نشریه زن و مطالعات خانواده
پیاپی 61 (پاییز 1402)

The realization of family health is conditioned by mental health among its members and having healthy and compatible relationships, especially between couples. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to predict family hardness based on problem solving and perception of the sacrificial behavior of married female nurses. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included all married female nurses in Gorgan teaching hospitals in 2019 that 160 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Marilyn et al. (1996) Family Hardness Scale, the Hepner-Peterson (1982) Problem-Solving Scale, and the Harper and Figers (2008) Sacrificing Behaviors Scale. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis showed that there is a significant negative relationship between trust in problem-solving, attitude style, personal control, and problem-solving with family hardness. In addition, family hardness has a positive relationship with the perception of self-sacrificing behaviors. Also, the results showed that the perception of self-sacrificing behaviors and problem-solving have the highest ability to predict family hardness, respectively. Therefore, according to the results, it is hoped that family experts pay attention to the role of problem-solving and sacrificial behaviors to increase family hardness.

By identifying the factors affecting marital satisfaction, practical steps can be taken to strengthen and stabilize the family's foundations and plan to reduce injuries and problems between women. This study aimed to compare metacognitive beliefs, satisfaction, self-efficacy and sense of mental coherence of satisfaction women and conflicting women. The statistical population of the study included all women who referred to counseling centers in Isfahan in February 2016. Among them, 150 satisfaction and conflicted women were selected by available sampling . Data were collected using a metacognitive questionnaire, self-efficacy questionnaire, marital satisfaction questionnaire, sense of mental coherence questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA). The results showed that the difference between the mean scores of metacognitive beliefs, marital satisfaction, self-efficacy and sense of mental coherence  in the two groups of women with marital conflict and teams with joy was significant (p <0.05). Marital conflicts affect women the most and affect metacognitive beliefs, feelings of satisfaction, self-efficacy and sense of mental coherence in women.

The family is the most important institution of socialization and any disruption in the functioning of the family affects the pillars of the society. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the role of family in the desire for a job among 18-60-year-old female heads of households in Qiyamdasht using a survey method and a questionnaire tool and a sample size of 100 people by systematic sampling. Validity was confirmed by the judgment of experts and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.The results showed that 14% of the women are illiterate, their fathers' occupational status is low, but they themselves wished for an average occupational status and 87% had a high job enthusiasm. Tailoring, hairdressing, carpet weaving, cooking, sales have been among the most important areas of their desire to be employed.There is a relationship between father's and mother's education, as well as the suitable age for marriage of daughters from the mother's point of view, with women's career aspirations, but there is a correlation between the length of time the parents have lived in Tehran, the suitable age for the daughter's marriage from the father's point of view, and monthly expenses. Family, father's occupational status, work motivation and women's success were not confirmed by their career enthusiasm. None of the family characteristics had any effect on women's job enthusiasm.Empowering women requires transformation in all relevant institutions. To reduce women's problems, entrepreneurship and job creation should be prioritized.

Family sociologists have considered various concepts such as distribution of power, decision-making aspects, family roles, duties of members, etc. to analyze the structure of the family and define and explain its types and patterns. The present study, in the form of a descriptive study and looking at the definitions and terms of family sociology knowledge, tries to describe and identify the family structure and its pattern by focusing on family roles and the corresponding rights and duties of the members, especially in the parent-child relationship. The study of the verses of the Holy Quran and the Hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBAH) in the earlier sources of narrations, relying on the views of earlier commentators such as Tusi and Tabrisi, defines a kind of "father-centered family" as opposed to the "Patriarchal family". Various issues such as alimony, guardianship, custody, consent, elder son status, retribution and punishment for slander, paternalism and patrilineality are important issues in the relationship between parents and children that the ruling system of each describes such a structure.

This study aimed To investigate the prediction of Marital Satisfaction based on Time Perspective, Inferiority Feelings, Sexual Anxiety in women with uterine diseases. The descriptive- correlation method was used. The statistical population consisted of all the married female with uterine diseases in Mashhad in spring of 2022. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 223 married women with uterine diseases were selected as samples and they were asked to fill in the Time Perspective Inventory of Zimbardo (1999), feeling of inferiority scale of Dixon & strano (1990), Sexual self-concept of Snell (1995)  and  marital satisfaction  scale  Enrich  of  Olson,  Fournier & Druckman  (1987). The  data  were  analyzed  by  tests  of Pearson correlation  and  stepwise  regression. SPSS-23 software was used for data analysis. Findings  showed  that  there  was  a negative  significant correlation between Inferiority Feelings, Sexual Anxiety and Marital satisfaction also there  was  positive  significant correlation between Past negative and Present fatalistic with Marital satisfaction, in women with uterine diseases. Regression analyses also revealed that %40/4 of variance of Marital Satisfaction was explained by Inferiority Feelings, Sexual Anxiety and Past negative (p< 0.01). Considering the effect of life experiences and physical and mental illnesses on marital satisfaction, it is suggested to pay attention to this important issue in developing couple therapy programs.

