejection of hypotheses.

Charles Lindblom‎ argues that the relationship between rulers and people is possible by the three ways: coercion, exchange, and persuasion. Imaginary schemata are important in cognitive linguistics. Therefore, three 'DISEASE', 'WAR', and 'PATH' schemata have been studied. Thus, conceptual metaphors such as "Politics as a war", "Politics as an illness" and "Politics as a PATH" have been analyzed. Studies showed about political metaphors used by Iran’s presidents, from all political factions including conservatives, reformists, moderate, and fundamentalists, that all emphasize the inseparability of religion and politics. In other words, the moderation slogan from Rouhani’s view, dialogue among civilizations from Khatami’s view, justice and spirituality from Ahmadinejad’s view all refer to the concept of “religion is politics” and “politics is a religion”.

The development of the oil and gas industry in Iran requires financial resources, which unfortunately the government is not able to provide all of them with its budget constraints. Therefore, attracting financial resources from abroad to implement such projects can increase production capacity and job creation in the Iranian economy. The present study was an examination of the challenges of the legal system governing the foreign financing contracts of the National Iranian Oil Company. International oil contracts have many fluctuations in the nature of the general terms of the contracts, so it is essential that this study compares the financial challenges with financing by comparing and reviewing the necessary scientific articles in this field with an analytical, comparative and descriptive approach. As a result, Iran's oil industry has made every effort to achieve the goals set out in the Vision Document. What can be deduced from the results of the research is transparent international laws in the oil industry.

Citizenship rights are a prerequisite for development and basis for change in societies where citizen behaviorism and the fulfillment of legal obligations are needed to realize and consolidate civil and social rights. Citizenship rights refer to a set of civil, political, and social rights that individuals enjoy because they are members of a nation-state and are protected and enforced by law. The most important issue is the political development, which is achieved through the realization of social and citizenship rights. Each society must use all its human resources. The issue of civil rights and political development in our society has been raised in recent years. Citizens with a variety of categories, including the expansion of political participation, national legitimacy and integrity, conflict management, and political integration, can have a significant impact on the public and political life of society. They can increase national security by serving religious and national interests.

Hojat Rostami[1], Mohamad Ali Kafaei far [2]*     Abstract The United States has unilaterally imposed aviation sanctions on many countries, including Iran, outside of UN Security Council resolutions. Although the sanctions are putting pressure on the target country to change behavior, but aviation sanctions challenge aviation safety. However, some believes that sanctions prevent war, but the direct relationship of the aviation safety with “right to life”, “right to security”, “right to health” and “right to development”, as fundamental human rights, raises the question of how US aviation sanctions against Iran are assessed in the light of international human rights standards. In this article - which has been done in a descriptive and analytical approach- while explaining the concept of sanctions and its legitimacy indexes, we will focus on aviation sanctions and the legitimacy of US sanctions against Iran has been assessed from a neutral view. [1] - PhD Student, International Law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Humanities, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran [2] - Assistant Professor, International Law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Humanities, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran: Responsible Author

In the last three decades, governments with different policies with different approaches to major issues of the country caused short-term effects on the economy and politics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of governments and leaders in the relationship between government and people. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive, which using the filing method after reviewing and studying the relevant sources. The method is qualitative information analysis. Studies have shown that whenever governments are in harmony with the culture and historical discourse of the people, a cohesive nation-state is possible. Strengthening the link between the system and the people and preventing the activation of various cultural, political, and religious gaps in the country through planning and acting promptly, recognizing the demands of the people, and clearly and honestly addressing the demands of the people and explicitly expressing shortcomings and shortcomings.

Among the Institutions that are the Source of various services to society are Non-Governmental Public Institutions, for this reason, governments, with the aim of having such institutions in the form of good governance, and law-based oversight, with the aim of removing the grounds for deviation from the intrinsic activity mentioned in the statutes of such institutions, by the means of supervision, they provide the means of highlighting and attracting public opinion. However, it seems that the dependence of institutions on the allocation of funds from the national budget has opened the way for government oversight of them and this in itself may provide a positive effect in order to maintain the activities of the above institutions in the direction of the law, but dependence on the government can be affected by some political issues and hinder the growth and prosperity of public non-governmental organizations.

