نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 40، زمستان 1402)

The process of globalization, increase in population and increasing need for green agricultural products show the adoption of new approaches in the agricultural sector more and more. Meanwhile, the green supply chain in the agricultural system can play a key role in reducing poverty and food security in developing countries. Based on this, in this study, an attempt was made to draw a roadmap for managing the green supply chain in the country's agricultural system with two qualitative and quantitative approaches.The statistical population in the qualitative phase is 30experts, university professors, managers of agricultural jihad and environmental activists of Ardabil, who were selected by the purposeful method (theoretical sampling), with the chain reference method (snowball method), and in the quantitative part, the experts of agricultural and environmental jihad organizations According to Morgan's table, 181people were studied as a statistical sample based on stratified random sampling. The collection of information in the first stage was in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and in the second stage, a research-made (redesigned) questionnaire with closed answers (Likert scale) was set based on the indicators extracted from the first stage. After coding and using MaxQDA, 126open codes, 71concepts, 20categories and 6classes were organized. Based on the output of Smatr PLS, the index "Presence of green production organizations in conferences and exhibitions" with a path coefficient of 0.896 and the index "segmentation based on age groups" with a path coefficient of 0.866 as the most interesting and effective indicators in The designed roadmap was identified.

Climate change, characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperature fluctuations, has led to the transformation of rangelands into desert areas. In recent years, various desertification projects have been implemented in these rangelands, each with multiple effects on local businesses. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the economic and social effects of developing seasonal businesses in the process of desertification of rangelands in Agh-Qala County, Golestan Province. The study population consisted of 122 rangeland users, of which 92 were selected as the sample size based on the Morgan's table using a stratified random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire, and the content validity of the questionnaire was examined through obtaining the opinions of experts and board members of the cooperative rangeland management. To assess the reliability of the measurement tool, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, yielding an average of 0.851. The results of the study indicated that the economic and social effects of developing seasonal businesses in the process of desertification were high. The findings showed that "empowerment in participation and social cohesion" and "diversification of livelihoods" had the highest average rank, indicating the greatest social and economic impact of the seasonal businesses created through the implementation of desertification projects in the study area. Based on the results obtained, targeted employment generation through the introduction of alternative livelihoods to livestock farming and utilizing the existing human potential in the region, especially for women, can increase their motivation for participatory conservation and their level of life satisfaction.

Despite the importance of developing rural entrepreneurship, reports indicate insufficient development of rural entrepreneurship. Therefore, the present research has analyzes the effective mechanisms on the development of rural entrepreneurship in Zirkouh county. The study population included people who used employment loans (840 people). The sample size was determined using G*Power software (215 people). was used to select the samples. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and content validity analysis based on the opinion of the professors of the Department of Agricultural Management and Development of Tehran University and the experts of the Agricultural Jihad of Zirkoh county. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were used for data analysis (using Smart PLS software V.3). The results showed that among the various components that indicate the development of entrepreneurship, the sub-components of the educational system with the path coefficient (0.921), market (0.809), infrastructures (0.753), and cultural factors (0.691); and finally, laws and policies (0.678) are respectively the most important. The findings also showed that among the various mechanisms for the development of rural entrepreneurship, legal and political mechanisms with a path coefficient (0.304) have the greatest effect on the development of entrepreneurship. After these mechanisms there are social (0.226), infrastructure (0.209), economic (0.207) and management (0.171) mechanisms. To develop rural entrepreneurship, it is suggested to use educational methods as well as develop appropriate legal and policy mechanisms to support rural entrepreneurs.

Sustainability of agricultural businesses is one of the significant factors to reach sustainable economic development. As a result, the goal of this study was to examine both internal and external factors that affect the sustainability of agricultural businesses in the province of Golestan. In this descriptive-survey study, 160 samples were chosen using G-power software from a statistical population of agribusiness owners (N= 124280) in the province who were active in various areas of the food supply chain. A researcher-made questionnaire served as the study's measurement instrument, and the reliability of the tool was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha and it was validated by receiving expert judgments. Software such as SMARTPLS4 were used for the data analysis. According to the findings, the individual and family index had the least impact on business sustainability, with a coefficient of 0.199, and the economic-financial index, with a coefficient of 0.332 had the greatest impact. Additionally, the political-legal index with a coefficient of 0.224 and the index of promotional interventions (external-organizational) with a coefficient of 0.203 had the largest and least impact on business sustainability, respectively. Additionally, the results showed that external organizational elements rather than internal organizational factors have a bigger influence on the sustainability of agricultural businesses. According to the findings, it is advised that the government should provide more favorable conditions for the sustainability of agricultural business through reforming and strengthening its policies by applying flexible procedures and systems and removing legal obstacles

The knowledge-based bio-agri inputs companies can play a significant role in the healthier food production. In this regard, current research has tried to formulate the paradigm model for product development in knowledge-based bio-agri inputs companies that produce biological fertilizers and pesticides, using a qualitative approach and method of the grounded theory. The studied sample includes 28 expert managers of the knowledge-based companies and other related key informants. Sampling was done by purposive methods of snowball and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and at the same time were coded in three stages. The process of coding generated 60 open codes and 9 axial codes. The findings revealed that the limited market of biological agri-inputs and the weakness of the regulatory structure in issuing licenses were the most important causes and context and intervening conditions which had hindered the product development in the knowledge-based bio-agri inputs companies. These two categories have played a major role in reducing the profitability of the companies. In case of adopting strategies such as shortening the time of issuing permits and improving the market, we can expect the realization of consequences such as improving the income of the companies and production of healthier agricultural products. In this regard, solutions such as improving the transparency and ease of the process of reviewing and issuing licenses for biological inputs, as well as developing relevant markets, including through effective monitoring of unauthorized chemical residues in agricultural products and the enforcement of relevant standards, have been presented.

