نشریه جاده
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 119، تابستان 1403)

This paper presented the field characteristics of ML soil prone to collapsible in uncompact condition, using soil mechanics tests and in-situ tests including determination of electrical resistance and wave velocities, and then the dynamic and post-cyclic monotonic behavior of the compact specimen using a large-scale triaxial device. The average electrical resistance of the collapsible ML soil layer of is reduced to a third (11 Volt-Meter/Ampere) from the surface to the depth of 4 m and is almost constant up to the depth of 30 m. However, the values of the shear wave velocity "average from the surface" of the downhole method have a low value (i.e. 160 m/s) at the surface depth and gradually increase to 450 m/s at a depth of 30 m. In the following, on the mentioned compacted materials under σ_3^'equal to 1, 2 and 5〖kg/cm〗^2, dynamic cyclic tests were performed according to ASTM D3999 under frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz. The effect of changing the percentage of moisture and anisotropic consolidation (σ_1^'/σ_3^'), triangular, sinusoidal and rectangular waveforms on the results of shear modulus (G), shear modulus ratio (G/G_max) and damping ratio (D) versus strain shear (γ) was investigated through 57 tests. The results showed that with the increase of loading frequency the values of G and D are increased slightly and considerably, respectively. According to the results, compaction solution alone is not suitable for treatment of the studied soil.

The design of the transportation network connecting land and sea and the identification of effective factors in this relationship is an important factor in improving the performance of the transportation system. In the meantime, identifying the effective factors in choosing the mode of transportation in the ports is of particular importance. After integrating the data discrete choice model for choosing land and rail transport modes has been produced. The findings show that the tendency to choose the mode of transportation between rail and road was dependent on the distance, the actual weight of the load and the total price of the load, that the distance and the actual weight of the load had a positive effect and the price of the total load had a negative effect on choosing the mode of transportation of grain from Imam Khomeini Port to It had domestic destinations, but for the purpose of data integration, only 22 destinations where the cargo of imported grain was transported by rail mode to the destination railway station were considered for road destinations. The comparison of the share of rail and road in the cargo exchange of these common destinations has shown that the share of rail was 56% and the share of road was 44% of the total exchange of grain, while considering all road destinations, the share of rail transport was 12% and the share of road transport was 88%.

Traffic crashes are a significant problem in low and middle-income countries, while there is a worrying trend of increasing fatal and injury crashes Iran. This highlights the urgent need to analyze the causes of such accidents to improve road safety and reduce their negative consequences. To address this issue, a study was conducted to investigate the factors that contribute to the severity of rural crashes in Zanjan province, using advanced machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree. The study utilized a crash database of 25,000 incidents over a 9-year period, and after cleaning the data, the models were developed in Python. The findings suggest that “type of crash”, “at-fault driver's vehicle type”, and “kilometer occurrence of the crash” are key variables for predicting the severity of these crashes. The Decision Tree model was also found to be more accurate than the Support Vector Machine model, particularly in predicting severe crashes. This study provides valuable insights for improving road safety and reducing the harmful effects of traffic crashes in rural areas.

Productivity index is an index of effective, useful and efficient use of various resources. According to the standard of productivity and calculations of its related indicators, the correct way of effective use of production factors can be chosen considering the lack of resources and the need to improve competitiveness. On the other hand, the importance of realizing better productivity in the government sector is considered as one of the national goals of governments, and the study in this field, while showing its importance more than before, depicts the challenges and obstacles ahead. Therefore, examining and explaining productivity indicators has an important role in improving their efficiency and a support for the future plans of organizations. Considering the importance of the topic, in this research, the productivity indicators in the road, housing and urban development research center have been examined and explained. According to the activities of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, the specific productivity indicators of this research center include: 1- specific productivity indicators of the research sector (including research projects, laboratories and outputs) and 2- specific productivity indicators of the education sector (including training courses) internal colleagues, external training courses and holding conferences) and 3-specific productivity indicators of the executive sector (including employee productivity) which are extracted in this article.

