Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery
Volume:18 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2023

Although xylazine is widely used in domestic animals as a sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant, its side effects on the uterus prevent its utilization in pregnant animals or in embryo transfer. Although the effects of xylazine on increasing uterine contractions have been confirmed, no reliable report of fetal death due to xylazine administration has been published. Hyoscine is an anticholinergic medication that has antimuscarinic and antispasmodic effects in the uterine tissue of pregnant cattle during in vitro studies, therefore, we investigated if administration of xylazine in the last third of pregnancy could increase fetal death and if hyoscine could prevent its adverse effects. Twenty adult female rats, after mating with four adult male rats and confirming pregnancy, were randomly divided into two equal control and treatment groups. On the 18th day of pregnancy, the number of fetuses per rat was determined using ultrasonography. Rats in the treatment group received hyoscine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 3 days. Subsequently, all rats were administered xylazine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 3 days. On the 21st day of pregnancy, the number of living and dead fetuses was counted after laparotomy. Also, the weight and dimensions of the fetuses were measured. The results showed that although more fetuses lost their lives in the treatment group compared to the control group, the statistical difference in the percentage of fetal mortality in the two groups was not significant (p  0.05). In addition, the comparison of the mean weight, body length, and body width of living and dead fetuses in both groups showed that there was no statistically significant difference between these groups (p  0.05). It could be concluded that maternal xylazine intake in rats could cause about 18-25% of fetal mortality. However, the use of hyoscine to prevent fetal death induced by xylazine is not recommended.

This study was undertaken to establish a protocol for myelography in the healthy and paraplegic neonatal bovine calf. The study material will be composed of 30 calves, 10 of which are normal and 20 of which are paraplegic, brought to Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The contrast medium used was Iopamidol, which was introduced through the foramen magnum under general anesthesia . In order to diagnose the atlantooccipital space, this region was tried to be diagnosed with the help of an ultrasound. Myelography revealed changes in the spinal canal and assisted in a definite diagnosis. It has been observed that myelography applications made with this method described by Braun are extremely useful and practical. Bleeding was observed in only two of the cases after puncture. No complications were observed after myelography. While a narrowing of the subarachnoid space was observed in the cervical region in 2 of 20 calves with paraplegia, a lesion was observed in the lumbar region in 5 of them. In 10 cases, narrowing of the cauda equina segment was observed. In 3 cases, paraplegia was observed in the patient it has been concluded that the prognosis can be determined more accurately by myelography.

