نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1402)

Following the gradual extinction of the Seleucid dynasty, whose territory was weakened by the Parthian powers in the east and the Romans in the west; The Parthians bordered the Romans. The common borders of the two powers led to conflicts between them; Due to the internal problems of the Parthians, the Romans were able to gain access to geopolitical regions such as Mesopotamia. After the extinction of the Parthians, their territory was transferred to the Sassanids along with the death of their conflict with Rome. The results of the research indicate that the city of Nasibin was one of the main centers of the Iran-Rome wars in the Sassanid period; As the access to it was considered to be in the possession of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and on the other hand, Nasibin was located on the border of Iran and Byzantium and was considered as one of the places where the transit of goods took place. Therefore, both Iran and Byzantium did not want to lose control of the city politically, economically, or even religiously. Therefore, the loss of such a city was considered as a major change in the balance of power in the Miyanrodan, As Iran and Byzantium were not willing to lose this city, and because of this, there were continuous conflicts between them, which gradually led to the weakening of the power of the two empires.

Sport organizes and enhances the morale of players and spectators and is an integral part of human life. Sport is influenced by the politics and decisions of political actors and also affects politics at the local, national, regional and international levels, so it is necessary to address it from the perspective of political geography and examine the effective dimensions of sport in both space and politics. And contract analysis. There are constant links between sport, athlete, spectator, place and politics. The FIFA World Cup is a showcase of action and reaction between powers, countries and schools on a national, regional and international scale. When a national football team succeeds in navigating or winning a tournament, political actors use that victory to increase power, win elections, arouse the nation's sentiment, and increase internal solidarity. This research is theoretical in terms of basic purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The findings are provided by referring to library sources (Internet, books, etc.) and 96 cases of overlapping concepts of political geography and the World Cup using the method. Hermonetics has been discovered and identified from scientific documents and news. Findings show the main geopolitical concepts in the World Cup including: countries, players, coaches, spectators, sports media and political actors in national and international dimensions with the concepts of war, peace, patriotism, identity Divergent and convergent forces are geopolitical, geopolitical tensions and isolation. In the field of geopolitics, the concepts of World Cup, FIFA, football players, national team, hosting, match, group, competition for hosting, power, stadium, team tactics and football field with concepts of geopolitical field such as: world geopolitical system, UN, actors Geopolitics, country, geopolitical weight promotion, geopolitical competition, geopolitical region, geopolitical competition, power, geographical space, geopolitical strategy and geopolitical competition space correspond.

Borders, as much as a barrier to delineation and separation, can be a factor in the action and interaction of the frontiersman and the bridge to connect the inhabitants of the two sides of the border. Depending on the policy of governments, there are different forms of bordering in the world. Despite a relatively short history, the border issues between Iran and Turkmenistan have been many fluctuations. Prior to the independence of Turkmenistan, the Soviet border were ideological border and were heavily protected and controlled. At the beginning of the independence of Turkmenistan, an agreement was reached with the aim of establishing bilateral engagement for the passage of residents across the border, and there are now many restrictions on the movement of the border residents. This article tries to examine the factors and background of this fluctuations. At first, theoretical discussions on border studies and border management are presented, and then some examples of border management realities in the region are described. Turkmenistan's domestic policy seems to have had the greatest impact on the current situation.This article, by observing the field, interviews border guards and border residents, as well as some library data, analyzes the borderline flow on this frontier.

nowadays , efforts to improve national security are among the concerns of governments and basic bases of their foreign policy .in this context , the actors in the region are trying to expand their geopolitical realm in recent years this approach has been based on aggressive realist theory and support of militias and people groups in different countries in recent years .in the meantime , the countries of turkey , saudi arabia , qatar and iran have used special tactics and different groups in order to increase penetration and power in these equations . ~~~ in this context , in recent years , lebanon 's hezbollah , which is one of the allies of islamic republic of iran , has been able to achieve victory and its balance can expand its geopolitical position .in this regard , the present study has been conducted with descriptive - analytical and applied approach to the power of ای region in improving the geopolitics of iran .the population of the study consists of all military and geopolitical experts , whose sample size was estimated to be 40 .in order to analyze the data , test - retest , pearson correlation and pearson " s correlation were used .the main question of this research is : what is the relationship between the power of the islamic republic of allah and the promotion of geopolitics of iran ?the results showed that there is a direct relationship between the power of the حزب and the withdrawal of american troops from the middle east and the decline of the influence of the saudi , israeli , uae and qatar intrusions and the increase in the power of the hezbollah party in the syrian crisis and the political equations in the middle east region .