Application of different stabilizers and additives such as cement, lime, and fly ash is one of the solutions for improving weak and problematic subgrade soils. In this study, a clay soil was stabilized using different percentages of cement and lime (0, 3, 5, 7 and 9%) and with different moisture content (optimum humidity level, wet side and dry side) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted at different curing times (7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days). Then, the gene expression programming (GEP) method was employed to model the UCS of cement-stabilized and lime-stabilized clay soil. In the developed models, three variables of additive percentage, curing time and moisture content are used as the input variables to predict the UCS. The results of this study showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) for the model developed to predict the UCS of cement-stabilized clay soil is 0.935 and 0.926 for training and testing data, respectively. The R2 value for the model developed to predict the UCS of lime-stabilized clay soil is 0.911 and 0.884 for training and testing data, respectively. The results of the parametric study showed that the UCS increases with the increase in the percentage of cement and lime and the curing time and decreases with the increase in the moisture content.

Deep learning techniques play crucial role in today's modern world. In recent years, the recurrent neural network has led to extensive research for predicting time series. This study tries to take into account time series dependencies using recurrent neural network. Based on long-short-term memory algorithm, to predict the severity of driving injuries based on 10,269 random records that occurred on the roads of Isfahan province from 2018 to December 2021, it should be designed and implemented. To do this, several network architectures and configurations were tested through a systematic grid search to determine an optimal network for predicting the injury severity of traffic accidents. The selected network architecture is fully composed of seven independent variables, a long-short-term memory layer with 64 input nodes, and an output layer with a softmax function. Also, in order to understand the advantages and better comparison in this model, two optimal algorithms including the random gradient descent algorithm and Adam's optimal algorithm were also compared, So that the results of the model on the network showed that Adam's optimal algorithm works better than the random gradient descent algorithm because the accuracy of the model when using Adam's algorithm is equal to It became 73.26%, while for the random gradient descent algorithm, the accuracy of the model reached 68.20%. The findings of this study showed that the recurrent neural network model in the framework of deep learning can be a promising tool for predicting the severity of accidents.

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a type of zero slump concrete produced from the same materials with normal concrete. Use of RCC has substantially increased in the last decades especially for pavement applications. It has a low construction cost and can be done quickly compared to asphalt pavement. It is widely constructed in roads carrying heavy loads in low speed. Also in recent years, the use of RCC in highways and inner-city streets has also increased. Roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) has a competitive advantage over high-performance asphalt pavements in terms of high compressive strength, good durability, low maintenance cost and longer service life. In this article at first, the materials used in the production of RCC, including cement, stone materials, water, and finally the method of mixing plan are discussed. Then to examine the properties of RCC with a focus on RCCP including mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity, fatigue and creep behavior, volume change, thermal properties, permeability and water absorption, wear, durability of pavement in the cycle of melting and freezing and surface properties of RCC been paid. The purpose of this article is to know the different characteristics of RCC and the research done in the mixture design to achieve a mixture with greater strength and durability.

The aim of this study is to increase the temperature of the asphalt mixture too much, which causes rutting phenomenon in the asphalt pavement. Evaluation of the effect of using PCM as a bitumen additive is to control the temperature of the asphalt mixture. For this purpose, conductive materials (MWCNT 1.5%), nano materials (Cuo 4%) and polymer (SBS 5%) have been used separately and in combination in 6 mixed designs.Classic tests of bitumen include degree of penetration and softening point to determine PI and elastic recovery test to determine stretchability properties of bitumen. The RV test, which is a part of Sharp's tests, was investigated to determine the viscosity of bitumen. FT-IR was used to analyze the changes in the chemical composition of bitumen, DRS was used to determine the amount of energy absorption in bitumen and thermal analysis of bitumen was done by DSC test. The results of the tests show that the use of PCM improves Pi and the Pi of bitumen has increased to 2.88. The elastic return of bitumen has reached 81% from 2%. Also, according to the results of FT-IR and DRS, the use of PCM can almost eliminate the destructive groups in bitumen and increase the amount of energy absorption of bitumen by more than 90%.According to the results of DSC diagrams, the use of these materials has increased the energy storage in bitumen and improved the phase change temperature.

This study aimed to estimate the environmental effects of reducing CO2 emissions by using ITS in Iran (Case study of Karaj-Chalous axis). The present research is applied in terms of purpose-based classification. The idea of applied research is to develop applied knowledge in a particular field. Furthermore, this research is descriptive-correlational in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of this study is the vehicles traveling during the eight busy days of September from 1 am to 00:00 in the Karaj-Chalous axis in 1398 during the study time. No other specific sampling was performed. All calculations and analyzes were performed using Excel and 10Eviews software. The results revealed that the application of the intelligent transportation system had decreased travel time on the Karaj-Chalous axis and, therefore, reduced the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The outcomes indicated that the use of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) during the eight days of the research had decreased 10129069 kg of carbon dioxide emissions in the Karaj-Chalous axis.