Using a rat ovary model, protective effects of nano-methoxatin (NMXTN) were studied on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Following randomization of forty-eight healthy female Wistar rats ~250 g, the animals were subjected to eight experimental groups (n = 6): Group SHAM: Only laparotomy was performed. Group IS: Only a 3-hour ischemia was performed. Group IS/Oil: Only a 3-hour ischemia was performed and 50 µl soybean oil alone (Solvent of MXTN) was administered 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Group IS/REP: The procedure included a 3-hour ischemia followed by a 3-hour reperfusion and 50 µl soybean oil alone was administered 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Group IS/MXTN: The procedure included a 3-hour ischemia only and 50 µl (0.3 mmol/l/IP) of MXTN 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Group IS/NMXTN: The procedure included a 3-hour ischemia only and 50 µl (0. 3 mmol/l/IP) of NMXTN 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Group IS/REP/MXTN: The procedure included a 3-hour ischemia, a 3-hour reperfusion and 20 µl (0.3 mmol/l) of MXTN 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Group IS/REP/NMXTN: The procedure included a 3-hour ischemia, a 3-hour reperfusion and 20 µl (0.3 mmol/l) of NMXTN 30 min before cessation of ischemia. Significantly amended development of ischemia/reperfusion tissue injury was observed in animals treated with NMXTN compared to those of other groups (p = 0.001). Mean values of biochemical indices were significantly higher than those observed for other groups (p = 0.001). Significantly lower values of MDA were observed in IS/REP/NMXTN animals compared to those of other groups (p = 0.001). Where ovarian tissue is exposed to ischemia intraperitoneal administration of NMXTN could bear clinical benefits in diminishing ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia/reperfusion can cause tissue damage and affect organ function. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs in a variety of clinical manifestations such as stroke, trauma, and surgery. The present study investigated the role of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on the renal damage after IRI. Rats were assigned to four groups randomly (n = 8): Control group, Sham group, Renal IRI (45 minutes ischemia and subsequently 24 hours reperfusion) and renal IRI + PQQ (10 mg/kg /IP). Serum level of urea, creatinine, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by a biochemical analyzer using commercial kits. In kidney tissue samples total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured using commercial kits. The results showed that IRI injury increased serum urea, creatinine levels, TNF-α and IL-6 along with MDA, MPO levels in the renal tissue, and decreased renal TAC levels. A decrease in serum urea, creatinine levels as well as MDA, MPO levels of the IR + PQQ group were observed in renal tissues. In addition, TAC levels in the kidney tissues of PQQ-treated animals were improved in comparison with the IRI group. In conclusion, pyrroloquinoline quinone treatment ameliorated renal IR injury by anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, it could be promising as a potential therapeutic agent for renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Turkey meat is popular for its taste, quality, and festive stuffing. The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) males, i.e., toms are often considered a good source of meat and caponized toms (capons) might be a superior choice in this context. This study was conducted to determine the effects of caponization on growth, carcass yield, certain blood parameters, serum enzymes, and electrolyte levels in toms. Thirty-six apparently healthy Narragansett turkey toms were randomly selected and equally distributed into group I (control, n = 18) and group II (study, n = 18). The group II birds were caponized at the age of 10 weeks. In both groups, daily feed intake, live weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and snood length were recorded at 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 weeks along with evaluation of certain hematological and biochemical parameters including assessment of some serum electrolytes. All birds in both groups were sacrificed by slaughtering at the age of 14 weeks, and thereafter the weights of internal organs, i.e., liver, heart, spleen, and kidney were recorded. In capons, significant (p < 0.05) increases in mean daily feed intake, live weight, and daily weight gain were noted with an improved FCR, along with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in snood length. In addition, the capons were found to have significantly (p < 0.05) higher total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride in different phases of the experiment. Besides these, non-significant changes were observed in differential leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin concentration between the groups throughout the experiment. After slaughter, postmortem disclosed significantly (p < 0.05) heavier liver, spleen, and kidney in the caponized toms than those in the contemporaries. The findings of this study revealed that caponization of the turkeys notably contributed to performance for meat production influencing certain hematobiochemical indices and serum electrolytes.

Understanding anatomical structures from the past to the present has been one of the guidelines for advancing medical and veterinary science worldwide. The lack of comprehensive information on the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the Shal sheep nasal cavity (Ovis aries) encouraged us to write this article. Computed tomography (CT) scan is a method that shows different parts of the body without superimposition of adjacent structures. Radiographic imaging also gives very high-resolution images of bones to examine bone structures. Paranasal sinuses of Shal sheep were composed of frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, and palatine sinuses, and the nasal sinuses were composed of dorsal, and middle nasal sinuses, which were identified and labeled in keeping with cheek teeth as landmarks. The width of the frontal bone and length of the nasal cavity at the level of the 6th cheek tooth were 7 ± 0.3 and 13 ± 0.8 cm, respectively. The volumes of both the right and left sinuses were measured automatically, and the accurate location of sinuses, canals, nasal folds, conchae, and meatuses, and connections between different parts of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were described. The volume of the frontal, maxillary, and palatine sinuses were 279.3 ± 16.4, 80.6 ± 2.6, and 13.5 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. Frontal, maxillary, and lacrimal sinuses were observed like other ruminants. But the palatine sinus in this breed was not present in the Egyptian sheep, Saanen, and Markhz goats. Also, unlike Sanan and Markhz goats and like Egyptian sheep, ventral nasal sinus was not observed in this breed.

