نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای اقتصادی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1402)

Internalization of economic units is one of the goals of sustainable development, which can keep the economy stable against external crises and impulses. Using the capacity of knowledge in the economy and creating a platform for the commercialization of knowledge-based products in a competitive and creative platform is known as an important factor affecting the strengthening of the economy and can bring the region's economy to a level where it can support its expenses by relying on internal resources. . In this research, the effects of knowledge-based economics on the endogeneity of the economy of Iran's provinces during the period of 1390-1398 have been analyzed using the modified panel least squares method through the Eviuse program. Using the Morris method and sub-indices of the knowledge-based economy, the combined index is calculated and based on the tax revenue power of the provinces, the economic endogeneity index has been calculated after carrying out Kayo, Limmer and Hausman tests to determine the long-term relationships, the panel model and the determination of fixed and random effects. The coefficients of the model have been estimated. The results of the research show that with a one percent increase in the combined index of the knowledge-based economy, the endogeneity of the economy of Iran's provinces increases by 0.44 percent. An increase in labor productivity and government spending increases the economic endogeneity of Iran's provinces, although an increase in the inflation rate reduces this trend. Also, the constituent components of the knowledge-based economy also show that with a one percent increase in the education index, the economic endogeneity increases by 0.2 percent. With a one percent increase in the information index, the economic endogeneity increases by 0.55 percent, and with a one percent increase in the innovation index, the economic endogeneity increases by 0.091 percent. Therefore, in order to improve the internal capacity of different provinces of the country, regional policy makers should pay more attention to the components of the knowledge-based economy, including the promotion of economic incentives, the development of educational skills in schools and the development of skill centers along with increasing the productivity of the labor force and financial decentralization in spending from the central government to the provinces. Set your agenda.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating rural tourism and its economic effects on the host communities of touristic villages in Rezvan Shahr County. The research method in the present study is quantitative and practical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population in this research is made up of the residents of touristic villages in Rezvan-Shahr County, in this regard, sampling in the studied area was done by multi-stage cluster sampling method, in such a way that three types of villages in the district (plains, Coastal and foothills) were identified. Then, the number of sample villages was determined by division and district using the share method. Finally, 380 people were selected as the sample community. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and interactive matrix model were used. The results of the T- test showed that the amount of positive economic effects in four indicators (income, employment, land price, investment) from the perspective of the host community was high, and in proportion to that, the amount of negative economic effects, including: (creating The income gap and difference between the residents, the increase in the use of affordable and luxury goods, the seasonality of the income of rural households, the strengthening of fake jobs, the change of land uses for tourism purposes and activities, land speculation, the rise of land prices, high The level of investment riskiness is high in touristic villages. Further, the results of the interactive matrix model also showed that the employment index with influence power (4) has the highest influence and the land price and investment index with influence power (2) have the lowest influence from tourism. In other words, the employment index acts as the foundation stone of the model at the first level, the income index is at the second level, and the land price and investment indicators are at the third level of the model.

Reverse migration is one of the important factors that change the economic, social, cultural and physical environment of villages and cities in the current era and causes changes in the living conditions of the villages that accept immigrants, because in the current era and considering the critical situation of the cities in terms of economy , life, health, etc., people are returning to the villages and in order to live far away from the traffic and noise of the city, they settle in the villages by buying gardens and houses and continue their lives. And they also try to produce their own consumer items in order to save money in the family's livelihood. The aim was to explain the direct and indirect effects of reverse migration on the economic, social and cultural development of the villages of Urmia (Mahal Anzal) in West Azerbaijan province in 2017-2021. The research design was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research was 944 households who returned from the city to the villages of Mahal Anzal, of which 275 households were selected by quota sampling method and answered the questionnaires randomly. The research questionnaire has the validity of exploratory factor analysis 0.847 and confirmatory factor analysis was accepted. Data with questionnaire, researcher made with reliability 0.818 collect and with (SPSS-V.28) and (Lisrel-V.10) software were analyzed. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, social development and cultural development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration has a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), social development (0.70) and cultural development (0.28) has been and also, reverse migration has an indirect and positive effect (0.39) on cultural development was through social development (P≤0.01). The authorities should review the positive effects of reverse migration to the villages, by formulating new laws and by maintaining the rural body, it causes development and income generation of villages and villagers in order to improve the employment and income situation and become a livelihood for all people, especially the residents of the villages.