Intersections as traffic junctions of inner-city thoroughfares are one of the most important geometric locations of pedestrian and vehicle interference, where a large number of pedestrian accidents occur every year. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the effective factors in pedestrian accidents based on previous accident records and to investigate the impact of each factor on the number of pedestrian accidents at intersections using Poisson regression and Multivariate regression statistical analysis. Another purpose of this study is to present a GIS-based approach in order to identify and Spatial distribution of high-traffic intersections in Rasht metropolitan areas. In this study, fourteen independent factors obtained from police reports and fieldwork were divided into three general groups: human factors, weather conditions, and traffic-geometric factors. Accordingly, Poisson regression was used to analyze the direct effect of these factors on the number of pedestrian accidents at intersections, and multivariate regression was used to analyze the effect of three general categories of pedestrian crossings on pedestrian accidents at intersections. The results of the study showed that the factors of driver age 11%, rainy weather conditions 7%, and lack of traffic lights 40% had the greatest impact on increasing the number of pedestrian accidents at intersections. Also, the highest frequency of intersections with pedestrian accidents occurred in the second and fourth urban areas and the intersections of Toshiba Square, Heshmat Crossroads, and Gas Square were recognized as the most accident-prone intersections in Rasht.

The rail transport industry can have good growth and development if it pays more attention to the quality of its services and passenger satisfaction. Despite the importance of quantitative evaluation of passenger train services in the growth of quality of life and performance improvement, limited studies have been conducted in this field. . In this study, an approach for quantitative evaluation of passenger train quality services on a busy route from the perspective of passengers and based on data envelopment analysis is proposed. For this purpose, first, the evaluation criteria of trains were extracted by studying the literature, and then the most important ones were identified based on the opinions of experts in the field of rail transportation. The level of desirability and satisfaction of each of the indicators for 16 types of passenger trains was acquired from the passengers' point of view. Then, to determine the efficiency of passenger trains based on the quality of their services, output-oriented models in terms of efficiency relative to fixed scale (CCR) and variable (BCC) have been used. Finally, based on the Anderson and Peterson model, a comprehensive ranking of passenger trains Presented from the perspective of travelers. The results show that under the assumption of CCR, Saba (normal), Saba (fast), Noor, Zendegi and Parastoo trains have the highest efficiency from the passengers' point of view, and considering the BCC assumption, Fadak, Pardis, and Persian Gulf trains are also included in the total.

The Railway transportation industry is one of the major indicators of the development of countries. On the other hand, the railway transportation sector has many risks and uncertainties that can be considered as a negative factor from the perspective of investors. The purpose of this study is to identify and manage the risk of the railway transportation sector, which has been used as an example of the listed Stock exchange companies of railway transport. The risks of the railway transportation sector, especially the systematic risk of rail stock companies, are estimated with the beta coefficient, and then the ranking of rail stocks will be done according to the systematic risk. Related stocks are priced according to systematic risk with the capital assets pricing model. After identifying the risks of this sector, for risk management, option valuation will be used using the binomial model. Finally, the sensitivity of the option price of railway shares is checked using Greek parameters. Due to the large volume of data and their non-normality, in order to predict the future price and the exercise price of stocks, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used for option pricing. According to the outputs of the model and the examination of the movement path and price changes of rail stocks and option prices with the help of the binomial model in Python and DERIVAGEM software, as well as the estimation of the option price sensitivity by Greek parameters, relevant analyzes are expressed for different rail stocks.

The research method is statistical in terms of data collection and analysis. Due to the fact that the present study seeks to design a model for the impact of natural factors in accidents on a section of the Nowshahr-Royan axis road (adjacent to the Si Sangan Coastal Forest Park in Nowshahr) in recent years, first citing meteorological organization statistics to examine the parameters Climate and its analysis is done and then using the statistics of road accidents and traffic passing in this part of the route, accidents caused by climate are examined. Thus, the data of the last three years of accidents, weather conditions and passing traffic are used for modeling. Analyzes, tests and statistical modeling were performed in the form of SPSS software. The results showed that the share of climate variables was such that weather conditions, rainfall and wind speed, temperature and horizontal visibility were the most important variables affecting the severity of accidents in the present study. So that this amount for the amount of precipitation is equivalent to a positive coefficient of 0.832, weather conditions are equivalent to a positive coefficient of 0.698, wind speed is equivalent to a positive coefficient of 0.066, temperature is equivalent to a positive coefficient of 0.027, horizontal visibility is equivalent to a positive coefficient of 0.022.