Khuzestan, with its Jundishapur scientific center, was considered as the scientific and cultural center of Iran from the Sassanid era until the beginning of the Islamic period. The purpose of this article is to study the intellectual and cultural components in Khuzestan from the arrival of Islam in this region until the end of the Albuyeh period. This was so that the Muslim Arabs in medicine even before the occupation of Iran sought the help of the graduates of the Jundishapur Scientific Center and several Arabs, including Harith bin Kaldeh, had studied in this university, due to their scientific importance and Cultural of Khuzestan in the Sassanid period. It is important to study the cultural situation of this region after Islam, so the present study aims to show the role of this region in the Islamic society by examining the cultural and intellectual situation of Khuzestan in the early arrival of Islam in Iran. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to achieve the goal that Khuzestan is still considered as the scientific hub of the region after Islam with its prominent scientific people.

The principles of International Environmental law, have generally emerged into International Environmental law through International Relations and environmental disputes. One of the most important environmental principles that emerged from the international disputes, is the recognition of the principle of un-harmful utilization of territory, prevention, precaution, etc., which have played a special role in preventing wars and strained international relations. One of the reasons for the establishment of such principles is the irrevocable international damage to the international environment which threatens human life and is followed by numerous inter-state disputes and this has caused the investigated principles to change from soft statements to important systematic principles through the international law. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we explain and investigate some of the most important environmental principles that emerged into international law from these disputes.

The purpose of this study was the role of banks' economic policies in intensifying the class gap in Iran. This research is a library study and causal analysis based on panel data analysis. Statistical data were purposefully selected as a sample size based on the statistics in the statistics of the Central Bank and the Management and Planning Organization. To estimate the model, the auto regression method has been used. The results showed that the policies of governments have resulted in the growth of the class gap. Its main reason has been the mismatch between inflation and rising incomes, which also decreased wages and increased unemployment. The results of the present study show that the implementation of direct and indirect taxation policies to the wealthy class has not had much effect on reducing the class gap.

Holding a healthy election is considered a necessity for democracy. The way the rulers are elected by people is not the same in all political systems, and the health of the electorate is an important factor in ensuring the freedom and participation of parties and voters. In Iran, measures such as the appointment of election monitoring boards have been adopted to manage and prevent election violations. However, we witness crimes and violations by executors, candidates, supporters. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for political crimes and electoral violations in Iran in the '90s. The assumption is that party rivalries, localism, patronage, economic factors, numerous conflicting laws are among the most important causes. Documentary studies have been used for theoretical and literature studies.

The subject of this article is to examine the performance of the reformist government based on indicators of good governance. The basic premise of the study is that the reformist government has acted in accordance with these principles and based on the principles of good governance, although due to the nature of state in Iran, which according to the constitution as the most important legal structure of the country, is just one of the existing institutions. Also it is not equivalent to the state in its Weberian sense - having the highest power of legitimate violence. The results of the study show that the government with its special structure in Iran - as an executive institution - is relatively successful in terms of good governance such as participation, rule of law, transparency, accountability, consensus building, justice, efficiency and effectiveness and accountability. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on this, library and internet resources and existing and non-classified documents are used. The method of data collection is also the method of taking fish.

From the early of 20 century, the most important duty of government and international lawyers was to ban the war or prevent from using force in the international relationship. The rule of government immunity nowadays has the common conditions in international law. But the government doesn’t have the same opinion on these exceptions. The government doesn’t consider another government to have immunity and are qualified for all of the take over and commercial activity. But there is a question from the perspective of international rule when internal authority can order to confine the belongings of external government in their country. It seems that from international rule internal authority that includes judicatory or arbitration cannot bind the access of another country to its belongings in their country. The aim of this investigation is to find the legal system governing the immunity of government and the belongings of government.

Oil and gas industry players face a wide range of risks in their contracts, such as death and bodily injury, loss, and damage to property, and may lead to their bankruptcy. It is in international oil contracts that, by moving away from the traditional understanding of responsibility, they help to shift risks to the side that is in a better position. The method of the present study is a documentary and library study and its purpose is to explain the legal status of arbitrators in different stages of arbitration. The authors conclude the general tendency of foreign oil and gas companies is to take advantage of the arbitration option in resolving disputes with the host government instead of going to domestic courts.

Considering the significant role of oil and its sales and prices in the economy of Iran and the Persian Gulf countries, as well as the popularity of the general public and economic activists and foreign investors to operate in the Iranian capital market, examining changes in oil prices and stock market returns is very important. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the integration between changes in oil prices and stock market returns of Iran and the Persian Gulf countries. The data are collected through the official website of APEC Organization and the archive of stock exchange indices of each member country during the beginning of 2012 until the end of the first half of 2018 and on a monthly basis using the two-variable GARCH-BEKK model, VAR model. Granger causality was examined. The results show that changes in oil prices without calculating structural failure affect the stock markets of OPEC member countries. However, when structural failure is used, the results will be different