In the current era, various measures and measures have been used in rural settlements to achieve development as much as possible; that social capital is considered as a central principle and a way to achieve sustainable development, as a key principle in the local community and one of the most important vital elements and cohesion of the society. Today, social capital, especially in relation to social and economic welfare, can be the main result of balanced development and as a comprehensive approach to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the effect of social-economic well-being on the social capital of rural households in South Ilaq village under Bolbanabad district located in Dehgolan city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature it is placed in the framework of descriptive-analytical method. The necessary statistics and information were collected in two ways, library and field survey, which in the field study section, the main focus was based on the questionnaire tool. The statistical population under study includes all villages with more than 20 households in South Ilaq district. In order to determine the size of the samples, 220 households were selected by stratified random sampling using Cochran's formula. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multivariate regression were used in the SPSS software environment. The research results indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between social welfare and economic welfare with social capital; And according to the obtained correlation coefficient, economic prosperity has a higher correlation with social capital. Also, the findings indicate that according to the determination coefficient in the regression, social and economic well-being have a direct effect on social capital. As a result, social welfare and economic welfare, by creating a network of communication and coordination with social capital, provide the basis for achieving development and especially sustainable rural development.

Regional endogenous development can be reached through the interaction of regional entrepreneurship along with other variables such as leadership, institutions, market-fit and resource endowment. In this way, regional entrepreneurship is one of the mediating variables of endogenous regional development and can facilitate the process of achieving development like a catalyst. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between these factors in endogenous development through analyzing statistics related to case study. Therefore, after determining some criteria and indicators related to main variables of regional entrepreneurship (human capital and new knowledge) from various sources, the existing relationships between the indicators with each other, indicators with variables and independent and mediating variables with dependent variable will be analyzed by using methods such as PLS method and structural equations and relying on available and collected statistical data. Since in the research measurement model, the factor loadings between each of the variables and their indicators are more than 0.4 and also the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the combined reliability coefficient of each of the variables are more than 0.7, as a result, the reliability of the research model is acceptable. Also the average extracted variance of all variables is greater than 0.5, as a result, the convergent validity of the model is also within the acceptable range; On the other hand, the values on the main diameter of the Fornell and Larcker matrix are larger than all the values in the corresponding column. Therefore, it can be concluded that this model has acceptable divergent validity. the structural model of the research shows a regression coefficient of 0.698 between the two variables of entrepreneurship and regional endogenous development at a significance level of less than 5%, which proves the relationship between these two variables and as a result the research hypothesis at an acceptable significance level. At the end of the research and by proving the mediator role of entrepreneurship in the process of regional endogenous development, the development level of all the Tehran counties has been shown based on the research data and statistics, and then policies and action plans aimed at improving the development level of less developed counties based on entrepreneurship have been suggested.

The electricity industry is one of the industries that has traditionally been monopolized by governments, and this monopoly still exists in the electricity sector in many parts of the world. On the other hand, the nature of the electricity industry is such that some parts of it have a natural monopoly and the introduction of competition in these parts is not possible, or to put it better, it does not promote the business activities of these parts. However, explaining the quality and quantity of services provided by this industry and the level of customer satisfaction with services is very important in improving the quality of services. The present article, with a descriptive-survey method, seeks to analyze the satisfaction of the subscribers of the electricity distribution company in order to explain the consumption pattern based on the type of branch and the place of residence in Zanjan city. Data collection was done by library and field method. The statistical population includes subscribers of the electricity distribution company in Zanjan city and its suburbs. Using geographical distribution, 1% of subscribers from each region of Zanjan city has been randomly selected as a statistical sample. Finally, to analyze the collected data, one-sample t test, analysis of variance test, and Pearson's correlation test were used with the help of SPSS software. The findings of the research showed that the opinion index of the subscribers with the single-sample T test was 3.31 (66.2 percent) and t coefficient (t = 44.72), which is in a good state. In terms of the urban region, the highest level of satisfaction with the services of the electricity distribution company is in Eshraq region with an average of 3.11 and the lowest level of satisfaction belongs to Golshahr region with an average of 2.53. In terms of the type of branch, the highest level of satisfaction with the services of the electricity distribution company is among customers with commercial and household branches with an average of 3.35 and agricultural branches with an average of 3.38; And the lowest level of satisfaction belongs to subscribers with industrial branch with an average of 3.03 and general branch with an average of 3.32. Finally, in order to strengthen the performance of the electricity distribution company, to strengthen information; appropriate response; Strengthening the efficiency of providing services of my electricity system; And it is necessary to simplify and make the electronic format concise and useful