فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Mammals are as one of the important species of arid environment and play a significant role in their stability and function in the ecosystem. Touran Biosphere Reserve is one of the representative reserves of cold winter deserts that has a high biodiversity of mammals. In this study, which lasted between 2018 and 2021, the mammal diversity and threats of Touran National Park, which is part of the Touran Biosphere Reserve, were investigated. According to the surveys, at least 29 mammal species are inhabiting the national park. Among the identified mammals, Asiatic Cheetah is critically endangered, Persian Wild Ass and Persian Leopard are endangered, Persian Goitered Gazelle, Wild Goat, and Urial Wild Sheep are vulnerable, and Sand Cat and Striped Hyaena are near threatened in the IUCN red list category. Four species of mammals in the national park, Persian Wild Ass, Asiatic Cheetah, Persian Leopard, and Caracal are in the Cites Appendix I, and Urial Wild Sheep, Wolf, Blanford’s Fox and Sand Cat are in the Cites Appendix II. According to the Department of the Environment laws, four mammals of Touran National Park are endangered and five species are protected. Touran National Park is one of the most important and few remaining habitats of Asiatic cheetah and Persian Wild Ass in the country, both of which are among the species with high conservation priority in the country due to their high evolutionary distinction. Therefore, more efforts are needed to study and protect this national park.

The aim of the present experiment was to improve the quality of milk by using a change in the type of grain source and oil supplement in the diet, for this purpose, from the number of 32 Holstein cows in the third abdomen with an average lactation days of 60±15 and milk production of 36±5 kg as a 2x2 factorial experiment. It was used in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replications. Experimental treatments included 1- Diet containing grain Barley + 2% fish oil 2- Diet containing barley + 2% sunflower oil 3- Diet containing corn kernels + 2% Fish oil 4- Diet containing corn kernels + 2% Sunflower oil The trial period was 45 days, the first 36 days for habit The susceptibility of cows to diets and the last 9 days were considered for sample collection.The dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by grain and oil source (P<0.05) and in fed cows Barley grain diets were higher than corn grain diets, but among blood parameters, only triglyceride concentration was affected by the interaction of grain and oil source (P<0.01) .The effect of grain source on ruminant time The total chewing time was significant (P<0.05) and this time was longer for cows receiving barley grains than corn grains, of which only milk fat percentage was significantly affected by the source of dietary grain (P<0.05) And in cows fed barley grain-based diets was lower than in corn grain-based diets. Based on the results, sunflower oil can be a good alternative to fish oil without a negative effect on production performance and milk quality.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of ambient temperature and daily milk yield on reproduction efficiency in Holstein cattle. Data was consisted test-day records of first-parity Holstein cows together with their reproduction performance belonged to a dairy cattle herd in Isfahan. Daily of meteorological data, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were also used. Dairy cows were grouped according to the average of daily milk yield to four groups: low (average of 21.68 Kg), medium downward (average of 26.54), medium upward (average of 29.91) and high (average of 34.89). Data were grouped according to the daily average temperature to four groups: 4.30°c, 11.84°c, 20.06°c and 27.42°c; in average for the group 1 to 4 respectively. Results showed that insemination year and month, daily milk yield, age at insemination, interaction between milk yield and age at insemination and interaction between age at insemination and daily temperature, significantly affect the number of artificial insemination (AI) for successful pregnancy (p<0.0001). The months January, February and March had maximum number of AI and April and September had minimum of AI. Pregnancy rate for the cows with the age of first insemination under 30 months, with high daily milk production (average 34.89 kg) and under high daily temperature (27°c) is more desirable rather than others. Better reproductive performance of cows with high milk production, possibly related to considering of better conditions such as management, nutrition, healthy cares, housing and etc to this group of dairy cattle in the farms.

Estimation of genetic parameters for economic traits has a practical and prerequisite role for the implementation of animal breeding programs. Therefore, the aim of current study was to evaluate direct and maternal genetic effects for growth traits of Sanjabi sheep. Used data was related to Sanjabi herd of Mehregan station in 2016 to 2021. For the traits, 6 animal models differed on maternal genetic abd permanent environmental effects were taken into accounts. Proper model was identified for the final trait analysis based on a comparison of the log likelihood ratio and the Akaike criterion. Significant model for birth, 3 and 6 months’ weights, daily weight gain from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months, and kleiber ratios from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months was 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 2 and 5, respectively (P<0.05). Direct heritabilities based on appropriate model for birth, 3 and 6 months’ weights, daily weight gain from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months, and kleiber ratios from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months were 0.05, 0.103, 0.182, 0.422, 0.004, 0.135 and 0.001, respectively. Also, maternal heritabilities for birth, 3 and 6 months’ weights, daily weight gain from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months, and kleiber ratios from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months were 0.122, 0.191, 0.166, 0.087, 0.024, 0.156 and 0.004, respectively. The ratio of maternal permanent environmental effect on phenotypic variance for daily weight gain from birth to 3 and 3 to 6 months, and kleiber ratio from 3 to 6 months were 0.088, 0.001, and 0.016, respectively. Estimated direct heritabilities were moderate to high, representing abilitiy for response to selection. Maternal effects, genetic and permanent environmental, were significant. Neglecting maternal effects in the final model of analysis make the genetic parameters overestimated. Estimated heritabilities showed that growth traits of Sanjabi sheep can response to selection.

