نشریه اقتصاد شهری
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Today, we should consider tourism resources as a product whose suppliers try to present their goods in the best way in a competitive market so that applicants (tourists) prefer their offered goods over other goods and this has made the tourism market more competitive. The metropolis of Tehran is not exempted from this rule by having important tourism resources and potential and it is necessary to identify its tourism resources and potential and consider its position among competitors, prioritize, strengthen and supply them. In this regard, the current research seeks to investigate the tourism potentials of the Tehran metropolis compared to other metropolises of the country. This research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this research includes experts and officials in the field of tourism, 15 of whom participated in this research using the snowball sampling method. Meta-SWOT software was used to analyze the research data. The investigations of this research have shown that among Tehran's rival metropolises in the field of tourism development, the cities of Zahedan, Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, and Arak have the lowest competitive points, and the cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, and Tabriz have the highest competitive points. Also, the lack of priority and importance of the tourism category among decision-makers and politicians, the cause of international sanctions, and the cause of cultural conflict between tourists and local culture are the most important factors and major obstacles to the development of tourism in the Tehran. Among the most important resources and potentials of the Tehran metropolis, we can mention health and medical potentials and special recreational places for the success and promotion of tourism development of the Tehran metropolis. Among the most important resources and potentials of Tehran metropolis, we can mention health and medical potentials and special recreational places for the success and promotion of tourism development of the Tehran metropolis.

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable service industries in the world, is the priority of the economic income of many countries. In this article, due to the importance of the key position of the government in the economy and because the government is the main player in the political process of tourism development, the role of its economic policies is examined. In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type, in terms of conducting method, it is of descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of data collection method, it is survey type. The cross-sectional method and interview are used as data collection tools. The sources of information used in this method are theoretical foundations, research background, observations, documents, and in-depth interviews with experienced managers and experts. The statistical population under investigation is all those involved in the field of the tourism industry. The statistical sample interviewed was 30 academic experts, experts in tourism policy and Iran's economy. The sampling method used for the in-depth semi-structured interview with the interviewees was the judgmental purposeful sampling method and the snowball method, and it is carried out until the theoretical saturation stage in the subject of the article. Structural analysis of examining the factor structure between the second-order variables and the first-order variables shows that the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variables (entrepreneurship development and job opportunities, competition between potential areas, government investment in the tourism sector, economic policies of the government in the field of tourism, maximum participation of society and the private sector) have significant causal relationships. In the relationship between the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variable, the government's economic policy in the field of tourism (B=0.89) and competition between susceptible regions (B=0.60) were identified as the first and last rank respectively. The results show that the government's economic policy component in the field of tourism with a coefficient of 0.89, the component of entrepreneurship development and employment opportunities with a coefficient of 0.88, and the component of government investment in the tourism sector with a coefficient of 0.83 have the greatest impact on the development of tourism in Iran. have. Furthermore, the component of the maximum participation of the community and the private sector with a coefficient of 0.66, and the component of competition between susceptible areas with a coefficient of 0.60 have the least effect on the promotion and development of tourism.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the pioneers of the world economy because of its many backward and forward linkages with other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the development of tourism requires the fulfillment of preconditions one of them is security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of political stability and corruption control on tourism. To achieve the purpose of this study, the dynamic panel data (GMM) method has been used for 128 countries in the period 2002 to 2018. The results of the study show that the lag of arrival tourists to the countries variable is positive in all the studied countries, developed and developing countries. Also, the coefficient of political stability and control of corruption indicators were positive and significant. These results showed that political stability and strong bureaucracy lead to better management in the economic and political environments and international tensions to be minimized. Such environments will be desirable destinations for tourists. Also, in countries that have strong international linkage and trade and take the control corruption program seriously and implement it, the possibility of tourists entering them is higher, and tourists are more likely to choose these countries as tourist destinations. According to the results, it is suggested that countries implement policies and programs to promote political stability and control corruption. Countries with lower GDP per capita can help their tourism boom by increasing investment in tourism (higher than the global average share of tourism investment divided by GDP).

