پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1402)

The results of development planning show that the goals of regional planning including achieving sustainable development, regional balance, appropriate distribution of activities and maximum use of environmental capabilities have not been achieved. The current research was conducted to evaluate the challenges affecting the change of the settlement pattern and its consequences on the sustainable development structure of the border areas.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and exploratory. Collection methods are based on surveys and interviews. The statistical population of citizens of Urmia metropolis and the sampling method is cluster sampling. To analyze the results, Pearson's correlation coefficient, single-sample T, analysis of variance, Sheffe's post hoc test and structural equations were used.

According to the results, threats to regional water resources, instability of ecological resources, lack of a culture of participation in planning, funding and management of development and continuation of heating will be the 4 main challenges affecting the settlement pattern. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between the amount of changes in the settlement pattern and the level of sustainable development. It is positive and significant in the context of direct intervention and the comprehensive field with correlation coefficients of 0.894 and 0.761 respectively. Still, in the context of the comprehensive field, it is negative and significant with a coefficient of -0.347.

The level of sustainable development in the two contexts of the intervention and inclusive areas is lower than the criterion (70), but the immediate area is higher than the criterion value. According to the results of the ANOVA test, the significance level of the urban context variable and its three components (sig<0.05) has a significant difference between the challenges and its components on the sustainable development of the three city contexts.

Biological threats have had significant effects on human civilizations for centuries. A study on Covid 19 shows that the virus is as cosmopolitan as cholera. Quid 19 has had social and economic effects on a global and local scale. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators affecting the reduction of vulnerability to the prevalence of Quid 19 in the border villages of Zabol City.

The main research method will be a combination of descriptive-analytical methods based on library, documentary and field studies using articles and questionnaires. The statistical population of this study is households living in border villages of Sistan. The method of data analysis is the use of statistical tests and correlation tests.

Based on the results, it was found that the indicators of employment (β = 0.165, P = 0.019), government measures (β = 0.149, P = 0.017), and cooperation and coordination (119/11) Β = 0, P = 0.027) has the most positive and significant effect on the severity of vulnerability to the prevalence of Covid 19 and income and investment indicators (β = -0.167, P = 0.014), health - Β therapy (β = -0.139, P = 0.031) and social network (β = -0.123, P = 0.047) have the most negative effect on the severity of vulnerability to the prevalence of Covid 19 in this regard.

It can be inferred that the higher the level of health care services, the lower the severity and severity of the vulnerability.

 border areas are of special importance at the national and cross-border levels and have the capacity and challenges to attract tourism. However, today these areas are always considered deprived areas of the country due to the lack of facilities and lack of proper investments. The current research is investigating the impact of tourism development on poverty reduction in rural border areas (case study: Parsabad city of Moghan).

 This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in purpose. To collect data, library and field methods including observation-questionnaire have been used. The statistical population of this research is in the city of Parsabad, which according to Cochran's formula is 352 people from among the residents and the cultural heritage organization of industries and tourism of the border areas, as the sample size, and the questionnaires have been completed using the systematic sampling method.

 The findings of the research are obtained from spss data, which uses descriptive statistics methods as well as in the inferential part of proving the hypotheses in two groups before and after the binomial test. This is the basis of tourism development in border areas in all dimensions (except economic, social cultural, environmental and physical dimensions) at a significance level of less than 0.005, with a confidence level of 95%

 The research results show that The lowness of the average values (groups) obtained from the effects of the economic dimension on the development of tourism, which the items due to the development of tourism, the difference in the significance level of the numerical desirability, are also negatively evaluated and estimated. And it can be a source of income for the border areas and the country and reduce the poverty and unemployment of the people.

In the shadow of the serious fight against terrorism, the need to protect the rights of the victims of border terrorist crimes, who can be interpreted as "defenceless soldiers", it is undeniable that the "type and vulnerability" of the victims of terrorism is related to the "targets of terrorists". In the process of crime detection, it is very important for the police authorities and border guard units in the peripheral areas of the border strip, where the possibility of terrorists fleeing to the other side of the border is considered fast. The purpose of calculating the legal standards related to human dignity and reducing the damages caused to the victims of borderline terrorism in the legal system of the studied countries is to "standardize the rights of this group of borderline residents as part of the citizens in Iran's legal system" in the process of dealing with terrorism.