The purpose of this research is to identify the components and indicators of the development of corporate social responsibility based on the components of competitive advantage, which has been implemented by focusing on the functions and duties assigned to international commerce chambers. This research has been done in two stages. The first stage was carried out using the fuzzy Delphi technique with the aim of identifying social responsibility indicators. At this stage, the statistical sample consisted of 30 academic experts and high managers of commerce chambers who were selected in a targeted manner. In the second stage, a quantitative approach was used to screen and confirm the identified categories. In this part, the statistical sample included 357 experts of commerce chambers and they were selected by random cluster method among different provinces. The findings of this study showed four dimensions in the form of 12 components and 46 indicators for the corporate social responsibility of commerce chambers. The environmental dimension has four components: "sustainability", "efficiency", "green cities" and "efficient infrastructure", the ethical dimension has two components: "responsiveness to stakeholders" and "social justice", the economic dimension has four components: "entrepreneurial economy". "competitive economy", "producer economy" and "efficient economy" and the legal dimension also have two components: "complying with requirements in upstream documents" and "fulfilling obligations to all stakeholders". Therefore, it is suggested to take measures based on knowledge and communication and information innovations to promote corporate social responsibility based on the components of the competitive advantage of international commerce chambers.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting entrepreneurial self-efficacy through uncertainty tolerance and organizational agility in Farhangian University of Fars Province. In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and in terms of method, it was part of descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of the research included all employees of Farhangian University of Fars province (N=270). 155 people were selected as a sample using the stratified random sampling method and using the Karjesi and Morgan table. In the present study, a modified standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done in two sections: descriptive statistics (including tests, mean, mode and median) and inferential statistics (including structural equation modeling) using SPSS16 and Amos24 software. The findings showed that the research hypotheses were confirmed and the research model had a good fit. In a summary based on the results, it can be stated that if agile educational organizations, including Farhangian University, seek to develop entrepreneurial behaviors among their employees, they must first promote the entrepreneurial beliefs of their employees, which requires creating an atmosphere and environment with a high level of complexity in The level of the organization is educational, so these organizations should create conditions that promote the acceptance of uncertainty and risk-taking among their employees. This research brings practical suggestions for the development of entrepreneurial behaviors in agile educational organizations so that they can improve their adaptability to environmental changes more quickly.

the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the set of executive mechanisms for empowering the managers of the Ministry Agricultural Jihad based on the results of the evaluation center. The research has been carried out in terms of practical purpose and qualitative data collection method (fundamental data method). Sample Size For interviews with experts in the framework of final theoretical saturation, 30 experts (middle managers of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture) were selected using targeted sampling of the snowball type. The data needed for the research has been collected by library-field method (interview and questionnaire). Data analysis was done in the qualitative section using grounded theory and the Delphi method. From the results of the interview in the field of identifying the set of executive mechanisms for empowering the managers of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad based on the results of the assessment center, 53 concepts, 16 semantic units and 7 categories (assessment categories, strategic development). From the empowerment of managers in the ministry, education and learning, development of organizational health, recruitment and hiring process, delegation of authority, financial nutrition of the organization, assessment were extracted as executive mechanisms in line with the empowerment of managers. Then, in three occasions, the extracted categories and semantic units were presented to the experts. In the first and third round of Delphi, semantic and categorical units were not removed. However, in the second round, semantic units (identification of managers' intelligence and capability, implementation of empowerment processes) were removed by experts.

Intuitions are non-voluntarily created emotional opinions that are stimulated through unconscious cooperation, which can play an important role in the growth and development of small and medium-sized businesses of entrepreneurs in unfavorable economic conditions. In this regard, it was done with the aim of identifying the components of entrepreneurial intuition in small and medium-sized businesses in conditions of economic uncertainty. This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of Grounded Theory method, which is based on database method. A semi-structured interview tool was used to collect data. Based on this, 15 university faculty members with specialized fields of management and entrepreneurship and 5 experts in small and medium businesses in Golestan province were interviewed using the method of judgmental purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Then, the extracted concepts were coded using the Grounded Theory method. Based on the obtained results, 27 categories with 60 concepts and 154 codes were designed in the axial coding phase of the final paradigm model. The results showed the factors of intuitive judgment, creative intuition, problem solving intuition, strategic opportunity intuition, intuitive insight, moral intuition, experimental intuition, social intuition, informational intuition, intuitive thinking as causal factors that create entrepreneurial intuition in small and medium businesses in conditions of uncertainty. Economic factors were found to be the most important factors influencing the use of entrepreneurial intuition in small and medium businesses. suggestions were made in order to realize the success of entrepreneurs' businesses in the conditions of economic uncertainty.

Today, productivity is the best and most effective way to achieve economic growth. Among the factors of production, the quantity and quality of the labor force in different stages of production is very important. Therefore, measuring the productivity of the labor force and investigating the factors affecting it will improve the overall situation of the production system, so this study, conduct the determination the productivity of the labor force in the production of sugar beet in Golestan province. The required information was collected by completing 166 questionnaires in the 2020-2021 crop years. The results showed that the average physical productivity of sugar beet production in Golestan province in small-owner, medium-owner, and major-owner systems is equivalent to 3.6, 4.1, and 4.7 kg per man-day, respectively. The results also showed that cultivated area, total cost of machinery and total cost of labor have a positive and significant effect, and education has a negative and significant effect on labor productivity. When the increase in labor costs leads to an increase in productivity, which is caused by an increase in the quality of labor, such as the use of highly skilled, creative and entrepreneurial labor. Therefore, it is suggested to provide suitable conditions for the use of creative and entrepreneurial labor in the production process of the agricultural sector, so as to increase the productivity of the labor force in addition to the development of entrepreneurship.