مجله جستار های زبانی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 82، مهر و آبان 1403)

The emotional system is one of the discourses that is examined in the frameworkof the sign semantic model. in this system, the flow of means production is linked to perceptual sensory conditions of the passoniate and the signs- meanings are transformed into dynamic and muitydimensional forms. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to explain the role of the mentioned process in the style of the passoniateˈs presence  and the evoluation of discours conditions, based on the method of the sign- semantic discourse ,while explaining the emotional process of the story “Al-less va  Al-kelb “. Findings show, in the story of Al-less and Al-kelab, the emotional system is based on passions. The emotions and passions in the novel, of which anger and despair are the most prominent, have created the emotional system of discourse based on a meaningful and logical flow. The occurrence of two events in a passionate life, betrayal of loved ones and failure to avenge betrayers, has played an important role in transforming the discourse by influencing emotions, as well as, fundamentally changing the text. In the initial partes of the text, the emotion of anger while causing a continuous and dynamic presence of passion, cause the value of revenge in the discourse. In the final partes, the feeling of despaire leads to isolation and passionate absence from the scene of events and the value funection of the text has changed from revenge to surrender.

The Butlerian theory of performativity and subversive Performative acts has been always helped to consider the situation of female gender construction in the heteronormative cultures. The situation of male gender identity and roles in the bipolar cultures has not yet been studied and the hegemonic functional context of the heterosexuality was not considered to be effective in the construction of male gender identity and roles. In the light of Judith Butler’s theory, different male individuals are coming into consideration and the complimentary parts to the theory of performativity will be revealed.

The research aims to compare anxiety of non-native (Iraqi) Persian language learners in computer adaptive placement test of Persian grammar and vocabulary with its linear computerized test counterpart. To this end, this research question was formulated as: "What is the relationship between linear and adaptive vocabulary and grammar placement tests with testees’ anxiety (in case there is any)?". Mixed-method approach was used used in the present study. The procedure for data collection was field research via the application of questionnaire and tests. Therefore, the designed test was given to 48 Iraqi male and female students with the age range of 25-40 years from Persian language center of Tarbiat Modares University, with different language levels and in two forms of adaptive and linear computerized tests. According to positive upper and lower limits of average variance, we understand that the average of anxiety component in linear computer test is more than the average 3. The findings revealed that test anxiety level of Iraqi students in adaptive test was lower than the linear computer test.

In present article, different types of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish are investigated. The corpus of the research data includes endocentric compounds that have been obtained from the everyday speech of native speakers of Gahvarehei Kurdish, which is one of the dialects of the southern Kurdish branch and is common in Gahvareh section in Dalahoo County, Kermanshah province, Iran. The results of the research show that endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish in terms of structure include: noun-noun head-initial, noun-noun head-final, noun-adjective, adjective-noun and preposition-noun. Various semantic relationships between the components of these structures can be found, such as origin, material, gender, content, possession, use, type, dependence, similarity, instrument, kinship, manner, time, amalgamation, taste, physical condition, age, function, production tools and place. The research findings, which include a list of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Southern Kurdish, can be a complement for other lists provided by researchers in other Iranian languages ​​as well as other languages ​​in the world and lead us to a comprehensive classification of different types of semantic relationships in compound words.

In this study, the situation of Turkish varieties of Lorestan province is investigated. The predominant languages ​​of this province are Lori and Laki, and in some areas, a variety of Persian influenced by Lori. But in the counties of Aligudarz, Azna, and Boroujerd , there are also a number of Turkish-speaking villages. Turkish used in these villages has its own special features lexically and sometimes structurally and syntactically. Therefore, it is suggested that such features may be due to the fact that these varieties of Turkish ​​are in a contact situation with Lori, as the most common language of the region. This study shows, on the one hand, that at the lexical level, Turkish varieties of Lorestan have been influenced significantly by Lori and Persian in some lexical categories, more than other categories, and on the other hand, the degree of influence of Lori on the Turkish varieties of the abovementioned counties does not seem to be the same, and regarding the conditions of the language communities in which these varieties of Turkish are used, a different perspective of survival should be imagined for them.