This study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of parents' educational expectations and aspirations scale. The method is survey type. The statistical population was parents of the first secondary school students in Faruj city in 2021. The samples were selected using the cluster sampling method. Two separate samples were used to perform exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The number of samples in the exploratory analysis was 329 people and in the confirmatory factor analysis 250 people. The parents of the students completed the scale of educational expectations and aspirations of the parents. Internal consistency, test-retest, and split-half methods were used to check reliability. Reliability values ​​for internal consistency, split - half, and test-retest were obtained 0.82, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. In the exploratory analysis, the range of factor loadings was at an acceptable level. The calculation results of the KMO test were equal to 0.882 and the result of the Bartlett test was equal to 3775.677. In the confirmatory factor analysis were confirmed factors of expectations and valuing education, readiness for academic progress, educational evaluation, and stability of expectations and aspirations. The results of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had an acceptable fit. Therefore, the scale of educational expectations and aspirations of parents has the necessary psychometric properties for the Iranian sample.

Mentoring is an effective way to promote women's training and professional development, as well as support and empower women and create positive organizational culture change. Historically, in our country, patriarchy is very evident in all social issues, especially in the workplace, and creating opportunities for women's advancement and transformation in organizations requires structural changes. One of the development approaches for women as a valuable strategy is mentoring. The current research has been carried out with the aim of highlighting the importance of mentoring as a mechanism of support and career advancement for women in the country's educational system. A combined method was used to collect data. The findings showed that the supporting factors and components of the model extracted from the confirmatory factor analysis of mentoring effective on the career development of female teachers in the first stage include mentoring characteristics (mentee and mentor), and in the next stage mentoring factors mentoring factors (interpersonal factors, cultural factors, organizational factors and macro factors). Mentoring strategies (individual strategies, organizational strategies and trans-organizational strategies) and mentoring consequences (individual consequences, organizational consequences and trans-organizational consequences) have also been investigated in the extracted model for newly hired female teachers.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two treatment methods of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and emotional Freedom technique (EFT) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in women who have recovered from the disease of Covid-19 in Tabriz. The present study was quasi-experimental based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group.The statistical population included all female patients recovered from Covid-19 aged 25 to 60 years in Tabriz in 2021. Thirty-six recovered female patients sampled using the purposeful sampling method and diagnosed with PTSD were randomly assigned to three groups, experimental group 1 (n=12), experimental group 2 (n=12) and The control group (n=12). Participants in EMDR and EFT sessions were treated individually and weekly in six 45 min sessions.The control group followed their normal daily schedule. All participants were evaluated in two pre-test and post-test stages by a post-traumatic stress disorder checklist. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using the analysis of covariance. Post-test PTSD scores were significantly reduced in two experimental groups (P <0.05). Both EMDR and EFT psychotherapies relieved the symptoms in PTSD patients. However, according to the post-test results, EMDR intervention was more effective than EFT psychotherapy in reducing PTSD symptoms. Additionally, a reduction in PTSD scores in the EMDR group was substantially more significant than in the EFT group. Results suggest greater use of EMDR for PTSD symptoms.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of Training based on Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy and Training based on Narrative Therapy on Social adjustment and Assertiveness of Female Students with an Educable Intellectual Disability from Tabriz city families. This study followed a quasi-experimental research design with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population included all students with an educable intellectual disability enrolled in Tabriz elementary school in 1399-1400 academic year, of whom 45 students randomly, by using inclusion criteria, were assigned to two experimental( play therapy and narrative therapy) and one control group ( 15 per group) using convenience sampling. The Sinha and Singh's Adjustment Inventory for school students and the Gmbryl and Ritchie's Assertiveness Questionnaire (1975) were used to collect data. One experimental group received play therapy ( eight sessions of cognitive-behavioral play therapy) , the second experimental group received narrative therapy (eight sessions of cognitive-behavioral narrative therapy) and the control group has not received any intervention. The covariance analysis demonstrated a significant difference in social adjustment and assertiveness between cognitive-behavioral play therapy, narrative therapy and control groups ( P value: 0/001). The cognitive-behavioral play therapy was superior to narrative therapy in terms of increasing social adjustment. Moreover, the narrative therapy was more effective in increasing assertiveness than cognitive-behavioral play therapy .Thus, narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be used in conjunction to alleviate psychological problems in students with educable intellectual disabilities.

Upon hearing the word "mother" - and its equivalent in any language - the first thing that comes to mind is the woman who gave birth to us, but this concept has suffered many examples throughout history. Rapid changes in human society make these examples more widespread. This article aims to investigate the evolution of the concept and examples of "motherhood" in human language and is written with a descriptive-analytical method. Due to the fact that a large percentage of human society has been subject to Abrahamic religions during the past four thousand years, in this article, while examining the role of mother in wild and primitive societies, the function of the word "mother" in the religious texts of three major religions of the Middle East. Especially Islam is examined. Examples of mothers over time include: a group of mothers and women and even tribal girls in primitive tribes, the mother goddess - with different names - the biological mother who gave birth to the child or donated her egg, the mother who conceived an embryo from the egg of another raised in her womb, the person's grandmother and female ancestors, foster mothers, adoptive and alleged mothers, wives of the Prophet, mother-in-law, mother or biological and father who has changed gender.&nbsp;