Supply of cheap fodder with good nutritional value is one of the important issues of tropical countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing different levels of peanut silage with corn silage and the effects of this replacement on performance and blood parameters of Moghani lambs. In this research, peanut fodder was replaced with corn silage in proportions of 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% and silage was prepared for four weeks. A number of 30 Moghani male lambs with an average weight of 30 kg were selected and fed with experimental diets in the form of a completely randomize design in separate locations in 5 treatments and each treatment with 6 repetitions for 70 days. One day before the beginning of the experimental period and one day before the end of the experimental period, blood sample was drawn through the jugular vein of the lambs. The results of this research show that replacing 25% of peanut fodder with a treatment containing ensiled corn fodder had no significant effect on the average daily weight gain and the final weight of lambs compared to the control treatment, but with the increase in the level of peanut fodder replacement, the daily weight gain increased; and as a result, the final weight decreased significantly. Although no significant difference was observed in terms of dry matter consumption between the experimental treatments, but the feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by the experimental treatments. The most appropriate feed conversion ratio was related to the control treatment and the treatment containing 25% peanut fodder and with the increase of the replacement level of peanut fodder from 25%, the feed conversion ratio increased significantly. Regarding the tested blood parameters, no significant difference were observed in terms of albumin and cholesterol between the experimental treatments, but total protein, triglyceride and blood glucose were significantly affected by the experimental treatments. The complete replacement of peanut fodder silage instead of corn silage caused a significant drop in the blood glucose of the lambs, while the lowest amount of blood protein was observed in the control treatment. In general, it seems that peanut fodder silage can be substituted for corn silage at the level of 25% in the diet of fattening lambs without any negative effect on performance and blood parameters.

The main objective of the present simulation study was to determine the most appropriate relative nucleus size and transfer rate of the replacement ewes from the base commercial flocks to the nucleus in an open nucleus group breeding scheme for improvement of six-month weight of Kermani sheep. Modeling the structure of the breeding pyramid including flocks in nucleus and base tiers including 5000 ewes and 143 rams with overlapping generations, 6 ewe age groups and 3 ram age groups in both nucleus and base tiers, the birth of first progeny at 2 years old, selection of replacements by the method of "progeny selection" for 6-month weight, transfer of replacements between two tiers in 5 and 6 selection paths, provision of all replacement rams in two tiers from nucleus, without- and with the transferring of ewes from nucleus was carried out, and it was simulated using a deterministic approach with account of the selection effect on the genetic variance and progress. Eight relative nucleus size considered at intervals of 0.02, from 0.04 to 0.18, for each of which the optimal transfer rate from the base to the nucleus was obtained. The annual genetic progress and the genetic lag of base flocks with optimal ewe transfer rate to nucleus calculated for each relative nucleus size and the most suitable relative nucleus size was determined. The best relative nucleus size was 0.12, but the most appropriate economic relative nucleus size was 0.08, 400 ewes in nucleus and 4600 in base flocks with 64 young ewes to be transferred to nucleus and 3.51 years genetic lag for base compared to nucleus predicted. When reducing the relative nucleus size to 0.08, 33% of relative nucleus size reduced and 5% was added to the base relative size. The increase in number of young ewes for transferring to nucleus was 3 heads. The genetic lag of base flocks increased by 0.36 years. The advantage of selection in the open nucleus scheme at the relative nucleus size of 0.12 in comparison to selection in all community flocks without a nucleus investigated. Deterministic simulation was quite effective for determining the most suitable nucleus size leading to genetic improvement of six-month weight quite close to optimal state, reducing costs of scheme and including as many sheep as possible in base.

Urbanization is considered the most important extinction driver of various fauna and flora species in the present century due to the degradation of habitat quality and its fragmentation. Therefore, investigation of changes in the land use land cover mosaic can provide useful information about the alteration of ecological processes, especially changes in bird diversity in urban landscapes. Bird survey was carried out from April to May 1400 between 8 and 11 am with three repetitions at 55 points located on 11 transects (5 points per transect). Transects and points were selected by examining land use and land cover changes on the rural-urban gradient. Then, 10 variables related to the area, mean distance and density of green cover, road network and habitat were computed in 4 circular buffers with radii of 750, 1500, 2250 and 3000 at each point of bird observation to assess their relationship with the Shannon diversity index using the multiple linear regression model. 2085 birds belonging to 46 bird species were observed. The domestic sparrow was found as the most abundant bird species with 1381 individuals. Among the independent parameters, percentage of green cover in buffer 1500 m, percentage of road cover in buffer 750 m, area of the nearest green cover, distance to the nearest green cover and mean distance to the nearest green cover in buffer 2250 m as variables were entered in the regression model (r2 = 0.64) as predictors of diversity Shannon. The findings of this study showed that the area of small green spaces, their long distance from each other and the high density of the road network are the most important factors in reducing the presence and diversity of bird species in the urban environment. Although areas close to the urban physical border showed higher bird diversity, their sharp decline toward the city center could be offset by accurate locating of urban green parks and reduction of traffic effects in nearby areas.