Three types of chemical additives were used to modify the recycled mixture with emulsion bitumen.   These chemical additives are composite port land cement (CPC), hydrated lime (HL), and a combination of hydrated lime and ballast blast furnace slag (GGBF).   The presence of different additives in the performance of the recycled mixture was investigated by volume and strength tests, humidity sensitivity test, rutting test and bending test at low temperature. The test results show that the performance improvement of emulsion recycled mixture depends on the types and percentages of chemical additives. Several recommendations are given for the selection of chemicals.

Today, a huge amount of data is transmitted around the world through the high capacity of optical telecommunication networks. In railways, optical transmission telecommunication networks play a very important role in the transmission of critical a large amount of rail data. Reliability of telecommunication infrastructure is required to increase productivity, maintain safety and reduce maintenance costs. In this article, the existing reliability level and all relevant parameters (the number of network outages and the time between network failures, MTBF) of the railway optical transmission telecommunication network are obtained through the Reliability block diagram method and simulated through the Monte Carlo method and then optimized. Also, prediction of the network's behavior and obtaining the probability of its failures are done through three-layer perceptron neural networks and the results are presented. The network implemented in this article is the 654 km long optical telecommunication transmission network of the railway region of Azerbaijan.

Always considering risk, cost and time reduction, the best method for tunnel excavation should be selected and implemented. Choosing the optimal method for tunnel digging requires full knowledge of tunnel digging methods and the parameters affecting them. project conditions and existing infrastructure, project completion time, and environmental issues. Also, the prediction and control of settlement is of significant importance in urban areas, both from the point of view of safety and from the economic point of view. In recent years, the use of working tunnels at a shallow depth has been used to dig underground spaces, including subway stations and similar spaces in different soils, which is popular in urban spaces due to the lack of disruption to traffic. Tunneling at a shallow depth and in weak soil is called STM (Shallow Tunneling Method).Using STM in urban spaces it should be accurately evaluated in terms of settlement on the ground surface and its effects on surface mining structures. In order to check each of the methods, three-dimensional numerical modeling will be used. The purpose of numerical modeling by 3D method is to accurately check the amount of settlement during execution and to determine the best execution method with the least amount of settlement. Different methods with different classifications for drilling have been examined and finally the method that can be used in this study is presented and the best method with the least amount of settlement is introduced as the best option.

Today transportation is associated with all aspects of urban life. for achieve the objectives of sustainable urban development the relationship between transport and urban land use should be studied in parallel with each other. Unsuitable locating of urban land uses service commercial and administrative and high demand commercial land uses have undesirable effects on traffic and urban transportation.This research has investigated the impact of urban land use and transport in Urmia using descriptive and analytical method. The required data have been collected using library and documentary method and some of the data have been collected using the field study.Reviewing important indices such as the ratio of net land use to gross, the number of vehicles, trips generated by public land uses in the regions and pollution criteria show that there is a unsuitable relationship between urban land use and transportation and some regions face strong concentration and density of trip attracting land uses. So that, region 4 with area less than the other areas has more net land use and less gross one. Consequently, interurban trips to this region, the number of automobiles, the amount of gasoline consumption compared to its area are more than the other areas. Accordingly,traffic and vehicle congestion in this area is more than the other regions.It is essential that with appropriate planning and zoning regulations and transforming busy and high traffic land use to other areas, the background of creating balance in the establishment of land use and achievement of sustainable urban transport is provided.

