فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال نوزدهم شماره 66 (بهار 1403)

Niqab is one of the most common coverings of Muslim women, which is used in some Muslim countries, including Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. What is important in this regard is to pay attention to the messages in this type of clothing among Muslim women. The aim of the current research was to study the religious and social reasons for using the niqab among Baloch Muslim women in Baluchistan region. The present study was conducted using the qualitative research method and adopting the phenomenological approach in 2018. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 12 veiled women by purposive sampling. The collected data were coded, categorized and analyzed. The findings of the research showed that the theme of belief with three sub-concepts was protecting men's attention, obtaining happiness and divine satisfaction, and public modesty. The social theme included seven concepts of habituality, following the traditional family structure, matching with the community, feeling power, feeling freedom, gaining dignity and respect, and feeling security and peace. According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the niqab is not just a cloth, but can be an important means of conveying the meaning, identity and values of people. Niqab not only has a personal and religious meaning, but also represents collective identity.

The family environment before and after the parents' divorce is considered as an important factor in the children's adjustment. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the role of parents in children's adaptation to divorce. This present qualitative research was carried out using thematic analysis method. The studied population in this research was equal to the research participants who were selected from among young girls living in Tehran in 1401 who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years had passed since the divorce of their parents. Participants were selected based on purposive sampling from among individuals who met the criteria. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and ultimately 12 participants were selected through Bell Adjustment Inventoty and studied through interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using the Brown & Clark's led to the identification of 3 main themes and 16 sub-themes. The main themes include "playing an effective parenting role after divorce", "changing parents' attitudes towards divorce" and "providing a tension-free environment after divorce". Based on this, the results of the present study can provide awareness and insight to concerned parents about their roles in the adjustment of their young daughters to divorce.

Financial planning helps households in achieving their financial goals and dealing with the unexpected events in life. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents affecting household financial planning through the use of the expanded theory of planned behavior. In terms of the method, this study is descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The population of this study includes the Iranian household and the sample size is 328 people. The required data was collected through a questionnaire. Research data has been analyzed using structural equation modeling and through SPSS version 26 and Amos version 24 software. According to the research findings, all three components of cultural values (familism, affect and cognition) and financial knowledge have a positive and significant effect on the intention of financial planning (p < 0.01). Also, the two variables of financial attitude and perceived behavioral control have a mediating effect on the relationship between the components of cultural values and financial knowledge with the intention of financial planning (p < 0.01). Therefore, cultural values as an important antecedent on people's financial behavior require special attention of households and policy makers.

Compatibility and satisfaction in married life play an essential role in the physical and mental health of couples and provide the basis for growth for all family members.The aim of this study was to identify the predictor and implications of marital adjusnent in couples satisfied with life with a qualitative apprcach and based on the grounded theory for this parpose 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method and until the theoretical saturation was achieved were studied in depth semi-struc tured interview.Analysis of the in terviews led to the identification 73 open code 15 selective code and 3 axial code the causal conditions were the main family and cultural and social teaching.Desirable personality traits،learn from intergenerational and interpersonal experiences،forming a pair system، optimal parenting system and communication with the main family were obtained as intervening conditions .The strategies used by the couple were the nature of compensation،the use of support resources،relationship adaptability rational support and rational approach.Finally personal satis faction couple satisfaction pararenting sotisfaction and family satisfaction were identified as the consequences of marital adjustment.Therefore the finding s of this study can be effective in providing appropriate information and interventions to increase couples adjustment and satisfaction.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the discourses caused by the spread of domestic violence news in the context of virtual media (Instagram, Telegram and WhatsApp) in the community. The present research was conducted with the method of critical discourse analysis; The research sample consisted of 15 married men and women in Khorramabad city, who were selected in a targeted way from among the available people according to the criteria of willingness to participate in the research, daily use of virtual media (at least 2 hours a day), university education, and physical and mental health. They were elected in 1400.The interview was conducted in a semi-structured manner and based on the axes of Lacla and Mouffe's theory. The results show that the spread of domestic violence news in virtual media is the emergence of the dominant discourse of social insecurity and loss of values; It is arguable that the central sign formed around the axis of social instability and mistrust forms its structure with equivalent themes so that finally the identity of the audience present in the scene is drawn as an identity in crisis and under pressure that the discourses that govern him are antithetical and They oppose his fixed worldviews and values.Strategies such as media literacy, awareness of social issues, increasing individual and social differentiation, the strength of social and family ties, and acquiring a solid philosophy of existence and value can break the structure of the dominant discourse.As a result, it can be said that knowing the upcoming process and trying to build mutual discourses, in accordance with the intellectual, cultural and value context of the Iranian Islamic society, can prevent the spread of social harms, including domestic violence, and lead to the consolidation of individual and social values.

