نشریه بوم شناسی جنگل های ایران
پیاپی 22 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Forests are dynamic systems that are constantly undergoing permanent changes. Understanding elements in the forestland ecosystem and factors affecting it will help preserve this ecosystem, as preservation of species diversity will help protect the ecological values of the ecosystem. By studying various environmental factors such as vegetation and topography, soil and climate, we can understand the stability of plant communities and the correlation between these factors and vegetation. This is very important and practical for forest community development and regeneration. The importance of biodiversity and its management especially based on the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem resources is one of the main objectives of natural resource management.

The present study examined unique species and rich specie reserves in the forestland region of Neimour in Iranian Noshahr, aiming to evaluate the vegetation of the edges surrounding the Khezr Nabi swamp. Simultaneously with survey, based on the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the vegetation units in relation to the distance from the marsh, ultimately, the zonation of marsh plants was carried out in three zones and sampling was done. Using the Braun-Blanquet method, samples were gathered by taking 1×2 meter frames in eight geographical directions. Plant species diversity in the growing season was examined using the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indicators, and the richness and uniformity of the species were measured using menhinick and margalef richness indicators.

The results of this study, taken from biodiversity indicators, suggested that the most species diversity and richness pertained to the east, north and northeast, with the swamp directions noting no statistical differences; but a statistical difference(p<0.05)was observedin menhinick and margalef richness indicators. The soil texture, including sandy clay loam (62.5%), sandy loam (25%) and loam (12.5%).The clay(p<0.01), organic matter(p<0.01)  and soil acidity (p<0.05) characteristics have significant differences. The study also found that in terms of the number of the species, most species pertained to the beech trees, while in herbal and fauna species, the Gramineae family and soil ant family were seen most in the northern direction.

As the findings suggested, the cover tree, fauna, and the edaphic cover were affected by the Khezr Nabi swamp, which formed a sub-habitat with a special micro-climate.

Hyrcanian boxwood (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.) is an evergreen tree and native to the Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran, which is considred as one of the endangered plant species. In vitro propagation of this valuable species can prevent its extinction. The presence of fungal and bacterial contamination is one of the main challenges of in vitro culture of Buxus hyrcana, which can affect the propagation of this valuable species and on the other hand, can lead to many costs. In the present study, the efficacy of 15% Percidine, Aqua Percidine, Super Percidine and Percidine Plus in removing contamination from B. hyrcana explants was investigated under in vitro culture conditions compared to the usual method (using sodium hypochlorite).

The experiment was performed in factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design with 3 replications. First, for pre-treatment, explants (twigs and seeds) were washed with ordinary water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid for 5 minutes to remove surface contaminants. Then, they were placed in benomyl fungicide (1%) for 10 minutes. After washing, under laminar airflow, sterilization of explants was performed with experimental treatments. Experimental treatments included disinfectant (Percidine 15%, Percidine Aqua, Super Percidine, Percidine Plus (at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 4%) which were compared with sodium hypochlorite. After sterilization of the explants, the plant materials were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium. To measure contamination, cultures were examined under growth conditions at 25±1 °C with a light intensity of 1000 to 1500 lux (16 hours light and 8 hours dark).

The results showed that fungal and bacterial contamination in the seed explant was significantly reduced compared to the twig explant. On the other hand, Super Percidine sterilizer showed high efficiency (63%) in the twig explant in reducing contamination from culture medium. Moreover, in seed explants, in addition to Super Percidine, Aqua Percidine sterilizer also showed high efficiency in reducing contamination from seed surface (33%).

Therefore, it seems that the use of Super Percidine (2%) sterilizer can be useful for twig explants and both of Super Percidine (2%) and aqua Percidine (2%) is suitable for seed explants.

The regeneration of trees in forests with a long dry season such as Zagros has extreme difficulties. Predicting of water deficit tolerance in the progenies based on the geographic, vegetative and physiologic characteristics such as the performance of photosystem can conducted to increasing the efficiency of plantations.