Safe and effective sedation methods are as much momentous for small birds as for other animals not only for surgical procedures but also for safe handling and diagnostic and clinical procedures such as radiography, wound dressing, blood collection, and fracture repair procedures. This study intended to conduct a clinical evaluation of sedation efficacy in the intranasal administration of acepromazine in Pigeons. Thirty healthy adult domesticated Pigeons of both sexes, weighing 311.33 ± 24.46 grams were used in this study. They were randomly segregated into three groups (n = 10/group). Acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg, Acepromazine 1 mg/kg, and diazepam 5 mg/kg were administered intranasally respectively in these three groups; using a micropipette. The onset time and duration of sedation time were measured and recorded. Also, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before drug administration and after sedation time were measured and recorded. There was no statistically significant difference in heart rate and blood oxygen saturation between groups (p ˃ 0.05), but this study showed that intranasal drug administration could provide fast and reliable sedation in Pigeons, and also intranasal diazepam administration made the fast onset of sedation but acepromazine administration (at the dose of 1 mg/kg) can provide long and adequate sedation (p < 0.05). So, for long-time diagnostic therapeutic procedures utilization of acepromazine is recommended.

Cystocele is a chronic condition mostly seen in humans, which defines as the protrusion of the bladder into the vaginal wall. Generally, vaginal prolapse includes bladder prolapse or cystocele, rectal prolapse or rectocele, and uterus prolapse. This condition is very rare in veterinary medicine and, as a consequence of dystocia, constipation and forced breeding are performed. In this case report a 5-year-old mixed breed intact female non-pregnant dog was diagnosed with cystocele using diagnostic imaging and clinical examinations. The animal was treated with cystopexy surgical technique and, a necrotic segment in the ventral side of the bladder was seen, which was treated with partial cystectomy. Cystocele is a condition mostly seen in humans and, according to our knowledge, there is only one previous report of occurrence in animals.

Polydactyly is a malformation characterized by the presence of one or more additional digits that usually occurs solitarily or rarely together with other developmental or inheritable anomalies such as contracted tendon. A 5-day-old mixed native breed calf presented to the clinic of faculty of veterinary medicine of Razi University (Kermanshah, Iran) with extra digits (polydactyly) and contracted tendon in the right forelimb. The calf was born during normal delivery without intervention and had normal clinical symptoms in the examination. In physical examinations, an extra part was seen in the right forelimb with distinct metacarpus and digits, and also contracted tendon was evident in the main digits. Regarding the inability of the calf to locate the affected limb on the ground normally, surgical intervention was performed to remove extra digits and resolve the contracted tendon. Case follow up showed a good improvement and the calf had a normal life.

Synovial pad proliferation that origins from a soft tissue observes in the fetlock joint of horses, mainly racing horses. In the present study, we report the clinical and histopathological findings of synovial pad proliferation in a 15-years-old male horse with mild lameness. A palpable and visible mass was found at the dorsolateral surface of the right hindlimb joint associated with ulcer and hemorrhage. The radiology examination and biopsy sample were performed for the present case. In radiology, there was not exostosis or a bone fraction. Histopathology dominantly demonstrated densely collagenous, fibrous connective tissue and vascular congestion to gather with mild chronic inflammation and fibrosis. No evidence of edema and acute inflammation were found on the tissue sections. The surgical removal of the proliferative mass was suggested for the treatment of choice for optimal recovery.

There are different types of metabolic bone diseases, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, or nutritional metabolic bone disease, is the most common one in turtles. This disease may cause deformities and paralysis of the posterior limb. In this article, we describe a tortoise (Testudo gareca) with soft shell syndrome and cloacal inflammation. A 1.5-year-old tortoise weighing 600 grams was referred to the faculty clinic for anorexia and inability to defecate. During the clinical examination, the shell was observed to be curvy and excessively soft when touched, along with swelling around the cloaca. Lateral and dorsal-ventral radiographs were performed to further evaluate the patient. This clinical report presents the clinical findings and radiographic profile of a soft shell in a tortoise.