The liver is a major organ that processes mycotoxins, detoxifies them and protects the body against their toxic effects. AFB1 can cause unbalanced fat metabolism, increase lipid deposition in the liver, and suppress the activity of antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Kambucha can have liver protective effects due to its antioxidant compounds, yeasts and acid-producing bacteria. 320 male Ross-308 broilers to evaluate the effect of Kambucha on reducing the degree of aflatoxin toxicity in 2 4 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design using 8 treatments, four replications and 10 broilers Used in each replication. The first factor was the amount of aflatoxin in the diet at two levels of zero and 2.5 mg/kg of diet and the second factor was kambucha at four levels of zero, 5, 10 and 15 ml per 100 ml of drinking water. Aflatoxin significantly reduced daily weight gain, feed intake and production efficiency index during the initial, growth, final and overall periods (P˂0.05). During the growth and final period of level 10, kambucha had more daily weight gain compared to other treatments. The use of levels 5, 10 and 15 of kambucha compared to level zero showed a significant decrease in feed consumption (P˂0.05). The use of kombucha, aflatoxins and their interaction had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio (P˃0.05). Kambucha had no significant effect on production efficiency index (P˃0.05). Aflatoxin caused a significant increase in liver weight and fat percentage in broilers (P˂0.05). Kambucha had no significant effect on liver weight and fat percentage (P˃0.05). Aflatoxin significantly increased aspartate-aminotransferase levels and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase (P˂0.05) but had no effect on alanine-aminotransferase levels. Although the use of 15 kambucha had the lowest level of alanine-aminotransferase, it was not significantly different from the level of zero. The use of aflatoxin in the diet significantly increased the level of glutathione-peroxidase and different levels of kambucha significantly reduced the level of serum glutathione-peroxidase (P˂0.05). According to the results, the use of Kambucha at levels of 5, 10 and ml per 100 ml of drinking water can be effective in reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin in the diet.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different levels of molasses with sodium polystyrene sulfonate on the nutrition of broiler chickens. This experiment was performed on 480 male broiler Ross 308 chicks in two periods of 11-24 days and 25-42 days in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with 12 treatments including three molasses levels (zero, 7.5 And 15% of diet) and four levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin (zero, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g / kg body weight) with four replications and 10 chickens per replication. In 11-24 days, the treatment with 15% molasses compared to treatments with 7.5% and no molasses had a significant increase in body weight and feed consumption (P<0.05) But no significant difference was observed in 25-42 days and the whole experimental period. There was no significant difference between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The effect of different levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate on performance was not significant. The effect of molasses and sodium polystyrene sulfonate levels on pure carcass percentage, breast percentage and thigh percentage was not significant. In examining the effects of treatments on liver weight percentage, pancreas weight percentage, gizzard weight percentage, heart weight percentage, intestine weight percentage, small intestine weight percentage, small intestine length, small intestine weight percentage to gizzard weight and abdominal fat percentage, there was no significant difference observed between the treatments. In study of different levels of molasses effect on waste moisture, The treatment containing 15% molasses had the highest amount of waste moisture compared to the treatments containing 7.5% and without molasses (P<0.05). The level of one gram per kilogram of body weight of sodium polystyrene sulfonate compared to other levels had the greatest effect on reducing the moisture content of waste (P<0.05). According to the results, addition of different levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate had no effect on other items examined in this experiment, except for the reduction of waste moisture. In this experiment, the recommendable level of sodium polystyrene sulfonate, one gram per kilogram of body weight, determined in terms of waste moisture.

In order to improve fertility, selenium supplementation serves as an important consideration in animals' diets. The impacts of selenium supplementation depend on the source and quantity of selenium in the diet, so this study was performed to evaluate the effects of different selenium sources on sperm quality parameters in aged broiler breeder roosters (BBR). The study took place over a 40-day period; for the first two weeks, all birds received the same basal diet, and then for the next 40 days, the roosters were fed the experimental diets containing different sources (i.e., sodium selenite, organic selenium, and selenium nano-bio-chelate) and levels of selenium (i.e., 0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mg/kg). Every ten days, sperm was collected from the BBR by the belly rub method. The collected sperm was evaluated for several qualitative parameters such as volume, concentration, viability, and plasma membrane function. Each parameter was assessed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS 9.4 software. The results of the present study showed that supplementing the diet with selenium at a level of 0.30 mg/kg, regardless of its source, led to an increase in the concentration and motility percentage of sperm, as well as a decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm. Furthermore, the plasma membrane function of sperm was also enhanced following the addition of selenium to the diet. These findings suggest that selenium supplementation, particularly at a level of 0.30 mg/kg, may improve sperm quality parameters and promote fertility in aged BBR. The present study indicated that the dietary supplementation of selenium, particularly at a level of 0.30 mg/kg, has a positive impact on the reproductive performance of old roosters. The results revealed that the organic form of selenium, such as Selmax and selenium nano-bio-chelate were more effective than sodium selenite, a popular inorganic form of selenium, in enhancing the fertility of the roosters.