In this study, the progenies of 40 Persian oak trees derived from 8 populations located in southern Zagros forests were assessed for water deficit tolerance based on their geographic, growth and physiological characteristics such as photosystem II under greenhouse conditions. Also, the percentage of seedling establishment for each mother tree were evaluated by field trial during two years. The corresponding data obtained from these experiments in accompanied by the morphological characteristics of leaves and seeds of mother trees were used to developing of the predictive models of seedling establishment in the field. In this research, greenhouse and forest field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of Persian oak seedlings to drought stress based on some indicators of stress resistance from photosystem II. Persian oak seedlings from different mother trees were subjected to drought stress by stopping irrigation for one month in the greenhouse conditions. Then, the seedlings were irrigated for one month again and in all stages, the photosystem II, the percentage of leaf yellowing and the percentage of survival of the seedlings were recorded. Also, the establishment of the offspring of mother trees in the forest field was evaluated based on the percentage of survival and the height of the seedlings during two years, and their relationship with the leaf and seed morphological characteristics of the mother trees was investigated.  

The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the percentage of survival, and stress resistance indicators in greenhouse conditions with the percentage of survival and the height of seedlings in the forest field. Also, seedlings from drier seed origin, lower altitudes and latitudes, had higher drought resistance in greenhouse conditions. However, none of the growth and survival parameters in the field was related to the environmental characteristics of population. The relationship between the leaf and seed morphological characteristics of mother trees with stress resistance and the establishment of seedlings showed that the seedlings grown from wider and heavier seeds had better growth characteristics and survival only in the first year. Also, some leaf morphological characteristics of mother trees, such as petiole length, tooth width and number of veins were affecting traits to seedlings successful establishment in the forest field.

The results of this research showed that collecting of larger seeds from mother trees with suitable leaf traits could be effective for reforestation success. In addition, the use of physiological traits in the control condition in greenhouse can help for selecting the resistant progenies from superior populations or mother trees.

Forest management achieves its management goals by considering the natural state of the forest and having enough knowledge in relation to ecological characteristics of forest species and the current state of the forest structure and monitoring changes resulting from management activities. This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the existing structural situation in Tang Dalab forest area, in two Aspect direction, northern and southern.

In the center of two northern and southern sites, a square sample plot of one hectare (dimensions 100 x 100 meters) was permanently selected and planted. All trees and Coppice shoots located in this area were numbered and specified and the structural variables of all the trees in the sample plot were measured. To compare the average of the investigated variables in both sites, after testing the homogeneity of variances and the normality of the distribution of variables, t-student test was used

The results showed that the southern stand with a density of 72 Persian oak species (Quercus brantii Lindl) per hectare was completely seedling and its forest type is Quercus brantii Lindl while the northern stand with a density of 57 trees per hectare, 82% of its seedling and its forest type was Q. brantii - C. azarolus. The results of the T-test showed that all the studied variables have a significant difference between the southern stand and the northern stand at the probability level of 1% The average diameter at root collar (DRC), diameter at 0.5m height, and diameter breast height (DBH) of trees in the southern stand were more than the northern stand. The distribution of trees in the diameter classes of the southern stand, showed that this stand has an irregularly even-aged structure. The chart of diameter distribution of this stand states that there was no regeneration in the past years in the northern stand, in addition to coppice and young Persian oak trees, in the lower diameter classes, a number of young trees of other species with small diameters were seen. The height distribution diagram of trees in the southern stand showed that the largest number of trees are in the middle of the diagram and in the height classes of 5 to 11 meters. In the northern stand, coppice trees were present in the lower height classes (less than 3 meters). While more than 80% of seedling trees have a height between 6 and 11 meters. The results of the investigation of the basal area diameter at 0.5m of the trees in both stands showed that This variable in the southern stand (26.41 square meters) due to the presence of seedling trees and higher density, it was about More than three times the northern stand (7.48 square meters).

The superiority of the southern group over the northern group showed that the aspect has a major influence on the vegetation and forest structure. in sustainable forest management planning, while monitoring the structure of forest stands during periods of time, at least ten years, it is necessary to pay special attention to the different conditions of aspect in order to preserve, revive and develop these forests.

