دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1401)

Occupational and social exposures to COVID-19 are among the significant stressors that threaten the health of Healthcare workers (HCWs) in various dimensions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Corona disease anxiety and the general health of health care workers in the summer of 2021.

This is a descriptive correlational study. Sampling was done by the available method. Study samples included 170 HCWs. Data were collected using tools such as the Demographic Questionnaire, the Corona disease Anxiety Scale(C-19 AS) and the General Health Questionnaire. The data were collected using Porsline software (online). Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using the Kruskal-Wallis test, U Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The significance level was P<0.05.

There was a positive and significant relationship between Corona disease anxiety and general health (p<0.01), and the variables of physical anxiety (β coefficient = -0.233) and marital status (β coefficient = -0.147) had the highest regression effect on public health.

Health policymakers and managers of health care systems take preventive and curative measures such as providing psychological counseling and implementing training programs such as problem-solving skills training and resilience when necessary, especially for married healthcare workers to reduce the level of Corona disease anxiety.

Consumption of smokeless tobacco products annually causes the death of more than 250 thousand people worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transtheoretical model education on the temptation / self-efficacy of smokeless tobacco products among guild traders.

In this quasi-experimental study, 320 guild traders were studied by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was used after confirming its validity and reliability. Intervention strategies included group discussions with videos and photos related to the destructive effects of smokeless tobacco products on general health and oral health, using data projectors and PowerPoint. After 6 months from the intervention, the questionnaire information was collected again and finally the data were analyzed in SPSS 20 software using descriptive and analytical tests.

In the pre-intervention phase, the mean scores of temptation/ selfefficacy in pre-contemplation stage were 16.63± 1.59, 16.45 ±1.51 contemplation and 13.28±0.48 readiness, but in the next phase, from the intervention, the mean scores of this structure in individuals in the pre-contemplation stage decreased to 9.97±2.09, contemplation to 9.94±2.26 and readiness to 10.61±2.18, and there was a significant difference between this structure and the changes were observed (P-Value <0.001).

By designing and implementing interventions based on the transtheoretical model, the temptation of people consuming these products can be reduced at different stages of change and their self-efficacy to overcome tempting situations can be increased.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly effects on health of workforce as the most important source of manpower in maintaining business and the community economy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 and its effective factors among industry practitioners in industrial areas.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran industrial city from October to December 2020. Data from 494 practitioner’s industry were collected through survey questionnaire including demographic and a 35-item questionnaire to assess the status of knowledge, attitude and practices to the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts of Occupational health and Epidemiology and performed by two relative content validity coefficients, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), which were 0.78 and 0.85, respectively. Additionally, reliability was proved through a pilot study to calculate Cronbach’s alpha and determined to be 0.81. Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests and Pearson rank correlation analyses were performed to determine factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19. Data analysis was performed using STATA software version 17 with a significance level of P <0. 05.

The mean and standard deviation of practitioner’s knowledge was 19.68 ± 3.55, their attitude was 14.74 ± 3.45 and their performance was 7.97 ± 0.91. Educational level (r=0.19, p=0.015) and marital status as employees (r=0.24, p=0.042) were directly correlated with attitude and practice, respectively. Also, the results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.11, P = 0.01) and attitude and practice (r = 0.98, P = 0.001).

The results of the present study showed the need to increase awareness through training courses and positive attitude of the studied practitioner in order to strengthen suitable practices and motivate them to take appropriate preventive measures against COVID-19.

Road traffic accidents are one of the serious public health problems in the world that need to be prevented. Socio-economic status is one of the important factors related to traffic accidents. The incidence and mortality rate of traffic accidents also vary between different countries and even within a country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of traffic accident injuries and socio-economic factors.

This study was a cross-sectional study involving 310 drivers caring following an accident in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, Iran in 2020. The trauma severity scale of ISS ((Injury Severity Score) and the statistical model of rank logistic regression were used for this study.

Data showed a positive and significant relationship between the severity of injury and socioeconomic factors including marital status (OR = 2.306, P = 0.024), education for high school (OR = 19.066, P = 0.013), and diploma (OR = 5.549, P = 0.011), household monthly income for 12.5 to 25 million Rials (OR = 4.87, P = 0.068), and for 25 to 37.5 million Rials (OR = 4.46, P = 0.079), occupation (OR = 2.491, P = 0.088), car monetary value for 0-550 million Rials (OR = 13.986, P = 0.001), and for 550-1100 million Rials (OR = 3.284, P = 0.016),  as well  the share of health care costs for 0-20% (OR = 22.389, P = 0.001) and  for 20%-40% (OR = 3.664 P = 0.001), while was not a significant association between the severity of injury and age (OR =0.889, P = 0.367), gender (OR = 1.391, P = 0.598), and monetary value of housing.

