نشریه تحلیل های اقتصادی توسعه ایران
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 24، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Human development indicators are one of the most important criteria for the development of societies. Since women make up half of the population of any society, their participation in development is very important. One of the most important fields of women's participation is economic participation. The current research has analyzed the policies of women's employment in Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway), Muslim countries (Turkey and Iran) and its consequences with a comparative policy research approach. The results show the greater participation of women in the economy of the Scandinavian countries, despite challenges such as the weakening of the family system in Sweden and the existence of restrictions such as the glass ceiling in Norway. The participation rate of women in the economy of Islamic countries is lower than that of Scandinavian countries. The important issue in Turkey is the high rate of people who are neither students nor employed (the highest rate among OECD countries). The rate of economic participation of educated women in Turkey (year 2018) is reported as 71% and for men as 89%, which shows the gender gap in this index. In Iran, higher education is one of the factors that facilitate the entry of women into the labor market and has led to a decrease in unemployment among urban women (3%) compared to rural women (1398). In Islamic countries, women's economic participation has been neglected; Therefore, the policies adopted in this field in Iran need to be reviewed.

The purpose of this research is to identify the technological applications of Internet of Things on the development of agricultural tourism in Kermanshah. In the first stage of the research, the metacombination method was used and in the second stage, the TOPSIS method was used. The sample size was selected through the snowball method of 15 professors and experts from the Department of Information Technology and Agriculture, the Tourism Organization and the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kermanshah, who had experience and knowledge in the fields of tourism and agriculture and the field of Internet of Things. CASP tool and the coefficient of agreement of two coders or the Kappa index were used for the validity and reliability of the study. Then, using the TOPSIS fuzzy method, the criteria were weighted and the options prioritized. The criteria of the technological applications of the Internet of Things in the development of agricultural tourism were identified in 4 main areas and 16 sub-areas, which are mentioned in the table below. The Internet of Things in the tourism industry and businesses related to this industry has many applications, advantages and challenges that can leave significant effects in different stages and processes. In addition to the tourism industry, the Internet of Things will soon become widespread in all different industries, and groups related to each industry will use the Internet of Things to improve their processes so that they can make significant changes in their businesses.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of information and communication technology on the quality of the environment in major Asian Emitters. This survey is conducted in the period of 2000-2020 in the form of a panel model with the FGLS method for two groups of developing and developed countries. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to construct ICT and good governance (GG) index. The variables of ICT index are mobile, internet and fixed telephone subscriptions and the variables of GG index are control of corruption, freedom of expression and political stability. Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is confirmed in both groups of countries. In both groups of countries, energy consumption and trade openness leads to a decrease and good governance leads to an increase in the quality of the environment. ICT significantly reduces the quality of the environment in developing countries. In developed countries, ICT does not have a significant effect on the quality of the environment (positive and meaningless), while access to the Internet significantly improves the quality of the environment. It is expected that the carbon-increasing effects of ICT development, such as direct and rebound effects, will be larger in total in developing countries than the carbon-reducing effect of ICT, such as substitution effect. Considering the impact of ICT on economic growth and development, it is recommended to use renewable energy and optimize energy consumption in developing countries. Also, stimulating and activating the substitution effect will help to improve the quality of the environment .

Theories of institutional economics emphasize the importance of the method of political governance as a determinant of financial market development. In the economic literature, based on theoretical perspectives, there are two completely different and contradictory perspectives on the impact of democracy on financial development. In fact, in theory, democracy may have a positive or negative effect on financial development. Therefore, empirical studies should be performed on a specific sample to determine the positive or negative relationship. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between democracy and financial development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model during the period 2002-2021. In this study, a two-regime model with a transfer function and one threshold was determined and the results of estimating the first and second regimes show that democracy in both regimes has a negative and significant effect on financial development and since increasing the numerical values of the democracy index in this study means that the level of democracy is deteriorating, so the results show that improving the level of democracy leads to promoting financial development.

Many researchers believe that increasing exports leads to economic growth. Several factors affect non-oil exports, one of the most important of which is the exchange rate variable. Considering the fact that Iran's economy is related to the world economy and is affected by the currency shocks of major economies including the United States. In this article, the spillover effects of foreign exchange shocks of Iran's trading partners on the exports of petrochemical products have been investigated through the Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR) approach using seasonal data during the period of 1995-2020. By introducing a positive US currency shock to the countries, the estimation results and bootstraps show that the US exports have increased and had a spillover effect on the exports of other countries and its increase, and this indicates the strengthening of the dollar against all the currencies of these countries. . On the other hand, taking into account that the exports of America's trading partners, including China, to the United States are increasing, and China has a direct relationship with Iran, increasing its demand from Iran will increase the volume of the country's exports. But the currency shock of China and the European Union has no effect on the country's exports because their currency is weakened and cannot have an effect on the global economy.

The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the factors affecting poverty in the provinces of Iran and specifically to focus on the analysis of the effect of tax complexity and fairness. For this purpose, using raw household income-expenditure data, the poverty gap index was calculated for 31 provinces in the period of 2011-2020. Then, by using dynamic panel data method and GMM estimator, the research model was estimated for urban and rural areas. The results of calculating the poverty index indicate that the poverty gap in rural areas (with an average of 38.62 Percent) is larger than in urban areas (with an average of 24.50 Percent). The results of the estimation in urban and rural areas confirm the phrase "poverty brings poverty". Tax fairness in both regions has a negative effect on the poverty gap, and the size of the effect in rural areas is more than three times that of urban areas. Increasing the complexity of the tax system in urban areas is detrimental to the poor and in rural areas it is beneficial to the poor. Inflation in both regions has an undesirable effect on poverty, and of course, in terms of effectiveness, the rate of its undesirable effect on poverty in rural areas is more than double that of urban areas. The increase in urbanization increases poverty in urban areas and the increase in rural population reduces rural poverty. Also, by moving towards goods-oriented production activities and increasing its share ...