Correct performance to reduce the sensitivity of forest stands to environmental hazards requires knowledge and proper understanding of its effects on the trees. The tree height-diameter ratio is a tool that is known as an index of tree resistance and stand stability. The present study evaluated the tree's height-diameter ratio in a mixed species natural forest stand in a protected forest in Arasbaran to obtain basic information about the stand stability.

500 sample trees (DBH ≥ 7.5 cm) were randomly selected from the most abundant species present in the region to include all types of diameter classes from the lowest to the highest that are present in the stand. Each tree is one sample in this method. The diameter at breast height and the tree height were measured to calculate the height-diameter ratio. The height-diameter ratio of the stand and every tree species was calculated by dividing the tree's height by the diameter.

The results of this research showed that the value of the height-diameter ratio was 54.31 at the stand level. In addition, this ratio value was 54.93 for maple, 55.04 for hornbeam, 54.63 for ash, and 52.64 for oak at the species level. The result showed that the trees were in the stable category in terms of this ratio. The changes in the height-diameter ratio in different diameter classes showed that the value of this ratio decreased with the increase of the diameter classes. The correlation analysis showed a high, positive, and significant correlation with the tree’s height. Oak and hornbeam species had the highest significant correlation between height and height-diameter ratio (0.718 and 0.729, respectively).

Computing the value of the height-diameter ratio is considered necessary in quantifying the resistance against adverse environmental factors (snow, storm, and wind) and is considered a management issue. Estimating the value of this coefficient determines the diameter class in which instability occurs for any tree species, and it is valuable and practical in future silvicultural and protection planning because of the tree's proper spatial arrangement in the dbh classes in the stands, the density of the stand, and the critical values of the heigh-diameter coefficients are regulated such that the stability of the stand was not threatened.

In vestigating the presence of species in forest habitats is very important in order to locate and identify areas with the ability to plant and successfully restore species and the relationship between the presence of species to environmental factors. In this research, predicting the probability of the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica Forest species in relation to environmental variables (topography and soil science data) in a part of Khojir National Park of Tehran province with an area of 120 hectares and the modeling was done using artificial neural network and geostatistics.

Slope, Aspect and Altitude maps were prepared using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map of the area, sampling of trees in the studied area was done in the form of regular-random sampling based on a grid of 100 x 150 meters with 61 pieces of 12 samples. Soil sampling was done in 17 sample plots according to the variety of soil conditions by taking the spatial coordinates of the sample plots. Variables of apparent specific gravity, true specific gravity, absorbable potassium, percentage of nitrogen, absorbable phosphorus, percentage of organic carbon, conductivity Electricity, acidity, soil saturation percentage, soil lime percentage, sand percentage, silt percentage and clay percentage were measured in the laboratory. The map of environmental factors of soil variables was prepared with the help of geostatistics and using GS+ software. Then, the multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network model was designed and validated between the environmental features as model inputs and the presence and absence of the Pistacia atlantica as the model output using SPSS Modeler software. Finally, based on the results of the model and the digital map of environmental factors, a prediction map of the probability of the presence and absence of the Pistacia atlantica was prepared using ArcGIS software.

The results indicate that the artificial neural network had a high accuracy (91%) in predicting the probability of the presence and absence of the Pistacia atlantica. It indicate the relationship between the presence of a Pistacia atlantica and the variables of electrical conductivity, apparent specific gravity, direction Geographically, the percentage of nitrogen and height altitude with the importance coefficient is 0.43, 0.21, 0.17, 0.15 and 0.05 respectively. In addition, the agreement of the prediction map with the ground reality map was assessed as good with a Kappa coefficient of 0.651.

The results showed that with acceptable accuracy, it is possible to use the combination of topographic and soil data to estimate the characteristics of the presence of Pistacia atlantica species in the researched forests, and its maps can be used to identify areas prone to the restoration of the habitat of this species.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi constitute an important component of soil microflora and coexist with 80% of plant species. The present study was conducted with the aim of Morphology identifying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in three habitats (Shanachir, Ilam and Malekshahi) with different climatic conditions and in two aspect slopes, north and south, in the Oak forests of Ilam province.

