نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 36 (زمستان 1402)

The urban developments of recent decades have caused a crisis in the urban management in many historical cities; In such a way that arbitrary actions related to historical urban landscapes severely distort the urban memory and make the historical urban identity illegible for future generations. In many historical urban spaces, one can observe unusual and unusual events with the historical space, such as: non-compliance with height privacy in the vicinity of historical places that have caused the view of the historical building and its surrounding context to be distorted, excessive intrusions and occupations in the historical space which leads to the loss of urban memory. Based on this, the main questions of the research are raised as follows: Why are such problems repeated and visible in spite of the concern of great theoreticians for the protection of historical cities? What is the reason for ignoring the principles of urban conservation and creating challenges that sometimes go as far as endangering world heritage? The research seeks to find an answer to such questions in the context of the historical city of Esfahan as an eastern example. The research method is combined, which includes historical, descriptive and causal methods, and the study tools include archival, library and field. The premise of the research is based on the fact that conservation and development together can pass the historical identity to be passed on to future generations. Therefore, despite the difficulty of recovering the damaged identity in urban spaces such as Esfahan, it is possible to prevent further destruction of historical heritage due to inconsistent development with protection in future actions by following guidelines. It seems that the reason for the failure of Esfahan in the conservation-oriented development process is the lack of attention and effort to maintain a coherent and integrated whole and the failure to maintain the connection between the components of the urban landscape of Esfahan and only focusing on specific buildings and registered heritage, which is rooted in the separation of protection "historical monument" from the protection of "historical city". On the other hand, the study in the space of historical cities shows the effects of "neoliberalism" in conservation under the title of "neoliberalism consevation" which, relying on a strong economy, has taken over the historical heritage in the cities as well as other current issues in human life.

Security is a very important issue in the development and dynamics of urban spaces. One of the areas in which security is considered very important in its development is the economic sector, and bazar security is essential as a clear manifestation of economic activities. The Iranian Bazar is one of the important urban spaces and its economic beating heart, and it consists of different spaces, one of which is the house. In the past, in addition to the location of commercial caravans, sera was also a place for supply and exchange of goods, which today has maintained its function in the bazar. One of the most important factors to improve and enhance spatial security is to understand the structure and spatial understanding of the environment. One of the main methods for measuring the spatial structure of the environment is the concept of spatial configuration. This concept confirms that the spatial structure in a spatial complex has a significant impact on the security of human social activities. Based on this, this research aims to evaluate the spatial security in the historical bazaar buildings of Borujerd with the help of space arrangement theory. The historical Bazar of Borujerd has a rich history, the life of its revival is more than one and a half centuries. The research method is descriptive and analytical with the strategy of space layout. In this way, after formulating the theoretical framework of the research and explaining the security indicators, using Space Syntax software, the space security in the historical bazaar buildings of Borujerd is investigated. The results of this research show that various factors such as: the area of ​​a spatial complex, the number of entrances, the length of the spaces, the possibility of circulation and also the proportions of the courtyard of a complex are involved in measuring the security of a complex.

By stating the limited system, Alexander defines the language of the pattern in specific rules that these rules can be the factor of culture, tradition, history, etc., in the matter of quantity and dimensions of peimoon and golden proportions. The pattern language of Christopher Alexander plays an essential role in understanding and updating traditional architecture and transferring meaning and function to modern architecture, as he believes that by expressing patterns and their role in structuring and adding them to the building, increases the life and quality of the building. In the current research, attempt has been made to analyze language of the Qajar model houses of Tabriz and its adaptation based on Christopher Alexander's theory of the three Qajar houses of Tabriz. In the meantime, the Qajar houses of Tabriz are more important due to their unique architectural components and the diversity of their spatial patterns on the one hand and richness of related decorations on the other hand. This research is based on a general, descriptive and analytical method. The statistical population includes a group of 30 experts. Data analysis was done by ground theory and multivariate entropy decision making with the help of MAXQDA and Spss software. The findings of the research with ground theory method showed that the language the Qajar house model in terms of aesthetics; Functionality and sense of place have been adapted to Alexander's theory. Also, correlation of three components with the model language of Qajar houses is equal to 0.966. The results showed that in terms of aesthetics, the house of Amir Nizam Grossi, Khatai and Ali Mesio scored 0.96, 0.92 and 0.81, respectively. In the functional dimension, Nizam's house scored 0.95 and Khatai and Ali Mesio houses respectively. They got 0.87 and 0.84 points. After Hess McCann, Amir Nizam's house scored 0.99, and Ali Miso's and Khataei's houses scored 0.93 and 0.91. The results showed that all three examined samples often obtained high scores. In fact, the structure of the research is based on the idea that the timeless quality of the Qajar house pattern is consistent with Alexander's pattern language theory.