The dimensions of the corona virus disease are still unknown to the world and there are many hidden dimensions and consequences that should be addressed in research. Social organizations that provide social services, such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, always need social studies and reviews in order to identify service priorities and optimal performance over time, so that in this way they can identify their strengths and weaknesses and provide To provide the best services to the target groups, according to this issue, in the following article, an effort has been made to examine the effects of the Corona virus on the socio-economic policies and programs of the Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee. The current research was conducted using a survey method and using a questionnaire tool with a volume of 419 people among the clients under support in 1402 and stratified and random sampling method was used and SPSS software was used for experimenting and data analysis. has been The results of this research show that between the corona disease and the economic and social policies and programs of the Relief Committee with the lowest significance level of 0.000, it means that the spread of the corona virus with a value of B=0.468 has the greatest impact in explaining the changes in policies and programs. Socio-economic issues of the relief committee. The results showed that there is a relationship between social capital, health-oriented lifestyle, religiosity, resilience and powerlessness with the socio-economic policies and programs of the Relief Committee.

Inflation is a macroeconomic variable that affects all levels of society. One of the goals of macroeconomic policymakers is to control inflation. The importance of this issue is such that a wide range of recent studies have been conducted on the effect of fiscal policy on inflation in conditions of financial stress at the international level. In Iran as well, inflation is a concern for economic policymakers, and its susceptibility to financial sector stress is no secret. Fiscal policies of the government are among the policies that can help control inflation.Given the importance of the issue, this paper examines the threshold effect of fiscal policy on inflation in the presence of financial stress by using quarterly data on macroeconomic variables in the period 1380-1401. For this purpose, the paper extracts the financial stress criterion and its critical threshold using the threshold model. The critical threshold of tax revenue in different financial stress regimes is also extracted.The results of the study indicate that tax revenue intensifies inflation in conditions of high financial stress. In addition, tax revenue has a negative effect on inflation when financial stress is low; however, if financial stress is high, an increase in tax revenue increases inflation

According to the literature of institutionalism, institutional factors play an important role in the independence of the central bank. The aim of the current research is to investigate the direct and indirect impact of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank in Iran's economy. Therefore, using an econometric model based on the studies of Garriga and Rodrigues (2023) and Dimato et al. (2009), the effect of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank during the period of 1996-2021 has been investigated. Also, in this study, the interaction of the independent variables of the model has been investigated in order to analyze the indirect effects of institutional factors on the independence of the central bank. The results of the research show that although oil rent does not directly affect the independence of the central bank, it indirectly (through corruption and inflation) causes a decrease in the independence of the central bank, which indicates the weakness of the institutional quality and policies. Based on the findings of the present study, it is suggested that the interaction of institutional factors as well as the quality of institutional mechanisms should be considered in economic policies in order to achieve an independent central bank

One of the new challenges for governments is to be exposed to unforeseen events or shocks. Therefore, the need to study the types of shocks which threaten the economy and their adverse effects, has led to pay attention to the issue of resilience in the field of economics. Therefore, identifying factors affecting the promotion of economic resilience and strengthening them is of great importance. However, in recent years, much attention has been paid to the impact of governments and institutions on solving economic challenges. Here, using panel data approach based on two models has been studied this issue during the period 2006-2018. In the first model, the effect of good governance on the economic resilience of the selected oil exporting countries has been studied. In the second model, with focus on the control of corruption as one of the sub-indicators of good governance, the effect of this factor on economic resilience has been investigated. The results indicate that in the first model, good governance has a positive and significant effect on economic resilience. Also in the second model, corruption control has a positive and significant effect on economic resilience. On the other hand, other research results indicate that the variables of political stability, economic globalization and social globalization in the two models have a positive and significant effect on economic resilience.

The purpose of this study was to provide an indicator to estimate the probability of primary school children being exposed to school dropout based on the probit regression model and using the information of 8678 school dropouts and the same number of children in school. These variables can be divided into three categories: economic variables, non-economic variables and environmental variables. The estimation results showed that the signs of the coefficients of the variables are in accordance with theoretical and experimental expectations. For example, increasing the age of the child caregiver, the family size, or the fact that the child caregiver is a woman increases the chances of the child being left out of school. In the section on economic variables, the results show that the low monthly purchase rate, the low household income decile and the lack of a fixed income by the head of the household will also increase this probability. The results of the model estimate also showed that households covered by support institutions will have a lower chance of the child dropping out of school, which indicates the role of support institutions in improving social indicators. In poorer and less developed provinces, the child has a better chance of surviving school. From the point of view of good fitting statistics, the results of the model with a power of 83% is able to distinguish a child who is dropping out of school from a child who is not about to drop out of school.

After the financial crisis of 2008, the use of macro-prudential policies has been increased by central banks in order to stabilize the entire financial system along with goals such as inflation stability and economic growth. Considering that the indicators of banking health in the Iranian economy show the unhealthiness of banks and on the other hand, the use of asset-based tools provides different access for different groups of loan applicants, in this study, an attempt has been made by using the DSGE model including heterogeneous households. And by using the statistical information of the period of 1401-1370, the final effects of precautionary policies on the distribution of income and wealth should be investigated. The results show that the use of these tools, on the one hand, leads to the reduction of inequality through increasing financial stability and economic growth, and on the other hand, due to the increase in the cost of access to credit for low-income households, it increases inequality, so the final result depends on the final outcome of these two effects. .