In order to take soil samples, in each habitat   and both north and south aspect slopes 20 mixed soil samples were taken. A total of 60 samples was taken from all three habitats based on a completely random sampling plan from a depth of 0-20 cm in the spring season. Spore extraction of mycorrhizal fungi was done using the method of sieving and centrifugation with sucrose, and the identification of fungi was done based on the measurement of morphological characteristics and using the identification key and reliable internet sites. The abundance percentage of fungal species was also calculated using the percentage of spores belonging to a fungal species. Venn diagram was used to determine the similarity percentage of fungal species in different habitats and aspect slopes in each habitat.

The results of this study showed that a total of 39 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to 11 genera were identified in three studied areas and two aspect slopes. 36 fungal species belonging to 11 genera were identified in Ilam habitat, 37 mycorrhizal fungal species belonging to 11 genera Malekshahi and 34 fungal species belonging to 10 genera were identified in Shanachir. The highest percentage of the relative frequency of the fungus genus also belonged to the two genera Acaulospora and Glomus.In all habitats and aspect slopes, the two species Glomus nanolumen and Acaulospora lacunosa had the highest percentage of fungal species abundance. The results of species similarity in different habitats showed that 30 species of mycorrhizal fungi, equivalent to 76.92% of the species, were common among the habitats, and there was one endemic species (Glomus macrocarpum) in Malekshahi city. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the spore density in the study areas (p=0.000), which was higher in Malekshahi and Shenchir than in Ilam. The average spore density was higher in all habitats in the southern aspect slope than in the northern aspect slope. The average density of spores in different areas varied from 111.20 in Ilam to 140.25 in Malekshahi and among different aspect slopes from 105.60 in the north of Ilam to 150.90 in the south of Malekshahi.

The result of the present study showed that mycorrhizal fungi in different areas and aspect slopes were different in terms of the number of fungal species, distribution and number of spores and the highest spore density was observed in the southern aspect slope and in Malekshahi region.

Using landscape metrics, it is possible to study the quantification of spatial patterns of environmental elements and changes in their extent at different scales. The result of this study can lead to a good understanding of how the landscape changes, which is required for sustainable management and planning. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to use remote sensing and evaluate the efficiency of landscape metrics in analyzing changes in forest areas and land cover in part of theNorthernZagros forest areas. 

Land cover map related to different years (1998, 2009, 2020) was prepared through supervised classification of satellite images and visual interpretation of Google Earth images and field visits. The ArcGIS Patch Analyst extension and FRAGSTAT software were used in order to monitor and evaluate the landscape metrics. Nine landscape metrics including four metrics of the number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), percentage of each class (PLAND) and area of each class (CA) at the class level and five metrics at the landscape level including number of patches (NP), Mean Patch Size (MPS), Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI), Largest patch Index (LPI), Continuity (contag) were calculated.

The results of measuring the area of the class and the percentage of each class in the period of 1998, 2009, 2020 at the class level showed a decrease in the forest area and an increase in the percentage of residential and agricultural cover during the period; So that in 1998, the forest cover was 78.82% of the area, and in 2020, this amount decreased to 77.36% (The area of forests has decreased by 0.066% annually during 22 years). During the period, we have seen an increase in the number of residential patches (13-17) and agricultural patches (19-42) and a decrease in the number of forest patches (21-18). The comparison of the patch density metric also shows the increase of this metric in all the land covers except the forest. The results of the survey at the surface of the land show an increase in the number of patches and the Shannon diversity index and a decrease in the continuity index, the mean patch size and the largest patch size metrices.

The results of this study show the expansion of residential areas and agricultural uses and the reduction of forest areas, which indicates the destruction of the integrity of the land due to the increase in the number and classes of man-made areas (residential and agricultural).

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) as one of the most toxic pollutants in the soil can lead to the reduction of microbial activities and soil fertility and as a result the death of plants; This issue has always caused global concerns. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the resistance to Cd of male (62-167) and female (62-149) individuals of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) based on vegetative and physiological characteristics.