The data indicate that there was a relationship between most of the socio-economic factors and the severity of injury. Based on the results, intervention programs on marital status, upgrading education, increasing monthly household income, improving working and occupational status, improving monetary value and car safety, and increasing the share of health and care costs in total expenditures is recommended.

Shift working is a regular work pattern in some occupations that can expose workers to fatigue and health problems. It is very important to pay attention to the consequences of long shift work hours, especially in jobs such as railway driving that require a high level of awareness and precision agility. In the present study, the effect of shift work and its length were surveyed on the occurrence of health effects and sleepiness in the metro drivers of Tehran urban & suburban railway operation.

363 Tehran Metro drivers were selected using census method and divided into day work (8 hours) and shift workers (9 and 12 hours) groups. The information about mood and social effects, sleepiness, and health effects were collected by a Survey of Shift-workers questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Clinical Occupational Medicine checklist, respectively. The resulting data were analyzed with SPSS (v.19) software at a significance level of 5 % .

The results showed that shift work compared to day work was associated with negative effects on sleep quality, social life conditions, job satisfaction, and an increase in the rate of complaints of health problems. Increasing the shift working hours from 9 to 12 hours was associated with intensifying the consequences of shift work.

The shift work pattern in Tehran metro drivers is associated with an increase in the incidence of health disorders and a decrease in awareness during work, which requires reform in the planning of the shift work patterns and improvement of working conditions. Further studies are needed to obtain a more accurate picture of shift work effects and variables affecting it.

Based on the importance of sustainable development and its role in the country's development, organizations and industries have considered the challenges and concerns of health, safety and the environment beyond profitability and increased productivity and have considered social and environmental goals. But in practice, this task has been less realized. The HSE management system is an approach whose optimal and efficient deployment in industries is very important and is effective on the sustainable development of industries and the growth and development of any country. Therefore, in the importance of the interaction between the two, it can be said that solving HSE challenges requires changing the pattern of cultural, organizational and human performance, and managers should move in terms of knowledge, attitude and skills, in line with the realization of the HSE management system and, as a result, sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the HSE management system on sustainable development in the petrochemical industry of Sanandaj. Based on this, the approaches leading to the optimal conditions for establishing the HSE management system effective on sustainable development in petrochemicals were investigated.

The current research is a descriptive-applied study that has been conducted in two general parts (first, design and validation of evaluation tools, and second, checking the status and effectiveness) and seven stages, and emphasizes on the effectiveness of the HSE management system on sustainable development. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed to evaluate the status of the HSE management system (63 items) and sustainable development (59 items). For the validity of the questionnaire, the method of determining the content validity was used in two ways: CVR content validity ratio coefficient and CVI content validity index. These questionnaires were administered to 143 petrochemical managers and employees of Sanandaj Petrochemical. Then, the components and status of the HSE management system and the components and status of sustainable development in the petrochemical industry were determined, and the impact (increasing or decreasing) of the HSE management system on the status of sustainable development was investigated. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS software.

The status of the HSE management system in the components of commitment and leadership, policy and common goals, and implementation, recording and monitoring is appropriate, but the three components of organization, resources and documentation, risk assessment and management, and planning should be improved. The state of sustainable development in all three components of social development, economic development and environmental protection is not suitable and should be improved. In examining the impact (increasing or decreasing) of the HSE management system on the state of sustainable development, the findings showed that the HSE management system has the greatest impact on sustainable development in the dimensions of environmental development, economic development, and social development, respectively.

The results show that although the optimal establishment of all components of the HSE management system in petrochemical industries and its impact on sustainable development is vitally important, its establishment in large and small industries has not happened completely. This is the guarantee of their growth and development as well as sustainable development in nascent petrochemical industries, and its establishment conditions should be among the primary standards. In this matter, the knowledge, attitude and skills of the upstream managers of the petrochemical industry are very decisive.

Nowadays, due to the increase in violence against emergency medical technicians and the adverse effects of these behaviors on physical and mental health, as well as employee productivity, it seems necessary to investigate occupational violence and try to reduce it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of violence in the workplace against emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and related factors.

Methods and Materials:

 This was a cross-sectional study performed on 204 emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was census. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical tests including chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance using Stata software.

The response rate was 19.2%. Findings showed that 78.92% of the subjects in the past year have experienced at least one type of violence. The most common type of violence was verbal violence. 70.10% of the violence occurred at the scene of accident and the patient's family was the main group of perpetrators of violence (59.31%). There was a significant relationship between the rate of physical violence with the rate of verbal and cultural violence (P-value≤0.05).