The strength of the family is one of the most important factors of the strength of the society. Therefore, researchers and social policy makers have always paid special attention to the family as one of the most important axes of national policy. The main goal of the research was to identify the effective factors on the implementation of general family policies in Iran. The current research is a qualitative study that was conducted with thematic analysis method. The research community includes university professors, policy researchers and knowledgeable policymakers in the field under investigation, from among them 15 people were selected using (purposive sampling method) and the research tool; The interview is semi-structured. The data of this research was analyzed using the theme analysis method, and finally 202 basic codes were counted and categorized into 9 overarching themes and 24 organizing themes. The themes extracted include: policy tools (desirability and appropriateness); legal factors (conflict in policies); structural factors (continuous control, transparency of roles, establishment of an efficient executive mechanism); Economic factors (financing, economic conditions of society); cultural factors (advertisements and media, education and cultural building); technical and content factors (level of policy transparency, purposefulness and planning in policy making, efficiency and effectiveness of policies, feasibility and ability to implement, level of policy learning); related to the target society (acceptance and synchronization, motivation and desire of the audience); They are related to policy developers (audience, problem analysis, way of thinking, coordination and consultability, scientific level, inventing innovation in policy making) and policy implementers (commitment, power and desire). As a result, policy makers as well as implementers of family policies can play a significant role in improving the implementation of these policies by considering each of these effective factors.

Maternal self-efficacy is defined as a mother's belief in her ability to organize and perform a set of tasks, that affects maternal actions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of childhood experiences of care on maternal self-efficacy through self-care. The research sample consisted of 180 pregnant women referring to four health centers in Ahvaz city, who were selected by staged random sampling method. Individuals completed the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, The Mindful Self-Care Scale and the Parenting Sense of Competence subscale. The research analysis methods included correlation and path analysis. The findings showed that the dimensions of neglectful mother (=-0.21) and incompatible mother (=-0.22) were directly related to maternal self-efficacy. The analysis of the mediation relationship also showed that two indirect paths of neglectful mother and neglectful father were related to maternal self-efficacy through self-care as a mediator. As a result, improving the dimensions of self-care in pregnant women can play a compensatory role for women's childhood care deficiencies and even affect their maternal self-efficacy.

The aim of the research was to predict marital satisfaction in couples based on strategies of basic psychological explicit achievement motivation and self-management. This research had a descriptive, correlational design. The statistical population included married men and women who were above 18 years old. 226 people (women: 126; 56%) married men and women were randomly selected through sampling. Relevant data were collected using Motive Implementation Test (MUT; Kuhl, 1999), Self-Management (SSIK-3; Kuhl & Fuhrmann; 2004) questionnaire, and ENRICH Couple Scales (Fowers & Olson, 1989). For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis were used. The research result showed that Integrative achievement and Controlled achievement; self-regulation and general life stress (components of self-management) predict Marital satisfaction. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the obvious fundamental psychological motivation of progress plays an important role in marital satisfaction. Also, the use of self-management skills predicts marital satisfaction. Therefore, a detailed study of these factors (achievement motive and self-management) effects will help couple therapists, psychologists, and counselors in intervention and counseling programs.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the type of effects that adolescent girls receive from celebrities in the development of their identity. The research method was a qualitative type of interpretive phenomenology. The study population was 11 adolescent girls aged 12 to 14 years old in Talesh city of Gilan province in the summer of 2011, who were selected and participated in the study using the purposeful sampling method and to the point of information saturation. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. After recording each interview, the extracted content was implemented word by word on paper. Data coding continued simultaneously with data collection. Data analysis was done using Van Manen's method (2016) in 6 steps. A total of 221 primary codes, 57 primary concepts, 13 sub-themes and 2 main themes were obtained from 11 interviews. The main themes include "positive consequences of affectability" with sub-themes "strengthening openness; strengthening courage and tenacity; enhance social interest; attention to the body and health; strengthening hope and vitality; strengthening communication and emotional skills; and strengthening Iranian-Islamic beliefs" and "negative consequences of affectability" including "weakening and wandering of identity; fashionism; Disagreement with family; Extreme attention to appearance and body image; excessive fantasy; and addiction to virtual space and academic failure. The results showed that due to the increasing growth of virtual space and social networks, the culture of orientation towards celebrities is considered one of the sources of identity of teenagers.

The aim of the present study was to comparison of the mother abuse in urban and rural students of Durood city. This descriptive research was a causal-comparative research. The statistical population of this research was all the mothers of second elementary, first secondary and second secondary students in Durood city, of which 447 students (260 females and 187 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. In this research, Parent Abuse Scale (boy version) and Parent Abuse Scale (girl version) were used. Also, multivariate variance analysis in SPSS software was used to examine the questions. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between mother abuse in urban and rural male students, but this difference is not significant among female students. Therefore, school counselors and family therapists can identify the reasons for these differences in mother abuse among male students and design effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to be applied in school educational programs and family therapy sessions.