For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with factors of cadmium (concentrations of 0, 50, 150 and 200 mg/kg soil) and gender (male and female bases of poplar) for a 120-day period. Physiological variables of seedlings including net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, water potential, mesophilic conductance, intracellular CO2 concentration, and vegetative characteristics including root collar diameter growth and height growth, total biomass and leaf area were investigated. The stress treatment was done in late May through irrigation with cadmium salt solution on a weekly basis for the first five weeks. After that, the seedlings were irrigated with rainwater, respecting the soil capacity, at intervals of three days until the end of the period (late September).

Regardless of the root species, with the increase of Cd concentration, the leaf area and height growth of seedlings decreased. The highest height growth (30.4 cm) and leaf area (51.8 cm2) were observed in the control, and the highest total biomass of seedling (59.2 g) was observed at the concentration of 50 mg/kg of Cd. Regardless of the concentration of Cd, the size of collar diameter growth (male 2.1, female 2 mm), seedling height growth (male 21.5, female 19.9 cm), leaf area (male 43.08, female 43.64 cm2), total seedling mass (male 46.48, female 44.19 g), water use efficiency (male 0.31, female 0.26 μmol mmol-1), mesophilic conductance (male 0.003, female 0.002 mol m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (male 0.45, female 0.39 mol m-2 s-1) was higher in males than females and only, the amount of transpiration (male 3.31, female 4.01 mol m-2 s-1) was higher in females than in males. Although, with the increase of Cd concentration, the size of most of the physiological and growth characteristics including photosynthesis, water potential, water use efficiency, diameter, height, leaf surface, and biomass decreased in general, the seedlings of both clones maintained their physiological and growth activities to some extent in high Cd concentrations.

It can be concluded that both clones can tolerate high concentrations of Cd; nevertheless, for afforestation development with Populus nigra in Cd-contaminated soils, the use of male individual (clone 62-167) can be more successful than female one (clone 62-149).

Today, off-road vehicles are used for nature tourism and also for competitions. In fact, off-road riding is also known as a kind of sport. The invasion of several cars into the forest and the lack of knowledge about environmental factors cause the damages to the soil and vegetation around the road. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of off-road vehicle traffic on the trees around the road in terms of wound area, wound depth, location of wound on the trunk or root and the reason of injury by each factor.

This study was carried out in the Hajikla-Tirankali (Mianshe) forestry plan. For this purpose, the off-road path and control plot (outside the off-road route) was considered. The impact of off-road vehicles on the trees around the road was investigate according to wounding and slope gradient.

The results showed that in trees closer to the roads the wound depth is more than wound area, and also in trees farther away from the road the wound area is more than wound depth. The depth at a distance of 50 cm from the road is 2.55 cm, at a distance of 100 cm from the road, 1.2 cm and at a distance of 15 cm from the road, the wound depth is 1.7 cm. The damage to the trees in terms of the location of damage was 12% from the soil horizon to collar of trees, 56% from the collar to one-meter height of trunk and 32% from one meter to two meters’ height of the tree. The highest rate of damage to trees was recorded for the location of collar to one-meter height of trunk and the lowest rate of damage was recorded for the soil horizon to tree collar. According to result, the rate of damages due to collision of the body and wheel of the car with the trunk is 42%, collision of the roof or crown of the car with the tree is 30%, wound due to cut by winch wire is 16% and root wound due to tire wear is 12%. The depth and area of the wound increased by increasing in longitudinal slope. The average wound depth was recorded 1 mm in the 7% slope, which that increased to 3.4 mm in the slope of 20%.

Due to the registration of off-road as an official sport, it cannot be avoided. But by educating people and making them familiar with environmental demands, the damage can be reduced. Creating fixed and exciting tracks and preventing entry into the forest is one of the effective solutions.

The surface layer of the road suffers various damages with the passage of time due to traffic and atmospheric factors, and their quality decreases. Therefore, quick and accurate extraction of layer-surface anomaly is very important for effective monitoring of road health status. In order to improve the efficiency of surface layer inspection, today drones are used as a useful tool to obtain reliable information in the field of road surface layer.

This research was conducted with the aim of revealing the top layer damage of forest roads using UAV images and image processing techniques on a 3.6 km long road in Dr. Bahramnia educational and research forest, Golestan province. The images obtained from the UAV were prepared using photogrammetric processing calculations and orthomosaic image and digital model of the ground height, then the resulting images were used to identify and check the top layer pits using three supervised learning algorithms: nearest neighbor, K-nearest neighbor And the supporting machine was examined and evaluated.

