پژوهشنامه تاریخ تمدن اسلامی
سال پنجاه و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 115، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Several Orientalists examined the history of early Islam and claimed that Islam is an exclusively apocalyptic religion without any concern about the establishment of secular institutions. This research tries to investigate the condition of secular institutions during this period. In order to achieve this goal, a study on the establishment of the educational system has a central role. The findings show that the historical evidence demonstrates that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) established an educational system based on the characteristic of Islam as a religion that commands its followers to benefit from worldly life, respecting monotheism and devotion. The Prophet was seriously concerned about teaching Islam to new converts.

This article has studied the widely used word "delusion" in Muslim literature under the lexical network of superstitions, all of which have a discounting content and a critical and critical attitude. The evidence presented shows that there has been a critical attitude among some Muslim thinkers from the very beginning and this term has been used to reject and reject the beliefs of others. Therefore, the early texts of early Islam have been carefully studied based on the approach of the social history of language and reflecting on historical developments, and the mentality and belief of Muslim writers in various fields of science (difference, philosophy, mysticism, etc.) in religious and intra-religious conflicts. has been investigated. Finally, the studies and findings show that no conceptual change has taken place in the meaning of this word in its historical course and the same mentality of the initial use is dominant and stable in the speech and writing of Islamic writers.

The dodecagon carpet of the tomb of Shah Abbas II is the largest Safavid silk carpet woven in 1671 AD. The carpet is preserved in the article in the Museum of Hazrat Masoumeh in Qom, as no. 1400. This paper aims to study the visual and structural features of this carpet in relation to the patterns of the tomb ceiling. The results suggest that the design of the dodecagon carpet is influenced by the motifs of the tomb ceiling, in the framework of the Safavid art.

Throughout the history of Islam, numerous works have been written as sources and studies on the authenticity and historical truth of the Holy Quran. These works aim to establish the credibility of the Quran, which is considered the most important source of the Islamic religion. However, there are criticisms regarding the research approaches and methods used in these books and sources. One of the main shortcomings is the failure of Quran scholars to acknowledge the Quran as a historical and social phenomenon. This oversight has led to a weak methodology in studying its history. Therefore, it is necessary to rewrite different aspects of the Quran's history by employing scientific approaches and methods that take into account its historical and social nature. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding, different approaches such as structuralism and critical analysis can be utilized. Structuralism focuses on analyzing the underlying structures and systems within a text, while critical analysis examines the socio-political context and power dynamics that influence the interpretation of the Quran. By incorporating these approaches, researchers can shed light on the historical truth of the Quran. They can critically analyze the sources and methodologies used in previous studies, ensuring a more accurate and nuanced understanding of its history. Paying attention to the structuralist approach in the study of the history of the Quran shows the connection between historical events, the Quran, and the prophetic tradition as the foundation of Islamic civilization; the historical events such as the murder of ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān and the actions of Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Thaqafī. The critical approach also indicates the necessity of historical criticism of the narrations of Zayd ibn Thābit, Ibn Shihāb Zahrī, Shuʻbat ibn Ḥajjāj, Ibn Abī Dāwūd, Abwʻbyd Qāsim ibn Sallām.

Interference of religious reports of events during the Prophet time in Muslim historiography leads to an overlap between theology and history. In examining the relationship between these two approaches, the strong presence of Ibn ʿAbbās and his students as the interpretative circle of Mecca raises a question: what is the relationship between the understanding of interpretation, as a layer of divine understanding, and the trans-historical narrative of the Prophet’s life? This essay claims that the interpretative approach is the origin of the holy narratives in Muslim historiography. It extracts the theological narratives of the Prophet’s life from three sources: the Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah by Ibn Hisham, the The Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr by Ibn Sa'd and the Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk by al-Ṭabarī, tracing this circle relating to the aforementioned claim. The result shows that the tendency of the circle of Ibn ʿAbbās towards the Occasions or circumstances of revelation and the tendency of historians to interpret them figuratively led to the interaction of interpretive and historical approach, portraying Prophet’s life in Mecca as sacred and trans-historical.

The impact of modernity and technology on architectural spaces and urban planning has been significant throughout history, leading to changes in the identity and physical organization of human settlements. This article examines the influence of European-style defensive architecture in the 19th century Iranian-Islamic city of Ardabil, specifically through the construction of Narin Qala. The research aims to analyze the penetration of bastion style defensive architecture in Ardabil and compare the plan and architectural structure of Narin Qala with similar examples. Using a descriptive-analytical research method and data collection through library and field surveys, the study finds that fortified settlements in northwest Iran have evolved under the influence of new military technologies. The examination of 300 castle settlements in the region reveals that 8 castles were influenced by modernity and firearms technology, leading to the construction of European-style bastion castles for better equipment with artillery and improved field of view. Narin Qala in Ardabil exhibits a unique architectural style influenced by European defensive architecture, significantly shaping the city's image, identity, and physical organization.