نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1402)

Social identity is a historical phenomenon and is influenced by political and social processes at any given time, resulting in a distinct form of homogeneous social identity. In other words, social common identity refers to the creation of a belonging sense to a specific political-social territory and it is the result of the deliberate efforts of a political class to create a tool that facilitates the preservation of power and the exercise of governance. In the Afsharid era between 1736 – 1796, militarism has played an important role in uniting scattered tribal-ethnic components in Iran. Since there are few studies on the functioning of the Afsharid regime's militarism and its role in creating a sense of belonging to the territory of the people, this article attempts to formulate the concept of common social identity in Iran during the era of Nader Shah Afshar relying on the interpretive method. In this regard, the components affecting the concept of common social identity in the land of Iran through Nader Shah's military approach in creating a sense of territorial belonging in Iran are examined by analyzing the socio-political text of this period. The results of the research show that the direction of building a common social identity in this period was deeply influenced by the military approaches of the government. And the factors such as geopolitical alienation with the eastern neighbors, especially the Gurkans of India, the political military compulsion to bring the teachings of Shi’a and Sunni closer to building a great Islamic empire and validating the military forces of the tribes were the most important components of creating a common social identity during this period.

The legal regime of common water resources remains the main concern of countries in the international river basin. In this regard, it seems difficult and unresolved just as before to determine the legal regime of these rivers, due to the different viewpoints of the coastal countries located in the basin of these rivers, on the extent and how to exploit these resources. In general, the approach of governments in the exploitation of these resources stems from two perspectives: a perspective accepts the problem of water scarcity and, with proper management, considers water as an important factor in regional cooperation. In contrast, the other one, given the certainty of conflict over natural resources, regards the conflict and crisis over common water resources as inevitable. Accordingly, the present article examines the governing principles of water resources exploitation of international rivers, assuming that the geographical location (upstream-downstream relations) and hydro-hegemonic position of coastal countries is effective in adopting the governing principles of international rivers. It has also dealt with the conformity ratio of these principles with the approaches and hydro-political attitudes of the countries in the basin of these rivers. The data and information required for the article have been collected through library method (books, publications and Internet). It seems that the adoption or development of governing principles of international rivers exploitation can be derived from the upstream-downstream position and the hydro-hegemonic status of the countries located at the basin of a river. While confirming the hypothesis and the effectiveness of hydropolitical approaches, the article has come to the conclusion that the principles with cooperation-oriented approaches of downstream countries or with low geopolitical weight and the principles with conflict-oriented approaches of upstream countries or with high geopolitical weight have received more attention and acceptance.

Border provinces of Iran have always faced inequality, spatial imbalances and deprivation in the development process. This article aims to give balance the growth and development process of the cities of Kermanshah province based on the model of good governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied-developmental. The research has been done and analyzed in 2 stages. In the first stage, 11 effective indicators of the growth and development process of the cities of Kermanshah border province in three economic, social and infrastructural dimensions have been identified, selected and analyzed in the form of TOPSIS model. In the second stage, the six principles of good governance were examined and analyzed through Friedman test and t-test. The results showed that the level of development has a deep gap and on the one hand the possibility of economic competitiveness at the local, regional, national and even with the neighboring province in Iraq is minimized. The results of this study show that the principle of participation with a value of 0.0001, efficiency with a value of 0.019 and effectiveness with a value of 0.0016 as the three principles of good governance in the border province of Kermanshah do not have normal and appropriate conditions. For this purpose, one of the most effective strategies to improve the conditions of efficiency, effectiveness and participation in Kermanshah province is to follow a proper division of labor and emphasis on meritocracy, offer a periodic report on the quality of service in cities to officials, realize a balanced model of multi-center development in the province and prepare a plan to use the capacity of neighboring of Kermanshah province with Iraq.

