International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics
Volume:10 Issue: 10, Oct 2023

The tax gap can be considered as the criterion and principle of the effectiveness and efficiency of the tax system. Inadequate collection of taxes as well as non-realization of tax revenues is called tax gap, which is one of the factors that aggravate the budget deficit. In this paper, the issue of tax gap is investigated with two approaches. The first approach is a situation where two groups of investigators who are willing and unwilling to collude with two groups of taxpayers who are willing and unwilling to collude with a uniform distribution are placed in the game. The second approach also shows a situation where the probability of not discovering a taxpayer's violation is shown by a mathematical function and the quality of investigating groups for taxpayers who are uniformly distributed is unknown. The results of the first approach show that with the increase in the number of taxpayers unwilling to collude and the increase in the number of groups willing to collude with taxpayers, the tax gap decreases. Also, with the reduction of the tax rate and the increase in the number of groups unwilling to collude, the tax gap increases. The results of the second approach show that the tax gap increases with the increase in the number of investigators and also the increase in the probability of dishonesty of the taxpayer.

This study examines the influence of the Nigeria Agriculture Promotion Policy (APP) on the economic performance of small-scale palm oil marketers in Edo State. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 110 palm oil markers across 11 local government areas (LGAs) in three senatorial districts in Edo State. Quantitative data obtained through questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal that the APP effectively enhanced the economic performance of palm oil marketers. Small-scale marketers experienced a significant income increase of 27.7%, rising from N445,072.73 in 2015 to N568,395.45 in 2021. However, the study identified certain limitations of the APP, such as the absence of regular training or skill development programs for marketers and limited access to loan facilities for procuring more efficient palm oil production machinery. These findings hold crucial implications for Nigeria's agricultural policies. The study recommends expanding market linkages at the macro level by promoting micro, small, and medium enterprises that facilitate profitable interactions between input suppliers, producers, processors, marketers, and other stakeholders within the palm oil value chains. Addressing these recommendations can foster the sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Nigeria.

Governmental and non-governmental organizations and experts have focused on media freedom and reforms in the last two decades. The present study examines the impact of Reporters Without Borders on the profit of the tourism sector in selected countries in Southwest Asia from 2012 to 2018. It investigates this relationship using a dynamic panel data method and a two-stage generalized moment system (GMM). The obtained results indicate that with a unit increase in the Reporters Without Borders index, the income of the tourism industry increases by 1.062%. Also, for other control variables, it can be concluded that with an increase of 1 unit in the good governance index, tourism revenues increased by 0.784 percent, and also with a 1 percent increase in the official exchange rate, the gross domestic product Per capita and trade openness of tourism industry income increases by 0.005, 2.134 and 0.628 percent respectively. It is worth mentioning that all the obtained coefficients were significant and positive.

This study aims to examine the role of business strategy in the relationship between earnings management and MD&A readability. Previous research has shown inconsistency of results in testing the effect of earnings management on MD&A readability. This inconsistency can be caused by the fact that the business strategy variable has not been included as a contextual basis for the implementation of operational activities. Earnings management in this study is measured by real earnings management, because previous studies have used accrual earnings management. The test results on 189 cross-sectional data on publicly traded consumer goods companies show that: (1) real earnings management reduces MD&A readability in defender and prospector companies; (2) analyzer companies perform real earnings management – discretionary expenses reduce the readability of MD&A; (3) firm size as a control variable in this study has no effect on the readability of MD&A. The results of this study conclude that (1) strategy is a contextual factor that affects operational activities and ultimately on the readability of MD&A, (2) earnings management through discretionary expense activities reduces the readability of MD&A, regardless of the business strategy adopted by the company.

PT. Agro is a growing company engaged in the plantation sector. As a growing company, companies need to improve company performance by implementing a risk management process based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) to reduce disruption to daily operational activities and companies can allocate resources more effective and efficient so that company goals can be achieved. To implement COSO ERM effectively, companies need to carry out a thorough coordination and integration process in their operational activities. This qualitative study aims to analyze the application of COSO ERM in controlling operational risk in the trading division at PT. Agro. The risk management process carried out starts from the risk identification process to the monitoring process. Sources of data in this study used primary data (results of interviews and surveys) and secondary data (financial report data, inventory reports, and others). The results of this study indicate that the trading division has quite large risks in its operational activities so it is necessary to carry out a monitoring process and appropriate actions to control these risks so as not to cause losses to the company.

This study empirically investigated the existence of Calendar effects by using closing daily data for the Vietnam index (VN-index) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Daily returns of the VN-Index from 2 January 2018 to 12 August 2022 are used in this study to ascertain calendar anomalies in Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE). To test these effects, the entire study period is divided into two sub-periods: during and before the Covid-19 crisis. Then, the ordinary least square (OLS) method and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity [GARCH (1,1)] regression model were employed. The empirical results from the OLS model support the occurrence of calendar anomalies for the HOSE both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic while the results of GARCH(1,1) only confirmed the positively significant effect on Friday during the Covid-19 periods. Regarding stock returns, positive returns were found only on Friday, during the Covid-19 pandemic. It implies that Covid-19 has changed the nature of the stock market from efficient to inefficient. The study's findings suggest that the Covid-19 crisis significantly impacted the daily returns anomaly in Vietnam’s HOSE.