فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 134 (اردیبهشت 1403)

It is very important to pay attention to the development of children in different social dimensions and to take preventive measures against the occurrence of behavioral problems at an early age. Therefore, it will be helpful to identify targeted and effective intervention programs in this field. So far, various methods have been used to reduce children's behavioral problems, However, there is a research gap regarding the comparison of the effectiveness of the social skills training package based on puppet show and Walker's social skills training program on children's behavioral problems.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of social skills training based on puppet shows and Walker's social skills training program on preschool children's behavioral problems.

The current research design was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test with control group. The statistical population of the research included all preschool children in Kerman city, from among them a sample of 60 people was selected as available and they were placed in two experimental groups and one control group. One of the experimental groups of training through the social skills training package based on puppet shows (10 sessions) and the other experimental group underwent 11 sessions of training through Walker's training program (1983). The data collection tool was Gresham & Elliot (1990) Social Skills Rating System. The research data was analyzed by univariate and multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS-24 software.

The results of covariance analysis in the present study showed that both intervention methods were effective in reducing behavioral problems. However, the effectiveness of social skills training based on puppet shows in internalizing and hyperactivity problems was higher than Walker's method (P< 0.05).

According to the obtained results, it seems that the use of intervention methods based on puppet shows are more effective in improving the behavioral problems of preschool children than purely mental methods, Therefore, preschool teachers and child psychologists can use the mentioned method to reduce children's behavioral problems.

Due to the one-dimensionality of the existing protocols about the executive function devising task-oriented and diverse interventions grounded in executive functions and evaluating their effectiveness on the reading skills of students with attention-deficit reading disabilities is of paramount importance.

This study aims to design and assess the effectiveness of a program aimed at improving reading skills, specifically focusing on executive functions, for students afflicted with attention-deficit reading disabilities.

This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative elements. In the qualitative phase, a therapeutic intervention designed to enhance reading proficiency was developed based on a systematic review of relevant studies, with input from a panel of nine experts to ensure its validity. The subsequent quantitative phase involves a quasi-experimental design, including pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements with a control group. The study population consists of second and third-grade students with reading disabilities in Tehran who sought assistance from learning disability centers. Using voluntary sampling, 55 students were initially selected, and ultimately, 24 students (12 in each group) were randomly assigned based on stringent entry and exit criteria. The research instruments utilized include the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition, the SNSP-IV grading scale, and the reading assessment. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 25 software.

The mean scores on the reading assessment within the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test phases (p< 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed between the post-test and follow-up phases (p> 0.05).

Based on the findings, it is evident that the developed program can effectively enhance the reading proficiency of students grappling with attention-deficit reading disabilities.

Today, self-efficacy beliefs and vitality are extensively foregrounded. Studies show that to change behavior and cognition, it is imperative to strengthen individuals’ psychological relationships with their thoughts and feelings by enabling them to select appropriate alternatives from various choices and not perform actions to avoid bothersome thoughts, feelings, memories, or desires. Thus, can Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), with its six principles of diffusion, acceptance, contact with the present moment, the observing self, values, and committed action lead to self-efficient beliefs and academic vitality?

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT on students’ self-efficacy beliefs and academic vitality.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all grade 2 high school students in district 3 of Tehran during the 2020-2021 academic year. Thirty students were selected by mixed (simple and convenience) sampling and assigned into experimental and control groups. Sherer’s (1980) self-efficacy scale and Martin and March’s (2006) academic vitality questionnaire were used for data collection, and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was employed for data analysis.

The results showed that ACT improved students’ self-efficacy beliefs and academic vitality in the posttest (p<0.01).

According to the findings of this research, we can assert that ACT improves self-efficacy beliefs and academic vitality by enhancing psychological flexibility. Hence, awareness of these interventions can positively impact students.

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurocognitive disorder that typically manifests early in life due to various causes. As a lifelong condition, it can diminish the affected individual’s abilities and exert significant psychological stress, particularly on mothers of children diagnosed with this disorder.