The political organization of space in each country is carried out in the form of the country division system. The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of the country division system at the local level. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and information analysis is performed by discourse analysis. The first, the results showed that the first governing ideology of country division system at the local level is a centralized political system that has not led to the formation of an efficient system in the lowest layers of the country's divisions. Secondly, the discourses Mission-Territory interference, weakness of structural-functional unity, weakness of supply system in the needs of villages, the marginalizing of the village in the structure of the system country divisions, the lack of role-playing of micro-levels of division, weakness of the participatory system, inefficiency of laws and regulations, inefficient management, weak distribution of financial-credit resources and governance from up to bottom damaged the system of national divisions at the local level and declined the position of the village  in this system. Finally, "the type of ideology that governs the system of national divisions", the contradiction between the "political spatial structure of the country" and "The inadequacy of the pattern of country divisions in its lowest layers (village)" was identified as the ideological uncertainty.

The purpose of this study is to address the Geo-economics of energy in Russia, which is interested in penetrating and controlling the consumer markets of East Asia (Japan, China and South Korea) in order to expand its hegemony by formulating the energy strategy in 2035. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question by the analytical-descriptive method and using the latest statistical data, as follows: Are Russia’s Geo-economic relations in the field of energy can control the discourse and strategy of consuming countries in favor of Russia’s economic hegemony? To answer this question, the first Russia’s 2035 energy strategy and the amount of Gas and Oil production and exports of this country, and finally the amount of consumption and import of oil and gas in East Asian markets and Russia’s and the cooperation of Japan, China and South Korea with Russia in energy field will be discussed. The conclusion indicates although the territorial proximity of the East Asian markets to Russia can greatly strengthen the Geo-economic relations of Russia with these regions in the economic and energy fields, still the measures adopted by the east Asian countries in order to reduce greenhouse gases and the pressure of traditional energy supplier competitors can reduce the Russia’s energy hegemony and affect the future of cooperation between these Regions. Considering the diverse purposes of supplying energy to East Asian markets and the operationalization of the energy strategy of these countries based on the reduction of greenhouse gases as well as the replacement of renewable energies with oil and gas energy, it seems that Russia is facing obstacles in reaching the goals of the 2035 energy strategy. In this way, Russia’s geo-economic relations with East Asian markets will be influenced by the policy of serious competitors supplying energy to East Asian markets and strategic considerations about the use of renewable energy, as well as their Anti -Russian policies, rather than benefiting the development of Russia’s economic hegemony.

Regimes are a well-known theory in political studies and international relations that is widely used in the analysis of transnational and global phenomena. Although the concept of "power" plays a key role in the process of forming the concept of regimes, so far the scientific literature of the geopolitical field to study these phenomena has not been used, unfortunately. Accordingly, the geopolitical explanation of the concept and role of "regimes" in geopolitical structures and the introduction of this concept analysis in the field of geopolitics is the subject of this article. The main question is how to explain the structure and function of the concept of regimes with a geopolitical approach? In response to this question, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, the hypothesis of the article is that “regime is a complex structure of objective and subjective agents that directly or indirectly is responsible for the political organization of the geopolitical structure. It controls the function of the structure and generates power by the spatial distribution of power among the components of this structure. In fact, regimes are the regulators of the functioning of geopolitical structures and system governance”. Findings show that mental regimes are the subject of social studies, political studies, and international relations, and in particular, are not the subject of discussion in the field of geopolitics, but they are the subject of our discussion in the field of geopolitics when they are objectified in the form of institutions and organizations and affect geographical environments.

Cities are complex spatial-geographical phenomena that need to be studied and providing security as one of the most basic human needs of urban societies is considered. Security and threat studies have been developed and changed simultaneously with the transformation of societies and the concepts of security, power and threat. It seems necessary to identify the threats of the urban area, especially with the expansion of the use of new tools and technologies because new threats are also associated with them. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of technology- based threats to the security of Tehran city. The approach of this research is mixed, and the data collection method is library and documentary. The results of the analysis of questionnaires by SPSS software led to the prioritization of technology-based components in urban security. The findings of this research show that emerging threats are based on technology, and some of them include Internet of Things, artificial intelligence (weapons), e-commerce threats (electronic skimming, ransom ware, and malicious bots), bioterrorism, and cyber threats. (Crypto-currencies) and micro air vehicle, the share of artificial intelligence (weapons based on artificial intelligence) has the largest share. Also, the mentioned components will have the greatest impact on economic security.