Estimating the safety and comfort of the occupants of a road-using vehicle is one of the most important issues facing researchers in the field of road and road safety. Road safety is examined in different branches. One of the most important parts of road safety assessment and maintenance management is the assessment and monitoring of road surface failures. The Road Roughness Index (IRI) is used for this purpose. . In order to evaluate the path of the road, in addition to evaluating the geometric design, it is also necessary to evaluate the geometry of the faults. If a criterion can be found to assess the situation, the critical state of the criterion can be found and if it reaches a critical state, the road condition can be considered unsafe or in need of improvement. In this research, the dynamic response of the vehicle while moving on roads with different rough shapes but with the same IRI (the case where the two-wheel IRI of the vehicle is equal to 10) is simulated by the software. In addition to examining the dynamic response of the front axle of the vehicle (due to the application of more force on the front axle) on common parameters such as: vertical acceleration, maximum vertical acceleration and the minimum root of vertical acceleration, to determine whether in a symmetrical roughness, again a response Is there dynamics for the left and right wheels? If a clear relationship can be established between the roughness created by the definition of the IRI index at the road surface and the shape of the roughness (wavelength and amplitude), it is possible to prioritize the breakdowns with critical wavelengths (most inconvenient). The results show that by further examination of the vertical acceleration at different speeds, it can be seen that in the amplitude of longer waves, the highest values ​​of vertical acceleration entered by the vehicle at speed. High speeds occur and also maximum vertical acceleration values ​​occur at lower wavelengths at lower speeds. For example, in parabolic failure, the maximum acceleration values ​​for the wave amplitudes of 0.1(m), 0.05(m), 0.01(m), 0.005(m) occur at speeds above 60 km / h. Vertical acceleration values ​​for wave amplitudes of 0.0025, 0.0015 and 0.001 occur at speeds of less than 40 km / h. At a speed of nearly 80 km / h, the value of the vertical acceleration of sinusoidal roughness (according to IRI) shows a significant difference of about 0.2 m / s relative to the parabolic.

The choice of supply network is one of the influential factors in the activity of economic and commercial enterprises. Choosing a green, agile and sustainable supplier network is also a strategic decision to be more competitive in today's global marketplace. This becomes even more important when companies are looking for new markets and therefore new suppliers. This study was conducted to identify, rank and provide a model for evaluating and selecting a green, agile and sustainable supply network in the rail transport industry. This research is of survey and applied type and the method of data collection is field and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. In this research, first, by library studies, searching on reputable scientific sites and reviewing existing scientific texts, the selection criteria of a green, agile and sustainable supplier network have been collected. Then, the research questionnaire was developed based on these indicators. Finally, using multi-criteria and statistical decision-making techniques, all indicators were ranked based on importance and the importance of each indicator was determined. In this research, fuzzy Delphi technique has been used to identify the components and CRITIC method has been used to determine the importance of the indicators. Findings show that the components of competitiveness and position in the industry among competitors, financial performance, information technology and system innovation, organizational flexibility to adapt to changing conditions over time are the most important, respectively.

 especially urban transportation. Issues that are considered in relation to transportation are related to reducing climate change, reducing air pollution and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This stems from the fact that the transportation system is one of the largest sources of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In relation to the negative effects of air pollution on human life and health as well as the entire ecosystem, the emission of air pollutants from transportation must be drastically reduced without delay. Considering such risks, urban public transportation, especially public urban bus transportation, is an important incentive for the implementation and development of renewable energy in transportation. In this research, all the articles that have been reviewed in the Scopus ScienceDirect databases, which use the keywords "Renewable energy", "urban transport", "bus", and from these reviews, 18 articles out of a total of 53 articles in the database scopus and 32 articles from a total of 100 articles were selected in the sciencedirect database. Using a quantitative technique called meta-analysis as a technique for quantitative research synthesis, multiple studies have been used. The obtained criteria and components include: environmental and economic factors, infrastructural factors, background factors as well as types of charging and chargers. Finally, by examining the content of all the articles, the findings have been classified and led to criteria and solutions.

Rail transport is one of the important and vital infrastructures of any country. Building rail transport infrastructure requires a relatively high cost; But this cost is justified against its advantages, including high safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness and suitable for mass transportation. is also dependent on other infrastructures and its surrounding environment. These dependencies are more visible during the crisis and may, in addition to creating a crisis in the network itself, cause chain and cascade crises and increase the damages caused by the crisis. Also, the existence of these dependencies can be considered as a threat to the infrastructure and increase the possibility of infrastructure disruption. In this research, with the aim of identifying the dependencies of the railway network of Yazd province, by using the opinions of elites and conducting interviews, as well as surveying and evaluating these dependencies. The evaluation of the dependencies of the railway network of Yazd province as an important infrastructure in the province and the country has been carried out and the most important dependencies are the road transport of the province and in the next rank other rail areas adjacent to this network have been identified. According to the dependencies of this network, it seems that the continuity of operation in crisis conditions should be considered by crisis managers as one of the priorities of this network. In the end, based on the most important dependencies determined, suggestions for managing these dependencies have been proposed.