The objective of the current research was to examine the impact of motivational interviewing on enhancing marital satisfaction and self-efficacy among mothers who have children diagnosed with cerebral palsy.

The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pretests, posttests, and follow-up, along with a control group. The research population comprised all mothers of children with cerebral palsy who attended the educational and rehabilitation centers for the physically and motor impaired in Kermanshah in the year 2021. Out of the entire population, 26 mothers who patronized the specified centers were chosen based on their willingness to participate and were then randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. Data collection involved the use of Olson’s Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989) and Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale (1982). Participants in the experimental group participated in group counseling sessions that employed Motivational Interviewing (MI) techniques (Miller & Rollnick, 2006), consisting of ten 90-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS software, version 24.

The findings indicated that motivational interviewing significantly improved the overall scores of marital satisfaction and self-efficacy among mothers with children who have cerebral palsy, with p-values less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.

The study’s results suggest that motivational interviewing has a positive effect on enhancing marital satisfaction and self-efficacy in mothers of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy.

One of the variables related to mothers' stress is their reflective action. The act of reflection or mentalization is a clear manifestation of the narration of the capacity of mentalization in people. The important role of the mother as the primary and main caregiver of the child and, following that, the effect of stress on a wide range of the mother's performance, including in the mentalization process between her and the child, it reveals the necessity of reflective parenting programs adapted to mother's mentalization in order to reduce the stress of anxious mothers, But the review of previous studies shows that there is a research gap in this field.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the efficacy of the adapted parental reflective functioning program on the stress of anxious mothers.

The method of the current research was a quasi-experiment of pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all anxious mothers living in Tehran in 2022. Sampling was done by announcing a call in three kindergartens and four psychological clinics in Tehran and using the available purposeful sampling method among volunteer mothers with anxiety symptoms. Finally, 20 anxious mothers (with a minimum average anxiety score in the Beck anxiety test) were selected as a statistical sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The main data collection tool included the Parenting Stress Index – short form (Abidin, 1995). During 8 sessions, the experimental group received the adapted parental reflective functioning program to the mentalization of the mother, but the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Also, covariance analysis method and SPSS-20 software were used for data analysis.

The results of the covariance analysis test in the present study showed that the reflective adapted parental reflective functioning program among the three subscales of parental stress, it significantly reduced parental distress and parent-child dysfunctional interaction (P<0.001), But it was not effective in reducing the subscale scores of difficult child characteristics.

Considering the effectiveness of the adapted parental reflective functioning program on the level of stress of anxious mothers in the present study, it seems that training parents in this field can be one of the most appropriate methods to improve mother-child interactions, the formation of secure attachment in children and subsequently, the reduction of the stress level of anxious mothers.

Research shows that the identification of psychological and social factors premarital, including; Responsibility, emotional maturity, flexibility, optimism, commitment to spouse and life, marital intimacy, financial management, realistic expectations, positive and constructive communication with the Family of origin, respect for the Families of origin has an effect on the success of couples' marriages, and premarital dating is one of the important factors in preventing problems in relationship, but examining these factors in the form of lived experiences in the researched society is a gap in research.

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying the "identify psycho-social factors premarital" From the point of view of the lived experiences of successful married women and men from the premarital period.

This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenology. The statistical population of the research included all the women and men with successful marriage of Shahriar city in 2021. The sample group was selected by selecting 12 women and men with successful marriage (5 men and 7 women) using the purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews (70 to 90 minutes) were used to collect data until theoretical saturation was reached. We implemented the text of the interviews verbatim and analyzed the data by the Colaizzi 7-step method.

The analysis of the interviews led to 4 main themes (individual and personality factors, couple interaction factors, factors related to Family of origin and social-cultural and contextual factors), 30 sub-themes and 123 conceptual codes.

Therefore, identifying and understanding psycho-social factors premarital affecting the success of marriage can be considered as a model and a path for the success and better adaptation of couples, and it can be useful for psychologists and counselors to develop marriage counseling practices and finally bring the health of the society.