Emergency medical technicians are always exposed to different types of occupational violence, so training in violence management and communication skills, as well as follow-up of violence by the relevant authorities, is recommended to reduce the violence.KEYWORDS: occupational violence; emergency medical staff; paramedics

The COVID-19 pandemic put a lot of strain on staff and the health care system. The aim of this study was to determine the stressors in nurses involved in caring for COVID-19 patients in the hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses working in the care of COVID-19 patients (Rohani and Yahainejad hospitals) in Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The number of samples was estimated using Cochran's statistical formula was 224 people. Then, the proportion of nurses involved in corona in each hospital, stratified sampling of corona departments was done. Data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire. The Stressors Questionnaire in Nurses was in five areas (interpersonal, patient care, physical and environmental, individual and managerial) and the questionnaire was about the demographic characteristics. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and parametric statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test were also performed in the absence of non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.

Physical and environmental stressors with an average of 29±10.12 and the patient care stressors with 13.38±5.02 had the highest and lowest intensities of stress, respectively. The most important stressors in nurses are insufficient support (68.2%), high workload (63.9%), tight work schedule (63.5%), heaviness and discomfort of the nurse with protective clothing and boots (63.3%), lack of nurses (61.5%), lack of suitable space to change protective clothing (60.2%), etc. Nurses' occupational stressors were significantly associated with gender, work experience and type of hospital, physical and environmental stressors with shift work, interpersonal stressors with education and patient care stressors with overtime (P<0/05).

Since physical and environmental factors were recognized as the most source of stressors, with appropriate measures, it is possible to eliminate or correct these factors, to help reduce stress and improve the health of nurses.

Occupational events that sometimes occur due to improper safety management can have a significant impact on workers' productivity; Therefore, by improving the habits and increasing the level of awareness of workers, behavioral safety can be achieved; Because people play a central role in managing their health, they can prevent risks with a range of individual, environmental, and organizational activities in which occupational health literacy is a key factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between occupational health literacy and safety behavior with the mediating role of health.

The cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population is made up of the employees of 15 units of Imidro's mining industry, from which 283 people were selected by random sampling. They answered the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) Goldberg (1989), Safety Behavior Mahdi Nia (2016) and Occupational Health Literacy (TOHLS-IF) Suthakorn (2020). The research data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS and AMOS software.

The results with values (AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.036) indicated a good fit of the model. Based on direct coefficients of the relationship between occupational health literacy and health (β = -0.369, p <0.01), occupational health literacy and safety behavior (β = 0.483, P <0.01), safety and health behavior (β= -0.592, P <0.01) was significant. Therefore, in the indirect coefficient study with Bootstrap test, considering the role of health mediator, the relationship between occupational health literacy and employee safety behavior (β= 0.218, P <0.01) was significantly evaluated.

Utilization of health factors can be used as a determining factor in the impact of occupational health literacy on the safety behavior of mining workers to reduce occupational hazards and achieve a more desirable level of safety.

post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the most important complications of war in people with war experience, which makes them susceptible to secondary mental illnesses. The present study aimed to predict post-traumatic stress Based on the religious beliefs of the warriors defending the shrine, it was done.

This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this study was all the warriors who defended the shrine in the number of 11650 people. The study sample was determined based on the formula of Fidel and Topaching and 106 people were selected by the available sampling method. The data was collected using the Golzari religious beliefs questionnaire and the military version of the post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire, then it was analyzed using the simultaneous linear regression test and SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that post-injury stress can be negatively predicted based on religious beliefs in warriors defending the shrine (p < 0.01). Also, all components of post-traumatic stress, including emotional numbness, signs of arousal and re-experience, can be inversely predicted based on religious beliefs in warriors defending the shrine (p < 0.01).

Conclussion:

 Based on the results of the research, those who have higher religious attitudes and more spirituality are less emotionally numb and have better mental health. By increasing people's religious attitudes, the level of their anxiety and stress decreases.

Covid-19 disease has shocked the lives of developed and developing societies and has affected various aspects of individual and social life of citizens by creating devastating and irreparable effects. While everyone was counting down the hours to get treatment for the disease, the unveiling of emergency-licensed vaccines sparked a variety of social and legal issues. In Iran, according to the decision of the National Corona Management Headquarters, government employees along with some other groups of people were obliged to be vaccinated, and absenteeism was the punishment of deniers. Consequently, legal validity of these enactments has also been discussed by scholars. Clarifying the position of domestic law and international human rights regarding mandatory vaccination can have an effect on persuading citizens and whether or not to do vaccination. central issue of the following research is the evaluation of compulsory vaccination according to the provisions of Iranian law and the rules of international human rights. Based on library resources and in a descriptive-analytical method, it was concluded that according to the laws and regulations of Iran, the obligation to vaccinate and in particular the provision of punishment is within the competence of the Parliament and according to the Charter of Patients' Rights They were required to provide information about the vaccine and its effects, and to monitor the health status of individuals during and after the injection. In international law, it is also possible to make specific treatments mandatory, such as vaccinations under the right to health, in order to guarantee the right to life in the event of an epidemic. In addition, although this requirement conflicts with citizens' right to privacy, international law provides for restrictions on individual rights to ensure public health, subject to conditions such as appropriateness and necessity.