How to revive and develop the historical contexts of Iranian cities today has become an important and challenging issue. One of the suggestions and solutions is to create nightlife in historical contexts. In fact, the use of historical textures at different times has attracted the attention of researchers and restorers. Experience has shown that in the historical contexts of different countries where night life is going on, due to the presence of people after work and during the night hours, the economy has been more prosperous. Also, due to the proper lighting and the large number of people in these neighborhoods, crime and misdemeanors are less. In fact, proper lighting in historical contexts increases the quality of life and creates safety and attractiveness in the context. The historical textures of Tehran have a great potential to create night life. One of these historical contexts that has been investigated and proposed for revitalization with a nocturnal approach is the historical context of Tehran Citadel in the 12th district of Tehran. A descriptive-analytical method was used in this research. Primary documents were collected through library studies and objective observations. Using a quality and quantity rating table, various factors of the researcher have been evaluated and analyzed, and suggestions have been made based on these analyses. According to the observations and analysis, the historical context of Tehran Citadel has been revived and turned into a context with night life by changing the use and proper lighting and suitable furniture. By creating 24-hour uses such as restaurants, cafes and holding parties and night shows or appropriate furniture, the historical context of the citadel has been revived. Lighting has had a positive effect on the development of night tourism in Tehran Citadel, and lighting projects, in addition to being an ornamental activity, were an effective method for night life and spending leisure time in the context of Tehran Citadel.

Learning from the values of traditional Iranian architecture and architectural ornamentation is a way to improve the quality of our today's architecture. The first step of this way is to understand the appropriate method of reading architecture and architectural ornamentation. In recent decades there are various studies on Iranian architectural decorations with different methodologies and approaches. This study aims to seek a way of reading ornamentation in Iranian architecture through content analysis of existing studies. So, the main question is: How can we achieve a model for reading, learning, and creating ornamentation in Iranian architecture? In this qualitative research, we have followed an interpretive approach and used a content analysis method to analyze data obtained from a literature review. The results indicate that there are three sources for reading ornamentation: 1. through the examination of the works themselves, 2. the personality of the traditional craftsmen, and 3. reading non-architectural documents such as cultural sources or literature. There are also eight perspectives to consider ornamentation: 1. historical evolution, 2. ornamentation in a particular type of architecture (mosque, house, bazaar), 3. technical and restoration, 4. semantic-philosophical, 5. materials, 6. colors, 7. patterns, and 8. inscriptions. So, the model of reading and creating Iranian architectural ornamentation includes four layers; 1. material, 2. color, 3. pattern, and 4. inscription. All the layers together as a system create quality, beauty, and meaning for a place. Literature review shows that few studies have addressed all four of these components in an integrated manner. However, the spatial quality of Iranian architecture is the result of the synergy of all four components. This research suggests a comprehensive method of recognizing and using the four ornamentations by addressing both formal and semantic aspects.

Disorder in the facade of residential buildings in contemporary cities are issues that are mentioned a lot in the literature of architecture and urban planning. Managers and urban designers believe that the design factors and individualism of contemporary architects is one of the effective factors in creating the above situation. For this purpose, solutions and laws have been established in the form of architecture and in terms of form and visual in order to control and intervene to improve the current situation, which seems to have not had the necessary efficiency and acceptability in practice. This research is in search of a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of the issue and rereading and explaining it again, which seeks to strengthen human togetherness and solidarity by accepting the inevitable reality of individualism in the contemporary era. a framework that can rely on the importance of the facade as a face that the owner and designer of the building imagine for themselves, change the way architects think in defining themselves and its effect in the interpretation phase of the facade problem and its framing, and as a point of departure in the design process. Based on pragmatic epistemology and the theories and methods proposed by Richard Rorty, this research is looking for a theoretical solution specific to the present time. The present research has been done in a qualitative way and by observing the current situation and relying on library studies. At the end, empathy with the other is suggested as a way to develop the concept of self (designer-owner), thinking and creating solidarity in the face of residential buildings. An idea that is based on collaborative and user-oriented designs in architecture and by expanding its scope in the design of residential facades, it encourages coexistence instead of competition with others in neighborhood spaces.