The relationship between parenting style and physical activity of children has been confirmed in previous studies. Studies show that strict parents may impose more restrictions on their children's physical activity.

The aim of this study was to avoid physical activity and parental stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: from the perspective of strict parents.

This research is descriptive and cross-sectional and correlational in terms of purpose, which was done using structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this study is all parents of 7-12 years old children in Kerman city who are studying in elementary school in 2020. In this study, 271 parents of elementary school students responded to the research questionnaires. Stress, depression and anxiety questionnaires (Antony and et al., 1998) were used to collect the data. Data were collected using Smart PLS.3 software.

The results of the analysis showed that knowledge directly and indirectly through parental stress and severity rate on physical activity abstinence of children. The results showed that awareness through parental stress explained 40% of variance of abstinence from physical activity. Also, awareness through deterioration rate explains 30% of variance of abstinence from physical activity.
Stress and perceived risk can significantly affect authoritarian parents’ decision-making process. Parents with greater awareness and knowledge about COVID-19 reported more avoidance behavior.

Based on these results, it can be concluded that parental awareness through perceived deterioration and parental stress can affect the abstinence of physical activity in children. Therefore, evidence-based psychological interventions can have a moderating effect on parental stress and perceived severity of disease.

The birth of a child with intellectual disability can bring difficult conditions for parents and other family members. Because parents are unexpectedly caught in a difficult emotional puzzle, they endure more discomfort and worry due to the unexpected nature of this problem and their inherent desire to take care of their children. As a result, it becomes more difficult for them to function in adverse conditions and they cannot manage their emotions well in these conditions. Also, these mothers suffer more tensions due to lack of high psychological well-being.

The aim of the current research was to develop a structural model of psychological well-being of mothers with children with intellectual disabilities based on the core of self-evaluation with the mediation of Inferiority feeling.

The present research method was descriptive and correlation and structural equations type. The statistical population of this research is all parents of children with intellectual disabilities who were covered by the welfare organization in Tehran in 1402-1401 and receive services from the welfare organization. The sample size in the present study was considered to be 300 people from Tehran. The sampling method used was also availability. Scales of Psychological Well-being (1989), self-evaluation core (Judge et al., 2003) and Comparative Feeling of Inferiority Index (Dixon & Strano, 1990) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests using SPSS version 25 and structural equation modeling using Lisrel version 8.

The results of the research showed that the coefficient of the total path (the sum of the coefficients of direct and indirect paths) between the core of self-evaluation and psychological well-being was significant (p=0.001, β=0.481). Based on this, it can be said that there is a relationship between the psychological well-being of mothers with a child with intellectual disability based on the core of self-evaluation with the mediation of the Comparative Inferiority.

It seems That according to the results that parents of children with intellectual disabilities experience higher stress compared to parents of normal children, it is better to carry out more extensive research with more samples in these families.

A review of previous studies shows that one of the factors affecting the academic performance of students is the satisfaction of the three psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness). On the other hand, resilience as a protective behavior makes students face problems efficiently and achieve good academic results. Despite the role of basic psychological needs and resilience in predicting academic performance, there is a research gap regarding the mediating role of resilience in the effect of basic psychological needs on students' academic performance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of basic psychological needs on academic performance with the mediation of resilience.

The design of the present research was descriptive and correlational in the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of the research included all the girl Students at the first period of high school in tehran in the academic year 2019-2020, and 340 people were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling. Data collection tools included Basic psychological needs (Guardia et al., 2000), academic performance (Pham & Taylor, 1999) and Conner-Davidson resilience (2003) resilience questionnaires. Data analysis was also done with Pearson correlation coefficient methods, structural equation modeling and using SPSS24 and AMOS24 software.

The results of the research showed that the direct effect of basic psychological needs on students' resilience (0.41) and academic performance (0.13) is significant, and the basic psychological needs on students' academic performance through resilience also has a significant indirect effect (P<0.05). In other words, resilience could play a mediating role between basic psychological needs on academic performance.

