نشریه آموزش و مدیریت کارآفرینی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 4، پاییز 1402)

In the present research, with a combined method it has been tried in three basic steps to identify the effective factors on the development of entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Hashtroud city. In the first step, using semi-structured interviews, the effective factors in rural entrepreneurship of the target areas were identified based on experts’ attitudes. In the second step, with a quantitative method, the mentioned factors were studied based on the head of the households’ viewpoint in the studied villages. The results of this step showed that among the items used in the research, the items "the existence of appropriate technological infrastructure in the village (such as IT and ICT in the village)", "willingness to take calculated risks", "participation in decision making and implementing various activities in the village", "access to support services" and "financial support and legal incentives" have the greatest impact on the occurrence and development of rural entrepreneurship under Study. Also, among the studied components, the economic components play the most important role in the development of rural entrepreneurship in Hashtroud. In the third Step, the model of influential factors in the development of rural entrepreneurship in the study area was designed. The results showed that among the political and technological factors, the item "the existence of suitable technological infrastructure in the village (such as IT and ICT in the village)", among the individual factors, the item "willingness to take calculated risks", among the social factors, the item "participation in decision-making and implementing various activities in the village", among the Economic factors, the item "access to support services" and among the political and legal factors, the item "financial support and legal incentives" have the greatest impact on the emergence and development of rural entrepreneurship in Hashtroud. Based on the results, lending long term loans with low interest rate, granting leading people in entrepreneurship, and guaranteed purchase is suggested.

The new age is the age of competition for scarce resources and creative and talented employees. If organizations make the most of scarce resources and turn the new knowledge into new products and services in the light of educated people, they will be successful in this field. Having access to these innovations requires paying attention to strategic entrepreneurship. Strategic entrepreneurship in organizations promotes new products and services and processes, improves growth and profitability, increases financial efficiency, creates wealth, and most importantly, creates and maintains competitive benefits. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of strategic entrepreneurship on competitive advantage in knowledge-based companies in Bushehr. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection and the required data have been collected by distributing a questionnaire among 150 employees of knowledge-based companies active in Bushehr Science and Technology Park. To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling has been used based on the partial least squares regression. The results show that the main hypothesis of the research and the three hypotheses (the effects of entrepreneurial culture and leadership, the use of creativity, and innovation and entrepreneurial mentality) were confirmed and hypothesis of positive and significant effect of strategic resources on competitive advantage was rejected. If the strategic entrepreneurship is followed up correctly, and culture improvement, entrepreneurial leadership, innovation and creativity and entrepreneurial mentality are persuaded by the organizations and companies’ leaders, they can overtake their competitors. Therefore, pursuing the innovative and beneficial ideas with the aim of creating permanent competitive advantage is suggested in a long-term perspective.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the effective factors on teaching entrepreneurship to students for self-employment in Iraq. The approach governing the research was mixed, in which the inductive content analysis method was used in the qualitative part and the survey method was used in the quantitative part. The population studied in both the qualitative and quantitative part of the research included managers, experts and professors of management and entrepreneurship in Iraqi universities, which was achieved by using the purposeful and snowball sampling method and with 22 in-depth interviews and data saturation in the qualitative part. In the quantitative part of the research, using a researcher-made questionnaire from the results of the qualitative part of the research, 110 experts in a targeted way were selected and the concepts and categories extracted from the qualitative stage were evaluated and prioritized among the interviewed elites and other related elites. The results of the qualitative part indicated that the priority of the categories showed that the category the strategies of government and the Ministry of Science regarding the development of entrepreneurship (GH) in the first rank and then the category of factors related to students (ST) in the second rank and factors related to society (SO) and factors related to teachers (TE) are in the third and fourth ranks of priority. Also, factors related to teaching tools and methods (TM) and factors related to universities (CA) were ranked next. Based on the results, in order to improve entrepreneurship education among Iraqi students, those involved in macro and micro levels including the government, society, universities, and the students must prepare the background of the improvement in entrepreneurship education. According to the results, the refining strategies, updating the tools and approaches of education, and improving the attitude of students and society are suggested.

Given the rapid advancement of technology, businesses need to focus on producing valuable content for their customers. The experience of reputable brands in content marketing indicates a crucial and growing approach in enhancing consumer awareness, interaction, and creating more value for customers in the realm of content marketing. Therefore, the aim of this research is to present a paradigmatic model of content marketing for electronic businesses based on the perspective of entrepreneurs. To achieve this goal, data was collected using the grounded theory method. The statistical population of the study included all entrepreneurs of electronic businesses, and a snowball sampling method was employed in which data saturation was reached by interviewing 15 experts.  The data was then analyzed using three-step coding and MAXQDA software. Based on paradigmatic model, its elements includes studying the current state of business, creating content, distributing content, evaluating content marketing success, using the content creation and distribution techniques, using psychological attitude in contents marketing, business success, and influencing the costumers. In general, the use of new techniques of content production and distribution along with psychological attitude can improve content marketing for electronic businesses. Therefore, developing the users’ skills in content production and distribution with a focus on improving psychological attitude in content marketing is suggested.

This research aimed to study the components of entrepreneurial attitude development in secondary high school students. The study was applicable in terms of purpose, quality-quantitative in terms of approach, and descriptive in terms of data collection. In the quality section, the studied population was the experts, planners and teachers of entrepreneurship, and they were selected by snowball sampling. The sampling process continued until data saturation was achieved. Data was collected through semi-structured interview and was analyzed using a three-step coding process of open, central and selective. In the quantitative section, the population was teachers of entrepreneurship in high schools in the regions of 1, 4, 5, 6 and 18 in Tehran in 2021. 250 teachers of entrepreneurship were selected based on voluntarily sampling and they completed the researcher’s questionnaire. The data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and Amos24. The results showed that the components of the development of the entrepreneurial attitude of high school students have a central phenomenon of developing cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills and seven categories of problem solving skill, positive attitude of teacher and student to entrepreneurship, imagination, inner motivation, entrepreneurial personality traits, career perspective of students and applied education of entrepreneurship. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that these categories can explain the cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills of students. Therefore, in order to develop the entrepreneurial attitude in high school students, it is necessary to pay attention to the categories related to cognitive, personality and entrepreneurial skills. In order to realize the development of students' entrepreneurial attitude, it is suggested that teachers strengthen and improve these categories in the process of teaching and learning.

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a paradigmatic model for the development of virtual entrepreneurship education in the Post-Covid era at Razi University. This research was done with qualitative research method. The study population of the research was the professors and students of the entrepreneurship department of Razi University of Kermanshah, who were selected purposefully and in accordance with the rule of theoretical data saturation. 22 people were selected as the research sample. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and open coding, central coding, and selective coding were used to analyze the data from the interview. By comparing and classifying similar codes, 72 concepts were extracted, and then by classifying similar concepts, 16 subcategories were identified including the central category. In order to develop virtual entrepreneurship education in the Post- Covid period according to the findings and extractive model of the research, it is necessary to improve technical and infrastructural factors and to develop the skills. In this regard, developing technical infrastructure by providing and allocating the necessary fund and budget and improving the skills of those involved by holding the educational courses are suggested.