The results showed that the orthomosaic image obtained from photogrammetric calculations has high accuracy. Also, checking the accuracy of the algorithms used to classify and identify potholes showed that these algorithms have a good ability to identify the damage of the road surface layer. Nearest Neighbor, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machine estimated the top layer failures with accuracy of 92.04, 94.31, and 96.59 percent, respectively.

The support vector machine algorithm as a supervised learning algorithm with 96.59 percent accuracy had the highest classification accuracy compared to the other two algorithms and as a suitable method for classifying and identifying failures in this The research was introduced. The resulting UAV images and supervised learning algorithms can be used to identify the abnormality of forest roads including potholes.

With sufficient knowledge regarding the presence of fungi and the significance of biodiversity, the forest's management objectives can achieve their sustainability goals. Therefore, in order to properly manage the forest, it is necessary to establish indicators that provide adequate information on biodiversity and monitor changes resulting from management activities. This study aims to identify various macroscopic fungi and investigate their biodiversity in their habitat, i.e., deadwood.

Fifteen specimens of deadwood fungi were randomly selected in Darabkola forest. All macroscopic fungi were numbered and collected, then transferred to the mycology laboratory for identification. The biodiversity of the fungi was calculated using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, richness index, and uniformity index with PAST software

The obtained results revealed that there were 37 species of macroscopic fungi belonging to 27 genera and 16 families. Trametes versicolor, Daldinia concentrica, Trichaptum biforme, and Fomes fomentarius were the most abundant, while Hericium coralloides, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma adspersum, and Trametes trogii were the least abundant species. Additionally, the families Polyporaceae, Xylariaceae, Ganodermataceae, Pleurotaceae, and Schizophyllaceae were the most abundant, whereas Pezizaceae and Hericiaceae were the least abundant. Most fungi were present in the final stages of decomposition. The results indicated that the mean diversity index for Shannon-Wiener species diversity was 3.24, Simpson species diversity index was 0.95, Margalef's richness index was 6.11, Menhinick's index was 1.95, and uniformity was 0.69. The analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that Trichaptum biforme and Trametes versicolor had a higher diversity value with a score of 1.46.

The results of this study indicate that for the management of fallen deadwood habitats with the aim of increasing the biodiversity of fungi, it is recommended to preserve these fallen deadwood areas within the forest. This preservation would contribute to the revitalization and completion of the ecosystem cycle.

dead trees are one of the carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems, which are one of the most important building components in forest areas. Measuring the amount of carbon storage in forest soil can be an important criterion and indicator in measuring the sustainability of an ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dead trees on changes in soil carbon storage across an Altitudinal gradient of Qalajeh forest in Kermanshah province.

For this purpose, an area of Qalajeh forest with an altitude range of 1400-2100 meters above sea level was selected, the area was divided into seven altitudes classes with a difference of 100 meters. Then, at the level of each elevation class, one-hectare sample plots were implemented with three replications in order to estimate the amount of soil carbon storage in the areas containing the mentioned standing and fallen dead trees. In each sample plot, under the standing and fallen dead trees, healthy tree base and in the area without of tree cover (open space), each soil sample was taken from a depth of 0-20 cm.

The results showed that the amount of soil carbon storage in the dead trees areas (standing and fallen) was higher than the soil under healthy tree foundations as well as in the open area, and in general with increasing altitude soil carbon storage increased from sea level. So that the lowest amount of carbon storage (124 tons per hectare) was located in the altitude class of 1400-1500 and the highest (197 tons per hectare) was located in the altitude class of 2000-2100. Also, the results of correlation test showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the amount of soil carbon storage under the standing and fallen dead trees with altitude.

According to the results of this study, it can be said that in addition to their ecological functions, dead trees has an important role in soil carbon storage. Therefore, considering the importance and role of dead trees in relation to the amount of carbon storage and the process of its transfer to the soil layers, the process of harvesting and removal of these pools in these forests must be stopped and measures taken to This should also be considered.