An experiment to compare different sources and levels of zinc on carcass, tibia, antioxidant status of serum, meat quality and immune system on 480 broilers in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (4 × 3) with five replications and 8 chicks were performed in each replicate. Zinc sources included sulfate, oxide and organic complex of zinc and methionine levels were zero, 60, 120 and 180 mg/kg feed. At the end of the experiment, the data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS software and the Tukey test was used to compare the means with a 95% probability level for the main effects (zinc sources and its levels) and the interactions between them. The effect of different levels of zinc on weight percentage of spleen, pancreas and bursa fabricius was significant (P<0.05). The results showed that the effect of source and level of zinc on serum malondialdehyde was significant; So that the treatment containing organic sample of zinc had the lowest amount of serum malondialdehyde and also increasing the level of zinc application in the diet caused a significant decrease in serum malondialdehyde. Meat moisture in the treatment containing organic zinc sample had a significant increase compared to oxide treatment, also higher levels of zinc caused a significant increase in meat moisture (P<0.05). Water holding capacity and pH indices were not affected by different sources and levels of zinc. As with the results obtained for serum malondialdehyde, the amount of malondialdehyde in meat was affected by experimental treatments so that the use of organic zinc sample as well as the use of the highest level of zinc in the feed (180 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde in meat after slaughter of birds. Different sources and levels of zinc in the feed had no effect on the trend of changes in the response of the immune titer against gumbo and bronchitis. At high levels of zinc in the diet, lymphocyte counts decreased and heterophils increased; Also, the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes at the level of 180 mg/kg was significantly higher than the level of 120 mg/kg (P<0.05). In addition, different sources and levels of zinc and their interactions on the overall SRBC titer were also insignificant.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of different levels of pomegranate peel crude juice powder (PPCJP) with a commercial prebiotic on growth performance and gut microbial population of boiler chicks. This trial was done with 250 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks in five treatments and five replicates in a completely randomized design for 42 days. The treatments included zero (control), 150, 300 and 450 mg of PPCJP per kg feed and 1000 mg commercial prebiotic per kg feed. The growth performance parameters of broilers in starter, grower and finisher periods were recorded and microbial population of Lactobacillus spp., Coliforms spp. and Total aerobics bacteria spp. of ileum and ceca were measured at day 42. Although adding 150 and 300 mg of PPCJP in comparison with other treatments increased BW at day 42 (P<0.05), these treatments had no significant effects on feed intake and feed conversion ratio at day 42. Not only adding prebiotic in contrast with control group had no significant effects on the whole period (1 until 42 d) growth performance, but also increased ileum Coliforms spp. population at day 42 (P<0.05). Adding 150 mg of PPCJP significantly increased (P<0.05) ileum Lactobacillus spp. population compared with other treatments. Moreover, the effect of treatments on ileum and ceca were not significant at day 42. Overall, supplementing 150 mg PPCJP per kg of diet as a feed additive had the positive effects on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chicks.

The market structure represents the organizational characteristics of the market and with the help of these characteristics, the relationship between market components can be determined. Market structure is in fact those organizational characteristics of the market that can be identified by determining the nature of pricing and competition in that market. In this study, the structure of the global chicken meat market was examined in terms of competitiveness or monopoly and its impact on the import of this product in Iran. The data of this study based on the production quantity of the top chicken producing countries in the world during the period 2011-2020, which was collected from the statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The results showed that the global chicken meat market, based on the concentration ratio index, is not a complete or dominant monopoly market and is a multilateral monopoly. Based on the demand pattern of chicken meat imports in Iran, the findings showed that the concentration ratio has a negative impact on the import of this product in the country.