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a risk-management method used in industries promote the safety of processes and systems. Fuzzy multi-criteria decision methods are methods that choose the best option from several different criteria. The purpose of this article is to assess the risk using the FMEA method based on stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) - relative-entropy (RE) - VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods in an urban gateway gas pressure reduction station.

In this descriptive-analytical study, SWARA fuzzy methods were used to determine the weight of risk factors, RE was used to weigh team members, and VIKOR was employed to rank failure modes, such that these modes were identified and evaluated based on the opinion of four experts with at least five years of experience. At the end, the sensitivity and comparative analysis of the proposed approach was performed.

Six failure modes were identified in the main equipment of Darveza Shahri gas pressure reduction station. The failure mode of the regulator, filter, and the odorize system ranked first, second, and third in terms of risk priority. The risk intensity index had a higher priority than other indices. Twelve sensitivity analysis tests were performed, and the failure mode of the regulator and the heater were the least and the most sensitive, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity and comparative analysis supported the validity of the proposed approach.

According to the results of SWARA, RE and VIKOR fuzzy methods, the proposed approach eliminates the problem of the same weights of risk factors, the uncertainty in the data (experts' opinions) and the prioritization of failure modes, compared to the traditional FMEA method. It can also prioritize risks more effectively.

Considering the important role of nurses in the COVID-19 disease pandemic, determining Corona nursing research priorities can improve the quality of health services. Therefore, this study was conducted to compile nursing research priorities in COVID-19 in Iran by Delphi method.

In this descriptive Delphi study, 55 nursing experts and officials in the field of Corona nursing from all over Iran were purposefully included in the study. Initially, based on scientific documents and experts' opinions, a preliminary questionnaire including Corona nursing research priorities with a score of 1-3 and an open-ended question was sent to the participants in two consecutive stages. In the first stage, 30 and in the second stage, 20 individuals answered. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis method and quantitative data were analyzed by calculating the mean and standard deviation of the response score at each stage with SPSS software version 21.

Analysis of findings led to the compilation of 77 final priorities in six areas of emotional psychology (8 items), educational research area (16 items), nursing management area (16 items), nursing care area (11 items), prevention area and epidemiology (21 items), and the field of management health technology (6 items) and was agreed upon.

The complied research priorities can be a guide for future research activities even in the post-corona period. It can also purposefully target the resources and budgets allocated to research.

Maintaining the health of its municipal saints is very important in various aspects, namely personal hygiene, public health and environmental health. Pakbanan is one of the occupational groups that are more exposed to all kinds of occupational hazards and injuries than other workers, which according to their occupational nature are potentially and actually exposed to various types of hazards: infectious / non-communicable diseases, mental problems, nutritional problems, Safety problems are skeletal problems. In such a situation, it seems that self-care management will be the best behavioral response to prevent common diseases in this group. Self-care management clearly increases the efficiency and skills of the individual in the face of the health problems of the virtuous. On the other hand, managing self-care activities can lead the virtuous to maintain health and well-being and increase the ability of the virtuous to take care of themselves and reduce the incidence of disability and treatment costs. Therefore, the pure should feel responsible for their own health and the health of the community, and this sense of responsibility will be realized through self-care.

With the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus and the increasing development of information and communication technology, an opportunity has emerged for medical and therapeutic service providers to develop telemedicine services. In the current research, the authors tried to explain people's turn to this technology by expanding the Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) and adding the features of telemedicine services.

The current research is applied from the point of view of the objective, and in terms of data collection, it is considered to be descriptive research, which is carried out by the correlation-causal method. The data collection tool is a standard questionnaire with a Likert scale, distributed by random sampling among the population with a history of using telemedicine services in Ahvaz city. Finally, 407 usable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS.

The results show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, perceived product advantage, and perceived security have a significant and positive effect on the intention to use telemedicine. Also, the moderating role of innovativeness and gender was confirmed.

UTAUT2 and some characteristics of telemedicine services can well explain the intention to use this technology in the context of Covid-19. Also, considering the moderating role of personal innovation and gender in some relationships between the model and product features confirmed, it is necessary to pay attention to the individual characteristics of people using these technological services in the design of telemedicine services.