The current research is based on the nature of the "theoretical foundation" topic; In terms of the "applied" purpose and the method of doing it, it is "descriptive-analytical" and the desired data is collected by documentary method. In this regard, to extract the required data with the method of phishing from internal and external sources; The desired data have been categorized in line with the objectives of the research and have been analyzed with an interpretative approach.

the highest frequency of victimization among border victims; caused by frequent terrorist attacks; Due to the easy access and geographical exposure of such victims in their transit route.

codified and legal establishment of the rights of this category of citizens; It requires the enumeration of examples of their legal gaps in the leading systems in dealing with terrorism and finally the legislative and executive standardization in Iran's legal system to reduce the amount of victimization of border residents.

One of the main economic concerns of the country and policy-making is the creation of stability in border areas and regional areas, to deal with problems such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, increasing migration to cities, and marginalization through it. The ecotourism development industry in these areas can solve these problems. This study aims to provide a model to identify the Results of ecotourism development in border areas of Kurdistan province.

In terms of methodology, this research is mixed research that is done with content analysis and Delphi methods. In the content analysis method, data collection was performed using library studies and in the Delphi method, data collection was performed using a questionnaire survey in three rounds. The research community in the content analysis method includes all texts related to the research topic and in the Delphi method, includes eco-tourism industry experts. The sampling method was complete enumeration in the content analysis method and snowball sampling in the Delphi method.

In the Delphi method, 30 experts collaborated with researchers until the end of the third round. In the Delphi method, 22 new indicators were identified, and finally, after three Delphi rounds, 45 indicators were approved by experts, and 9 were not approved.

The research model includes three dimensions (Political, Economic, and Social results), 21 components, and 45 indicators. Paying attention to the model proposed in this research and its practical suggestions can lead to a better understanding of the need to develop the ecotourism industry in the border areas of Iran.

In the 1940s / 1960s, major changes appeared in the strategic area of the Persian Gulf, of which the withdrawal of British forces was one of the most important consequences. According to the new doctrine of England, the British bases were evacuated in the lands east of the Suez waterway, including the Persian Gulf, until 1971 AD. After the official announcement of this issue, the Western world, led by the United States, raised the issue of the power vacuum and expressed their concern about its possible unfortunate consequences. The Iranian government, which was in a superior position compared to other small emirates in the region, strongly supported the withdrawal of British forces. This issue became one of the basic principles of the foreign policy of the second Pahlavi government. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for Iran's stance against the issue of England's withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in the late 1940s/1960s.

The research method is the historical analysis using the library method, and it deals with how Iran confronts and challenges the new strategy of the London statesmen.

it is concluded that the second Pahlavi government was influenced by a set of internal factors and international approaches, in complete opposition to the continued presence of British military forces in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.

The findings of the research show that the withdrawal of British forces from the maritime borders of the southern Persian Gulf and the acceptance of changes in these lines were forced and under the influence of regional and international factors.

 Black tourism, bitter tourism or war tourism, was a central topic of attention after the end of the Second World War, which was established by the countries in terms of culture and tourism industry and its infrastructure. The purpose of this research is to analyze the key drivers affecting the development of war tourism in Abadan and Khorramshahr cities.

 The current research is based on analytical and exploratory methods. In this regard, after holding discussions with 35 elites and war tourism experts in these two cities in two stages, 30 primary variables were identified as the statistical population of the research in the form of four general dimensions. In the following, the primary variables were defined in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects in the Mic Mac futurist software.

 ased on the results of the Mic Mac method, the key drivers are classified into four categories: strategic, influential, dependent and independent. Finally, according to the high score of direct and indirect influence, 15 main key and influential factors in the future development of tourism in the two cities of Abadan and Khuzestan were identified. Based on this, the variables of reducing migration, developing and expanding means of transportation, increasing environmental pollution, increasing industries and industrial activities, increasing opportunities and markets for selling agricultural products, improving the quality of roads and roads, increasing the amount of people's capital can be the most important influencing parameters in the tourism environment. He considered the war in Abadan and Khorramshahr region.

 The results of the research indicated the instability of the war tourism system, and economic drivers had the most influence and the least influence.