According to the findings of the present research, it is necessary for school managers, teachers and counselors to consider the necessary measures to increase students' resilience in order to satisfy basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and communication) and improve academic performance, so that they can use the special effects of resilience on the academic results of students.

Specific learning disabilities include a heterogeneous group of children who have problems in various domains. These problems have life-long effects that seem to extend far beyond reading, writing, and arithmetic, and profoundly affect areas such as health, mental health, interpersonal relationships, continuing education, employment opportunities, and the like.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of game-based therapy and game-based therapy integrated with cognitive rehabilitation techniques on the math performance and Anxiety mathematical in Students With learning disabilities (MLD).

In the quasi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test multi-group designs, among the statistical population of the study, including all students of third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades of the academic year of 2018- 19 of Khomeini Shahr city in Iran, the number of 36 students those with math learning disabilities were randomly divided into three groups of 12. (2 experimental and 1 control). Then the experimental groups were treated. During this period, the control group did not receive any psychological or pharmacological interventions. Shalve mathematics questionnaires and Kazeleskis mathematical anxiety scale were used to evaluate the subjects.

The results of data analysis showed that play therapy-based education and the play therapy-based education combined with cognitive rehabilitation methods in mathematical anxiety and mathematical achievement at the level of(p< 0.05) were associated with significant effectiveness. Also, play therapy-based education combined with cognitive rehabilitation methods was more effective in the mathematical achievement variable in students with mathematic learning disabilities compared to play therapy-based education.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of play therapy-based education and play therapy-based education integrated with cognitive rehabilitation methods in math anxiety and math academic progress in students with math learning disorders, by examining 36 students with math learning disorders who were in three There were experimental and control groups, the experimental groups received training based on play therapy and training based on play therapy integrated with cognitive rehabilitation methods

One of the deep cognitive processes that play a fundamental role in the development of anxiety disorders is early maladaptive schemas. Another underlying cause of anxiety disorders is the inability to emotion regulation. Also, psychological hardiness as an important personality structure is effective on the way and quality of dealing with Sources of anxiety. So far, no specific research has focused on presenting a structural model regarding the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and emotional regulation with the mediating role of psychological hardiness in patients with anxiety disorders.

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a structural model of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation with the mediating role of psychological hardiness.

The design of the current research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research included all people suffering from anxiety disorders who referred to counseling centers and psychological services under the supervision of Tehran Welfare Organization in 2022. Using the random multistage cluster sampling method, 300 people with anxiety disorders were selected as the statistical sample of the research. To collect information from the questionnaires of the short version of the Early Maladaptive Schema -Short Form (Young, 1998); Emotion regulation strategies (Gross & John, 2003) and Psychological hardiness (Kobasa, 1979) were used. To analyze the data in this study, correlation and path analysis methods were used using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software.

The findings of the present study showed that the proposed model has a good fit.The results also show that the schemas of disconnection and rejection, Impaired autonomy and Performance, orientation, over-vigilance and inhibition had a negative and significant effect on emotional reappraisal and a positive and significant effect on emotional suppression. Also, the effect of Impaired Limits schema on suppression was positive and significant. Psychological hardiness has a positive and significant effect on emotional reappraisal and a negative and significant effect on emotional suppression.

According to the results obtained, the mediating role of the psychological hardiness variable was confirmed in the present study, And since this variable increases a person's resilience and as a result puts her in a positive and healthy cycle, it is suggested that counseling centers therapists teach people with anxiety disorders techniques to improve psychological hardiness.

The first trainers and preparers of a wise and knowledgeable generation in a society for creating and preparing the contexts of advancement and development in a country and nation, are women. Therefore, this is enough to consider the development and advancement of women in a society, equal to advancement and development of that country. The review of previous studies showed that there is a research gap regarding the psychological meta-analysis of studies of femininity and social development in Iran.

The present research was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis (combination) of studies conducted in the field of femininity and development.