The analysis of the observance of the principle of non-synonymy in the words of the Qur'an in the translation of quasi-synonym words is one of the most prominent criteria for evaluating the work of translators. Among the quasi-synonym words in the divine verses are words related to the concept of sin. Care in translating these words leads to a better understanding of the high teachings of the Qur'an in the three areas of beliefs, rules and ethics. In this regard, this study tries to evaluate the translations of Mr. Moezi, Fooladvand, Ayati, Elahi Qomshei and Ms. Saffarzadeh as representatives of five methods of literal, loyal, semantic translation, interprative and free using a descriptive-analytical method combined with criticism mentioned field. The lack of sufficient attention of translators to the semantic subtlety and the distinction between these words is obvious. Paying attention to the semantic principle proposed for each word that has been described in detail in Philology books will help the translator to translate these words accurately. The results indicate that the exact meaning of these words can be expressed in short and useful words or in the form of explanations in parentheses in semantic, free and interprative methods, but due to the limitation of Persian words, literal methods and loyal are not very efficient in this regard.

Reading is a complicated process that using comprehension strategies helps learners have more interaction with text to comprehend it better. The aim of this descriptive-analytic study is investigating Farsi textbook of sixth grade in elementary school based on three activating background knowledge, cultivating vocabulary and verifying strategies and 26 techniques of Anderson's socio-psycholinguistic approach (1994 & 2012) to be clarified its correspondence with this approach and its cognitive, metacognitive and compensatory strategies. For this purpose, 79 techniques were collected from all texts and tasks including parts of reading comprehension, perception and conception, interpretation and comprehension, linguistic and literary knowledge, game and listen and say based on researcher-made checklist. Data analysis showed that although all strategies are used, frequency and variation of techniques are low and its content is inconsistent with this model. Organization of chapters into lessons with various titles and sections like read and memorize, tale, read and think, listen and say attracts learners' interests to read. Various techniques in teaching vocabularies, working with classmates to extend reading skill, teaching vocabulary in connection with other language activities, explicit teaching of vocabularies, teaching vocabulary independent of other language activities, lexical schemes, conceptual relationships, remembering and exercises following these techniques have not been used. Data of verifying principle showed that more attention is paid to metacognitive strategies. Using various texts and techniques relating to remembering previous knowledge are the advantages and not paying attention to group exercises to support the critical thinking of learners are the drawbacks of the book's content.

The verb "xɑstan" in Persian has a dual nature, so that it can be used both as an auxiliary verb and a lexical verb. " xɑstan " as a lexical verb indicates different meanings that are also expressed in the form of different structures. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to discuss the syntactic and semantic dimensions of this verb in different constructions. The authors believe that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), with its approach to the study of complex constructions, is well capable of giving a comprehensive description of the constructions in question. In this command, complex constructions are explained based on the "Interclausal Relations Hierarchy ". The mentioned hierarchy consists of two syntactic and semantic continuities. In the syntactic dimension, juncture-nexus relations are considered and in the semantic continuum, the type of semantic relations based on the main predicate is discussed. In this regard, an attempt was made to describe the various uses of the verb " xɑstan " based on hierarchy, and from this approach, the assumptions of the RRG were tested based on research findings. Some findings suggest that the verb " xɑstan " semantically falls into the category of psych-action, jussive and propositional attitude predicates, and in the syntactic dimension it also appears in the form of core cosubordination and core subordination. It is worth mentioning that the data of the present study are taken from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

One of the dysarthria features is inaccurate articulation of consonants and vowels, which is the main cause of speech unintelligibility. However, it is not clear what acoustic measures are more related to speech intelligibility in dysarthria. On the other hand, the number of vowels, their articulation and acoustic characteristics are various in different languages. As far as we know, no study investigated vowels articulation in developmental dysarthria in Persian, so there is not enough information about movement details which make their inaccuracies articulation. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate some acoustic measures including vowel formants, vowel space area (VSA), formant centralization ratio (FCR) and vowel articulation index (VAI) and aim to study their correlation with speech intelligibility in Persian speaking children with dysarthria due to spastic cerebral palsy. In this cross-sectional study, 11 children with dysarthria aged 3-9 years and their healthy matched peers were selected through convenience sampling. For each of six Persian vowels, two monosyllable words were acoustically analyzed using PRAAT software. To determine intelligibility of words and vowels, the percentage of correct detected ones was calculated. Results showed a significant difference between the two groups in the third formant of the vowels /a/ and /u/ and the second formant of the vowel /o/. The vowel space area and intelligibility were significantly reduced in dysarthria. VAS was more correlated with intelligibility and is a good acoustic measurement to assess speech intelligibility in dysarthria. However all three studied acoustic indices had moderate significant correlation with intelligibility.