The diets of laying hens can vary depending on factors such as strain, production targets, age, and climatic conditions. Due to the limitations in basic studies in estimating the requirements of native birds, it is necessary to perform studies in this field, so that the requirements are commensurate with the climatic conditions of the region and the production rate. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary energy and protein on production performance and egg quality in early laying of Khazak hens and to select the optimal levels of energy and protein at this stage of production. In this study, 160 Khazak-laying hens aged 25 weeks were selected and in a completely randomized design as a factorial experiment with two levels of metabolizable energy (2700 and 2900 kcal ME/kg DM of diet) and two levels of crude protein (15% and 19%) with 4 replicates and 10 birds in each replication were fed for 90 days. Production yield and egg quality traits were measured during the experiment. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear model procedure and the means were compared using the Turkey’s test. Energy level had a significant effect on laying percentage, egg mass, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, and protein level had a significant effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P˂0.05). Also, the interaction of energy and protein on all production traits except the average weight of eggs was significant (P˂0.05), so that egg production percentage, egg mass increase and feed consumption and feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing energy and protein levels. Although the highest quality eggs were observed from hens that consumed the diet with the lowest energy and protein, but it was not significant compared to eggs produced by hens that consumed the diet with the highest energy and protein. The results showed that diets containing 19% CP and 2900 kcal ME improved production and feed conversion ratio, and the quality of produced eggs did not differ significantly from diets containing low levels of energy and protein. Therefore, the diet with 19% CP and 2900 kcal ME is ideal for Khazak hens in the first period of laying hen.

Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) are one of the seven remaining species of sea turtles in the world that are classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List due to their long-term use. Nest site selection is one of the most important behaviors in reproductive females. Because the environment around the nest affects the survival of the hatchlings. Sands were collected from eight nesting beaches in the Persian Gulf from three depths. After drying the samples in the open air, 100 gr of the dried sample was weighed separately for each depth. ASTM standard sieves (No.: 4-200) were used to determine the particle size distribution. Finally, the contents of each sieve were collected and the statistical parameters were calculated using the GRADISTAT program. The sand texture in Hormoz and Ommolkaram Islands was Gravelly and in other areas it was Slightly Gravelly. Particle size in all important points of nesting areas was less than 1000 μm with an average of 581.6±171.4. The lowest particle diameter in Nayband Bay was 284.9 μm and the highest in Ommolkaram Island was 856.4 μm. Based on the results of the present study, the grain size and origin of sand particles in the Persian Gulf islands, including oyster shells, coral and gravel, indicate high diversity in the structure of nesting hawksbill turtle populations in Iran. In the Persian Gulf hawksbill turtle, the size of particles as a feature does not have a significant effect on the tendency to dig nests.

Streptococciosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in cold water fish farms in Iran that causes a lot of losses to these farms every year and vaccination can be very effective in controlling this disease. In this study, the effectiveness of streptococcus/lactococcus vaccine was evaluated in both injection and bath methods in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerling. For this purpose, four treatment groups include one-step vaccinated using the bath method group, two-step vaccinated using the bath method group, hyperosmotic fish group+two-step vaccine using the bath method, the group of fish vaccinated with the injection method, and a control group considered. In this regard, 350 fish with a weight of 4.2±0.36 were divided into 10 tanks (two replicates for each group). The fish were reared and tested for two months. In this study, 5 experimental groups including the control group, the group of one-stage bath vaccination fish, the two-step bath vaccination group, the group of fishes vaccinated with hyperosmotic environment+two-step bath vaccination, and the group of vaccination via injection method. Based on the results, total serum protein levels in all vaccinated fish were higher than those in the control group, and based on statistical analysis, the highest level was recorded in the fish vaccinated by injection and the two-stage hyperosmotic+vaccine bath method. Glucose values were also measured in both groups of two-step vaccinated fish and the injection method was higher than in other fish. The ALP, ALT, and AST levels in the injected fish group were higher than those of the other groups. Finally, the serum antibody levels for both Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae bacteria was higher for the fish in the injection group and the two two-stage bath groups than the one-stage vaccinated fish. At the same time, no antibody was observed in the control group. Based on the results, the two bath steps vaccination more and less produces the same levels of serum antibody titer as the injection method in fish, at the same time, the bath method caused less injuries compared to the injection method in fish. So in situations where fish are under stress, bath vaccination with reminder doses can be critical and more effective.

At present, many cold water fish farms in the country use reused water to produce fish, but the effects of its using on fish muscle quality are not well known. The aim of the present study was to compare the muscle quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raised in two open and partial reuse water systems. For this purpose, young trout with a stocking density of 20 kg/m3 and a loading density of 1 L/min/kg of fish was studied in two an open system (100% make-up water) and a designed partial water reuse system (with a reduction of 80% make-up water and its replacement with the reused water) for 45 days. Four times of water recirculation caused an increase of 6.7 and 6.5 times in the amount of water total ammonia and total phosphorus compared to an open treatment, respectively. Crude protein, crude fat, pH and moisture percentage showed significant differences between two treatments. In contrast, there were no significant differences in water holding capacity, cooking loss, texture analysis (hardness, adhesiveness, resilience, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness) and color indices of L*, a* and b* between two treatments. Consequently, the reuse of water to the same extent as the present designed protocol does not have very obvious changes on many studied muscle quality factors of fish.