Method which is used in this paper, is Meta-analysis. Statistical population were consisted of related and available studies which were accessible in Iran using Persian language, in paper form, from 1385 to 1401. After investigating the criterion of inputs and outputs, 52 effect sizes from 17 studies which have Meta-analysis condition, were obtained. In order to analyze data from sensitivity data, funnel chart, stochastic models and heterogeneity analysis, CMA2 software was used.

Analysis of obtained information from research showed that the amount of combined effect in this stochastic model (chosen model for this Meta-analysis) was obtained equally to 0/497, which was significant. Size of obtained effect from studies(p<0/001) were calculated averagely according to interpretation of Cohen's scale and results illustrated that women and femininity have effect on development.Also by considering social development as moderator variable,this coefficient was calculated as social development 0/603 respectively.that in level of p<0/001 are significant.

According to the results obtained in the present study, the largest size of the combined effect was related to social development and the smallest was related to economic development. Despite the fact that 50% of the potential forces in any society are women, but Iranian women have a moderate impact on development due to household responsibilities and existing restrictions in society.

Death and death thoughts in contemporary Iranian poetry (with the approach of existential philosophy and psychology) in the context of the compositions of three of Iran's prominent contemporary speakers, namely: Nima Yoshij, Ahmad Shamlou and Mehdi AkhawanSales, form the research field.

The main purpose of this research is to show the views of three of the most prominent poets of the last century in Iran on the issue of death (and consequently life) based on the mentioned view (originality of existence).

This research is based on analytical-descriptive method (and based on library sources).

What was obtained from the search is that: the poems of all three poets of the research community of this research, with an existential approach and thinkers such as: Jean-Paul Sartre, Erwin D. Yalom, Martin Heidegger, Baines Wanger, Viktor Frankl, etc. can be read and each of these three people call parts of the components of existentialist philosophy and psychology. Nima, the AkhawanSales and Shamlou have been influenced by the socio-political atmosphere of the current era to existentialism or the existential view, with the difference that Nima and Shamlou sometimes show the positive and sometimes negative components of the existentialists in their words, but in the end, in the confrontation They have acted with "genuine" death and survived its terror by believing in "ideal death". Akhawan, although he also praised the ideal life, but he did not look favorably on death - in any of its forms - and he saw knowledge as unable to understand this issue.

In the examination of the poems of Nima, Shamlou, and the AkhawanSales, there are strong signs of attachment to life; However, regarding death, the words of these three contemporary writers are not the same everywhere, in the sense that they are sometimes influenced by an existential perspective such as the "throwing" of man into the world, they do not give a purpose to life and consequently death, and sometimes they are influenced by The semanticism of the mentioned belief praises ideal death and does not consider it the end of the road. In the meantime, of course, the original approach to death in Nima and Shamlou's poetry is more dominant than that of the AkhawanSales

Suvshun novel written by Simin Daneshvar is the first Persian novel written by a prominent Iranian woman writer, which was published in July 1969. Her style and method is known for its constructive constructionism.

This investigation aims to elucidate how these theoretical frameworks contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the characters and social dynamics depicted in the novel.

In this article, Sushon's novel was reviewed according to Lucien Goldman's point of view, who believed that there is a connection between the world of the author's novel and a social group. In the pursuit of a comprehensive analysis of Lucien Goldman's sociological approach and Alfred Adler's personality psychology in Simin Daneshvar's novel "Sushun," a meticulous research methodology is imperative.

The results of the research show that the author deals with the most important concerns of the society and about some social issues based on Goldman's evolutionary sociology theory. He has expressed his opinion that the examination of the material related to sociology in the novel shows that he has expressed a point of view emanating from his social class in a broad perspective.

Two axes can be seen in Suvshon's novel: one axis is the structure of the novel and its constituent elements, and the other is the socio-cultural and political structure of Iran's society at the time of the author. Besides dealing with artistic issues, the scholar has also addressed literary works to historical, political, socio-cultural issues and references. And he made it the basis of his artistic expression.