The purpose of this essay is to review one of Frazad Qaemi’s papers: “Why Does Ferīdōn mean the "Third"? Decoding the Mystery of Ferīdōn’s Name According to Function Analysis of Myth: A Study in Historical Linguistics (Diachronic Etymology)”. The paper shows the writer was not specialist in the subject matter he discussed. Due to his unfamiliarity with the concepts, initial knowledge and the resources of this area, made his analysis and conclusions were flawed. Nevertheless, the way he refers to other works is too unaccustomed, they mostly show that the writer, Qaemi, trying to refer his incorrect thoughts and analysis to reliable sources, and with this technique, he was trying to prove the audience that his incorrect analysis and ideas are correct. Aside from that, Qaemi, used the analysis and accomplishment of other writers, but unfortunately, he did not refer to them in his paper, implying that they were his own, which is clearly plagiarism. The paper contains many errors, making it a good example for methodology courses as it shows students what they should avoid in a journal paper.

Previous researches have considered presupposed knowledge as a communicational difficulty in conceiving the meaning of the articles of the legal cods by the reader / addressee. The main question is this: to which extent is the scope of the presumed knowledge? The hypothesis in this research, based on the functional grammar approach, is that the scope of presumed knowledge extends to the extent that in-text and out-of-text references expand the scope of text and meaning. We, in implementation, based on some selective and incidental articles from the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP), have followed the scope of their references in order to discover its in-text and out-of-text network. The research results show that the domain of presumed knowledge, networked, includes all law codes, legal texts, legal theories, judicial structure, and related knowledge. The following types of references continuously delay the meaning of the clause and article to the last frontiers of presupposed knowledge: explicit references (in-text and out-of-text), implicit references (in-text and out-of-text) including: heterogeneous references, concurrent references, iterative references, and negative reference. Heterogeneous references show that criminal laws (Code of Criminal Procedure, Penal Code, and other criminal codes) focus on the "crime" as the core signifier reflecting the network of knowledge which is presupposed. The results show that any reference, even explicit reference, creates a level of communication complexity and becomes more difficult when the articles, rules, and texts refer to each other back and forth.

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of  source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially  in comparison with the first two domains) the  most frequent source domains  in this corpus of Persian.

The present article, realized by using analytical method and library research, has discussed the different roles of colors in French and Persian terms. On the one hand, these terms have been studied in the field of linguistics, especially in terms of vocabulary and syntactic structure, and on the other hand, their hidden and obvious symbols have been analyzed by the intercultural point of view. In order to be aware of the commonality and differentiation of the colors’ role in the terms of both French and Persian languages and to create order and coherence in the text of the article, the authors have categorized them into six groups, according to their own initiative: Conceptual metaphor, terms structured by noun and adjective, metonymy, political domain, abstract concepts and terms based on infinitive. It is noteworthy that by referring to specialized books and dictionaries, the body of research consisting of qualified terms for each group has been conceived and for each of them, equivalent has been chosen in the target language. In addition to examining each term, the authors of the article have provided an analytical study of the examples, citing the views of linguists. Also, by referring to the book Le Proverbe : Vers une définition linguistique (2012) by Sonia Gomez-Jordana Ferari, the syntactic structure of the examples of the research body has been examined.

The current study aimed to analyse gender factors in the rituals related to 'Mohr Zadan' and 'naming' in Sorani Kurdish of Sanandaj in Iran based on conceptual blending theory. Deep interview method was used to gather data from an adult educated native woman. Based on the collected data, a new non-structured group interview was designed and carried on in a small group of 5 non-educated native speakers aged 60 to 70 to verify the base data. Relying on the conceptual blending theory, the present study analyses all recorded narrations. The results suggest that Kurdish culture uses different conceptual inputs- or more significantly- selects different mappings of the same input to regenerate new conceptual spaces to represent the cultural values of two genders. In other words, in Kurdy, cultural gender values play a significant role in conceptual blending of child naming rituals.

This research investigated the mediating role of language motivational self system in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety in students. The research method was correlation type using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the students of the second secondary school, 203 students were randomly selected and answered to Papi's self-motivation system questionnaires (2010), Cheng's second language writing anxiety (2004) and the short form of Schumer's epistemological beliefs questionnaire (1999). The results showed that epistemological beliefs have a direct effect on second language writing anxiety and the motivational self system of language has a direct effect on second language writing anxiety. Also, epistemological beliefs have an indirect effect on second language writing anxiety through the motivational self system of language. The research model was also confirmed and the result showed that the variable measurement models have a good fit and 45% of the variance of language writing anxiety is explained by cognitive variables. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that there is a direct and indirect causal relationship between the variables of epistemological beliefs, language motivational self system and second language writing anxiety, and the mediating role of language motivational self system in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and second language writing anxiety were confirmed.