The Symbio City is one of the models that has been able to implement the theoretical foundations of sustainable development in the field of practice and has brought its efficiency to the fore. Symbio City can adapt and be used in different geographical locations and different cities, both developed and developing due to its scalability characteristic. Based on this, the purpose of the current research is the theoretical model presentation of the realization process of the Symbio City to be used by policymakers and urban planners in the country. The current research is of a practical-developmental type and its method is qualitative with an emphasis on the Meta-synthesis method. The statistical community is related to all the research that has been published from 2002 to 2022 regarding the subject of Symbio City. The sample size includes 37 articles and documents that were selected based on the ten principles of the Critical Assessment Skills Program. First, 11 by examining the title and 21 sources by screening the abstract sources were removed, then the content of 42 sources was analyzed in terms of content and quality, and finally, 37 articles were selected for the final analysis. The highest concentration of articles and sources is related to the period of 2013-2021, so more than 70% of the selected articles (27 cases) are related to this period. Cohen's kappa coefficient to measure internal reliability and quality was equal to 0.756 with a significance level of 0.000. This number shows valid and appropriate agreement because it is higher than 0.6. The results of the research show 125 codes related to the Symbio city, which are divided into twelve categories consisting of important historical period, Symbio city brands, approach (integrated, inclusive, and responsive), development discourse (institutional, environmental, spatial, socio-cultural, and economic), causal factors, consequences (100% use of renewable energies; zero carbon; zero waste; local branding; wind parks to provide electricity in the neighborhood; recycling of food waste as biogas to produce electricity and heat; rainwater management through green roofs, ponds, wetlands and rainwater canals; greening of building facades; technology-oriented water drainage; construction of safe nests for birds; high priority of designing pedestrian and bicycle routes; economy based on the export of clean technologies, preservation and promotion of biodiversity, sustainable and local food, etc.) strategies, implementation process, key components, policy making and planning, activists and finally the required knowledge.

Collection resources by the municipalities of Tehran's urban areas constitute a significant share (45%) of the total collection resources of this institution. The main purpose of this study is to identify and determine the effective factors on the collection resources of the 22 districts of Tehran, design the model, and estimate the effect coefficients using FGLS and PCSE econometric methods using seasonal data from 2015 to 2019. Based on the findings, the collection resources of the municipalities of the regions are mainly dependent on the boom in the construction sector (the number of housing transactions, the number of building permits issued, and the price of land) with significant intensity and the state of the population living in the region (population density). According that the share of the cost of issuing a building permit of the total cost of housing production in the northern regions compared to the same share in the southern regions is very small (due to the significant difference in land prices in the northern and southern regions of the city) and also the significant deviation in the regional real estate price (the reference book for determining the price of tolls) from the corresponding index based on the market price, it is suggested that the policy of increasing the price of building permits should be considered, especially in periods of prosperity to increase the revenues of Tehran Municipality and also Redistribution of wealth and investment in the housing sector among different urban areas.

Collection resources by the municipalities of Tehran's urban areas constitute a significant share (45%) of the total collection resources of this institution. The main purpose of this study is to identify and determine the effective factors on the collection resources of the 22 districts of Tehran, design the model, and estimate the effect coefficients using FGLS and PCSE econometric methods using seasonal data from 2015 to 2019. Based on the findings, the collection resources of the municipalities of the regions are mainly dependent on the boom in the construction sector (the number of housing transactions, the number of building permits issued, and the price of land) with significant intensity and the state of the population living in the region (population density). According that the share of the cost of issuing a building permit of the total cost of housing production in the northern regions compared to the same share in the southern regions is very small (due to the significant difference in land prices in the northern and southern regions of the city) and also the significant deviation in the regional real estate price (the reference book for determining the price of tolls) from the corresponding index based on the market price, it is suggested that the policy of increasing the price of building permits should be considered, especially in periods of prosperity to increase the revenues of Tehran Municipality and also Redistribution of wealth and investment in the housing sector among different urban areas.