In this study, helmintic parasites in Alburnus hohenackeri, Blicca bjoerkna and Hemiculter leucisculus of Anzali wetland were examined. Seasonal sampling (spring to winter 2019), was performed using beach net and Fyke net of micro-springs (8-12 mm) from 3 stations of Shijan, Pirbazar and Pasikhan located in the eastern basin of Anzali wetland. After transferring the fish samples to the laboratory, biometry, sex identification and age determination were performed and examined for parasitic infection. Valid diagnostic keys were used to identify the observed parasites. ،he Highest mean weight and length belonged to H. leucisculus (7.39 ± 7.37189 g and 9.27 ± 3.109437 cm) and the lowest belonged to A. hohenackeri (5.86 ± 2.901398 g and 8.05 ± 1.092695 cm). As a result of this study, 6 species of parasities include: Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sphyrna, Dactylogyrus sp., Diplostomum spathaceum, Rhabdochona denudata and Ligula intestinalis were identify and isolated. B. bjoerkna were infected with 4 species and other fish were infected with 3 species of observed parasites. Contamination of B. bjoerkna to Gyrodactylus sp., A. hohenackeri to L. intestinalis and also Contamination of this species and B. bjoerkna to R. denudata is reported for the first time from Anzali Wetland. Accorrding to the chi-square test between various infections and parameters of sex, age, weight, length, seasons and the various stations, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Similar to recent research, despite the diversity of identified parasites, the average intensity and frequency of most parasites in the studied fish in Anzali wetland was very low and negligible. Among the identified parasites, D. spathaceum eye parasite was the most common infection and Monogenes with 2 genera and 3 species had the highest species abundance. B. bjoerkna was the most infected fish in Anzali wetland compared to other species studied. According to the research background, a report of contamination of B. bjoerkna with Gyrodactylus sp. And R. denudata as well as contamination of A. hohenackeri with L. intestinalis and R. denudata were not recorded in Anzali wetland before this study. If the fish of Anzali wetland enter the fish ponds around it, there is a possibility of transferring parasites to farmed fish and a negative impact on production efficiency. Installation of suitable filters in the ponds water inlet as a preventive method should be seriously considered by fish breeders.

Echinops tenuisectus from Sarpol-e Zahab and E. polygamous from Saveh are two plants on which the insect Larinus makes cocoons (manna trehala) with medicinal properties. Larinus growth and metamorphosis stages on two plants from March 2016 to October 2017 later in a range of five thousand meters in two areas was studied. The antimicrobial effect of three concentrations of shoots and manna trehala methanolic extracts on bacteria was studied by disk method. Adult Larinus in both regions, with warming air and formation of plant shoots, emerge from the soil and feed on plant foliage. With the formation of the inflorescence of the plant in May, the Larinuses mating and lay eggs in the inflorescence florets. From the end of May, Larinus larvae hatch from eggs and florets and feed from flowers and shoots. From early July to early September, the larvae make cocoons, and in September and October, the metamorphosis of the larvae ends, and the adult insect emerges by piercing the cocoon. Methanolic extract of both plants had antibacterial effect in all concentrations, but manna extract had a stimulating effect on bacterial growth. Larinus insects feed from Echinops and put their metamorphic stages in a cocoon (Manna trehala). Manna methanolic extract had a stimulant effect, but the extract of shoot E. tenuisectus and E. polygamous shoots had high antibacterial activity. The value of the two plants for selection by Larinus, manna formation and antimicrobial effect was similar.

Methionine is an essential amino acid for fish, which deficiency of it reduces the growth and efficiency of the food. Methionine is usually the first essential limiting amino acid in many diets, especially those with high levels of plant proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the Methionine on growth, and body composition in juvenile of stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) during 8 weeks. A total of 200 fish were randomly distributed in 10 tanks. Fish were fed with diets containing different levels of the amino acid Methionine (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 percent and control diet). Growth and nutrition indices, including condition factor, body weight increasing, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, body weight index, visceral index and carcass composition were evaluated. Based on the results, there was no significant difference in growth parameters between the experimental treatments, except for the feed conversion ratio, which had a significant difference (P <0.05). Accordingly, the highest performance of growth indices in the treatment contained 2.5 percent and the feed conversion ratio was related to the treatment of 1.5 percent methionine and the lowest was different in different treatments. On the other hand, the results showed that the presence of Methionine in the diet increases the amount of protein and fat in the treatment of 0.5 and 2.5 percent compared to the treatment of 1.5 percent. Therefore, it can be stated that the addition of the 2.5 percent Methionine in the diet of stellate sturgeon juvenile will improve growth performance.

In recent years, the application of herbal compounds has replaced artificial supplements in the fisheries due to their benefits. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Mentha piperata and Mentha Pulegium extracts on some blood and biochemical parameters in Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, 320 fish were evaluated in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications in a farm around Kermanshah Province. Experimental groups included (1): control group (basic diet), (2): treatment containing 1% Pennyrile, (3): treatment containing 2% M. Pulegium, (4): treatment containing 1% M. piperata, (5) treatments contained 2% M. piperata and (6) combination treatments (1% of each extract). Blood parameters including white and red blood cells, globulin, hemoglobin, and biochemical parameters, including albumin, glucose, triglycerides, and the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated. According to the results, the combination of M. pulegium and M. piperata extracts resulted in more white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin compared to the individual levels of both mint extracts. 1% M. piperata extract had the greatest effect on blood globulin count. The most significant effect on albumin content was observed in 2% M. piperata extract group. The highest mean blood glucose and albumin were found in the fish received 2 percent of M. piperata. Also, the highest levels of and the lowest triglyceride were observed in the fish supplemented with M. piperata extract and the combination of M. piperata and M. pulegium extracts, respectively. Higher levels of both M. pulegium and M. piperita L extracts increased the levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. According to the results of the study, it seems that in physiological conditions, the use of M. pulegium and M. piperata extracts can improve the physiology of fish while improving the function of the immune system and some blood biochemical parameters.