In the present study, the lived experiences of women from the phenomenon of polygamy in Sistan and Baluchistan province were investigated in a qualitative and phenomenological way. According to the nature of the research, the purposeful sampling method was used, and the data reached saturation with an in-depth interview of 10 women. The data obtained from women's lived experiences were analyzed using the Claysey method, and MAXQDA 11 software was used as a data analysis tool. The findings from women's lived experiences were categorized into 5 themes: "Change of viewpoints and beliefs", "Finding opportunities for women", "Problems of women in polygamy", "Effects of polygamy on children", "Causes of polygamy". From the findings of the research, it can be concluded that polygamy has caused problems for women from the women's point of view, and this issue has affected the growth and upbringing of their children, therefore, in general, the phenomenon of polygamy has not created a good situation and conditions for women.

The Grief Mean Scale (GMRI) is a five-item scale designed to measure post- grief meaning. This scale has been used and validated by Niemeyer and Millman (2014). However, this scale has not yet been studied in Iranian society and has not been psychometric. The purpose of the present study in the first stage was to translate this scale from English to Persian and then to determine its psychometric properties in the Iranian sample. The research sample consisted of 215 people who were randomly selected and responded to the research tool. Based on the findings, face validity, content and structure showed the validity and reliability of this tool. Convergent validity (AVE> 0.50) was also determined and confirmed for this questionnaire. The internal consistency reliability of the grief meaning scale was assessed using the combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the alpha between 0.77 and 0.86 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of this scale. In addition, the correlation results related to the study variables showed that the scale of grief meaning scale has a significant correlation with the scale of grief experience (p <0.01). Overall, the results of the present study showed that this scale has a desirable statistical feature in the Iranian sample and especially it can be used with confidence in the Iranian sample..

Due to the psychological distress and negative emotions during this period, such as the feeling of failure in the turbulences, stresses and pressures of life, the elderly face more challenges. Their lives will be Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of developing a distress tolerance model in the elderly based on perceived support, experiential avoidance and spiritual intelligence with the mediating role of mindfulness. The research method was descriptive and correlation type, which was done in the form of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study was the elderly of Tehran between the ages of 65 and 80, of which 300 were selected using available sampling. The data collection tools in this research are Perceived Social Support Scale (1988), King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), Simmons and Gaher's Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), Brown and Ryan's Mindfulness Scale (2003) and the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire by Gomes and colleagues (2011). The resulting data were analyzed at the descriptive level using mean and standard deviation and at the inferential level using correlation test and regression analysis and path analysis to investigate the role of mediator, using SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicated that the model for developing distress tolerance in the elderly has an acceptable fit. This shows that the variables of perceived support, experiential avoidance and spiritual intelligence are directly related to distress tolerance. The relationship between mindfulness and distress tolerance is directly significant, and also the indirect effect of perceived support, experiential avoidance, and spiritual intelligence with distress tolerance with the mediation of mindfulness is significant (P<0.05). The results indicate that perceived support, experiential avoidance and spiritual intelligence with the mediating role of mindfulness are very important and effective in coping with the distress of the elderly.

This study investigates the criteria of agreement and compatibility of working couples in relation to economic issues and their role in different dimensions of marital relations.

this was a qualitative study. The participants of the study were 12 working couples who were interviewed using the purposive sampling and semi-structured in-depth interview method until saturation was reached. The data of this study was collected using semi-structured interview. Strauss & Corbin's method was used to analyze the data.

Data analysis included 2 optional codes (criteria for financial arrangements of successful couples and the role of financial arrangements in various aspects of marital relationships), 10 core codes (mutual trust in each other, management of financial affairs by one of the spouses, building constructive interactions before and after marriage, balancing income and expenses, marital equality, maintaining privacy and economic privacy in the context of creating marital compatibility, improving marital satisfaction, improving the quality of marital relationships, and building useful and stable interactions), and 28 open codes Was.

The results obtained give an insight into the criteria of agreement and compromise of spouses in relationships and show the importance of the roles assumed in different areas of financial management..

The current research was conducted with the aim of developing a counseling model of patience and forgiveness based on Islamic teachings on the management of couples' emotions. The research method was qualitative and thematic analysis with the strategy of Brown and Clark (2006). The statistical population included written sources such as the Qur'an, Nahj al-Balagha, etc. 6 main themes and 13 sub-themes were identified around the theme of patience and forgiveness. The themes of patience include: individual factors (enhancement of positive traits, management of negative feelings and emotions); interpersonal factors (managing sexual issues, managing conflicts); Coping with all kinds of losses (crisis management, economic issues management); Spiritual factors (benefiting from the healing of patience, enjoying the spiritual effects of patience); The strategies were (paying attention to the promises of the merciful Lord, setting an example). The theme of forgiveness included: the works of forgiveness (individual, social and spiritual).