America's political strategy and norms in dealing with countries are not uniform and have a different nature, and the US strategy in the Middle East as one of the most geopolitical and geoeconomic areas has not been excluded. Different religions, oil and gas resources, the formation of the State of Israel, regional and global rivalries of major powers such as China and Russia, Iran's nuclear issues, etc. have caused the US to pay more attention to its international equations in the Middle East. In this study, the reasons for changing and diversifying US strategies towards Middle East with Iran's focus were investigated. The research method is descriptive-field research and the research hypotheses were investigated using Spearman correlation method, model closest to ideal solution (topsis) and Shiite geoculture and questionnaire adjustment. The results of the study showed that most of all, adopting different US strategies and insisting on staying in the Middle East is the question of its current and future energy supply for its industries (sig = 0.304), Also in terms of geopolitical weight among the Middle East countries is Iran (Di = 0.14356), which has attracted most US strategic attention, In other words, the biggest obstacle to achieving US goals is Iran, And finally, the Shiite geoculture is one of the most important factors that make US policies (especially Israel, the energy market and the presence of Russian and Chinese rivals) in the region particularly problematic in Shiite countries.

The lack of optimal management of water resources as the main input of the agricultural sector is a major challenge on the way to realizing sustainable agriculture in the political geography of Iran.Various solutions have been proposed for this serious challenge, all of which go back to reforming the governance process in water resources management in Iran.Based on this, the aim of the current research is to investigate the challenges of water governance in the agricultural sector of Iran.The present research method is a qualitative and quantitative combined method in solving the problem.The statistical population includes experts and experts in the issue of water governance in the agricultural sector, who were selected through non-probability sampling in a targeted manner. 90 researcher-made questionnaires, which were the result of face-to-face interviews with 7 experts in the field of water governance in the agricultural sector of the country, were distributed among the studied community, and after collecting them, 83 questionnaires were analyzed.The collected data were analyzed in two parts of descriptive statistics (prevalence, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (exploratory factor analysis) with Spss-14 software.Based on the results of the research, the challenges of water governance in Iran's agricultural sector were summarized in six factors that explained 60.35% of the total variance. Social challenges contributed the most (25.63) and natural and human challenges contributed the least (4.46) in explaining the variance of the variables under investigation.Also, considering the participatory nature of governance and the results of this research on social challenges, it was suggested that the roles and powers of the actors involved in water governance should be carefully determined and the capacity building of the stakeholders should be seriously put on the agenda.

Although in Western studies, the role and concept of the border are becoming an abstract concept, the way of foreign governance still brings potential and actual tensions in many regions of the world in the countries on both sides of the border. This research provides a better picture of the main question of this article which is Iran's geostrategic understanding of Iraq. we do that by examining identity, cultural, religious, economic, etc. components. To answer the question raised in the research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. In this research, the variables of language and ethnicity, religion, political-economic-military organization, territorial advantage, ethnic symbols, and the reason for existence and territorial cohesion have been analyzed and evaluated. In examining the situation of making political decisions based on Iran's geostrategy towards Iraq, three factors have a neutral or converging situation for Iran, while the situation is divergent in only one component, on the other hand, Iraq is divergent in three and neutral in one component, under these conditions, paying attention to the only divergent factor in two countries, which is language, ethnicity, and religion, should be a serious concern of both countries, a factor that is not so worrying for Iran in a normal situation, but If the independence of these minorities happened in Iraq, it can also limit Iran's national security.