At present, according to the production capacities of the country, along with the production of domestic hybrids, silkworm egg, are also imported from other country. Climate regions have a great impact on the performance of silkworm hybrids. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and compare hybrids in different climates of the country separately and introduce the best hybrids. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of six domestic hybrids and four imported hybrids in Khorasan Razavi region with arid and semi-arid climate. The hybrids studied in this research were reared in the spring of 2020 under standard conditions in Sericulture center of Khorasan Razavi Province in Torbat Heydariyeh city. The measured traits included viability percentage, cocoon weight, box yield, number and weight of good cocoon, number and weight of waste cocoons, double cocoon percentage, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percentage. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications and 200 larvae per replication. The results showed that the two imported Chinese hybrids I×O and I×R had statistically lower yield for all traits compared to the other eight hybrids (P<0.05) and were not recommended for breeding in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh region. The two hybrids Q×B and B×Q, which are the result of two-way cross hybrids, had a significant difference (P<0.05) for the performance traits of a box, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, average weight of good cocoons and number of cocoons. They are not recommended for breeding in Torbat-e Heydarieh region.
Although, viability and resistance is an important advantage for these two hybrids. Among the imported hybrids, two hybrids, 871×872 and 872×871, can be considered due to their superiority over other hybrids and similarity in the performance of important economic traits. In general, Iranian hybrids are well competitive with the top imported hybrids and can still be recommended and reared in Khorasan region.

Reuse of wastewater and sewage has been considered for many years. It is also necessary to reduce the burden of sewage pollution to be released into the environment in order to maintain the health of the environment and dependent organisms. In recent years, due to the advent of the Covid 19 epidemic and the increase in the production and use of alcohol, the effluent from alcohol production has increased significantly. On the other hand, due to drought and water shortage in the current century, the reuse of wastewater has become an effective way to reduce problems. Relying on the performance of the Bit Trap Filter, water treatment and recycling of effluent from alcohol production in two types of vinasse and stillage were studied. BOD, COD and pH factors are measured in two samples of stillage and vinasse wastewater. They are then exposed to pure oxygen nano-bubbling in a tank for three hours. After that, they enter the particle trap treatment system and at the output for ten days, a sample is randomly taken and measured every 24 hours. Each experiment was performed with three replications. BOD, COD and pH factors were obtained in vinasse wastewater at 37216.67 ± 4348.08, 78566.65 ± 3629.51 and 4.30 and in stillage wastewater at 43166.68 ± 3003.89, 91700.00 ± 9106.04 and 5.20. During the experimental stages and after ten days, the amount of these factors was reported in treated vinasse effluent 953.50 ± 32.36, 2437.33 ± 107.58 and 7.20 and in treated stillage effluent 1392.67 ± 93.66, 3953.34 ± 174.16 and 7.80. Based on the obtained results, the amount of BOD and COD factors in alcohol production wastewater of vinasse type decreased by 97.44% and 96.90%, respectively, and in alcohol production wastewater of extrusion type decreased by 96.77% and 95.69%. The pH of the vinasse wastewater increased by 40.28% and in the stillage by 33.33%. In this experiment, the efficiency of the Bit Trap Filter in both types of wastewaters is known and confirmed, but in the vinasse wastewater, better performance is shown. In both types of wastewaters, the BOD factor had the highest decrease and the lowest changes were numerically related to pH. Finally, due to the appropriate efficiency and low cost of construction, the particle trap system is proposed as an efficient and cost-effective system in the field of wastewater treatment in the alcohol industry.

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is one of the cosmopolite pests, which attack many agricultural and greenhouse plants. Recognizing the distribution of harmful mite species using climate data, geographical diversity, and optimal habitat determination from an animal geographic perspective can be of great help in better pest management. Species distribution modeling is one of the most common methods for determining the range and potential territory of geographical distribution of plant and animal species and usually determining this distribution in order to determine the appropriate environmental conditions as well as the action of species to this condition is used. The MaxEnt software is based on the maximum- entropy approach for modeling species niches and distributions for presence- only species records. The MaxEnt model was used to potential distribution in 15 stations (orchards) of West Azerbaijan provinces in this study. Modeling the distribution of two-spotted spider mites using 6 environmental predictors and presence records including maximum temperature of the hottest month of the year, minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year, average temperature of the hottest season of the year, average temperature of the coldest season of the year, precipitation the warmest season of the year and the coldest rainy season of the year are among the 19 climatic variables. We used ROC curve analysis and the area below the AUC curve, which is a numerical indicator of the recognizing of the model's presence to evaluate the modeling result. The accuracy models were also evaluated by the area receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value in this study. According to the Jacknife test, variables of the temperature of the coldest season of the year, average temperature of the warmest season of the year and minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year were the most contributing in two-spotted spider mite distribution modeling in West Azerbaijan province that average temperature of the coldest season of the year was more important.

The increase in the consumption of heavy metals in the Persian Gulf is the result of oil release, coastal investments such as refineries and large industrial factories, in fishing and commercial, household industries, as well as agricultural runoff, which is the result of pesticides and pesticides. It is one of the dangers that have made the ecosystem with this threat. Considering the proof of the nutritional value of marine products in the past decades and the need to consume food sources and fatty acids needed by the body, it is necessary to study the increase in the amount of risks caused by the consumption of aquatic products. Considering the importance of treatments related to heavy metals in edible aquatics due to the possibility of the accumulation of these metals, 30 oily sardine fish samples and 30 food samples from the beaches of Bushehr were analyzed. Oily sardines and edible oysters are both for human consumption, and according to the reports of the past few years about the presence of pollutants, including heavy elements, in the waters of the Persian Gulf, it is necessary that these species are healthy for human consumption. Thoroughly tested. The main purpose of this research is to measure the accumulation of lead, cadmium and nickel in the muscles of oily sardines and oysters in the Persian Gulf and its consumption. The composition of lead, cadmium and nickel metals in oily sardine fish muscle was calculated as 0.4327, 0.0192 and 0.0006 respectively and in edible oyster mollusk as 0.7414, 0.0550 and 0.0025 micrograms per weight respectively. A comparative comparison with the standards specified by global organizations such as WHO, FDA and UKMAFF shows that all the following were within the standard. The HQ index was less than 1 for both species, which indicates that the consumption of oily sardines and edible oysters does not pose a serious risk to the health of consumers in terms of lead, cadmium and nickel levels.

The coverage of Persian Gulf coral reefs has decreased in recent years due to global scale stressors such as global warming and acidification of oceans and local stressors such as ecotourism and coral diseases. This condition is often associated with the overgrowth of algae and other benthos and impairs the ability of coral communities to regenerate. However, the evidence suggests that coral reefs can essentially be recovered in the absence of stressors and destructive agents, provided that the larvae settle properly on the bed and among biofouling organisms competitors. Therefore, studying the interaction of nutrients and grazing as a precondition for coral larvae settlement is very important in determining the health of coral reefs and benthic population structure in management discussions. In order to determine the relative importance of nutrient and grazing on the settlement pattern of hermatypic corals and other epibenthic communities in the coral reefs of Hengam Island, experimental manipulations was designed and performed in four treatments in terms of nutrient s and grazing parameters. The beginning of this research was from autumn 1398 to the end of summer 1400 in four time periods of spring, summer, autumn and one year-period-panel on ceramic panels with a size of 20×20 cm for 21 months. The statistical results show the predominant effect of the nutrient parameter in controlling the subsidence of benthic communities compared to the grazing parameter in coral ecosystems of Hengam Island. This reflects the fact that the studied coral ecosystems of Hengam Island are mainly driven by a "bottom-up control" mechanism. According to the present study, it can be concluded that if by adjusting the global and local stressful conditions, the coral reefs of Hengam Island are in the direction of regeneration and restoration, the intensity of grazing in the case of s high levels of nutrients will not be able to remove algal biomass and competing biofoulings, and coral larvae will not be able to settle and spend post-settlement phase successfully.

Heat stress causes the production of free radicals in the body of honey bee, which has a negative effect on its longevity, health and performance. Addition of antioxidants to the diet of bees is effective in eliminating the negative effects of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of curcumin supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity, longevity and population of honey bee under heat stress. Thirty two honey bee colonies were randomly assigned to four treatments and eight replicates. Ambient temperature was 38-42°C for 4-h per day. Treatments were as: control group received syrup without supplement and three groups received 5, 10 and 15 curcumin mg per liter syrup. Malondialdehyde level, total antioxidant capacity, body weight and composition of new emerged bees were determined. Longevity test was done in cage with similar temperature condition and the same treatments. Curcumin supplementation at doses of 10 and 15 mg/l increased body weight and total antioxidant capacity of new emerged bees. Longevity of honey bees received 10 mg/l was higher, but at dose of 15 mg/l was lower than the control group (P<0.05). Spawning rate of queen and colony population was lower (P<0.05) when curcumin fed at dose of 15 mg/l as compared with 10 mg/l. Supplementation of curcumin at dose of 10 mg/l had positive effect on total antioxidant capacity, longevity, body weight of new emerged bees and colony population. Dose over 10 mg/l resulted in a decrease of spawning rate and colony population.