نشریه پژوهش های معماری اسلامی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 42، بهار 1403)

A variety of activities are carried out in a house. This range includes the most private behaviors of members to their collective and social activities. The organization of these activities should be such that while facilitating them in different parts of the house, their incompatible interference is also prevented. This concept, known as functional compatibility, is directly related to the issue of functional efficiency. Based on this, the analysis of this relationship is the basis of the current research. Also, investigating the evolution of these concepts in the course of architectural structural changes that have occurred due to the passage of time is another goal of this research. Based on this, by selecting 18 examples of Qajar period houses in Tabriz city, an attempt has been made to investigate this issue. The reason for choosing Tabriz as the geographical area of ​​the research is its strategic position in the exchange with the Western world, and the reason for choosing the Qajar period as the temporal area of ​​the research was the beginning of modern trends in Iranian architecture in this period. The basic theory in this research is the theory of space syntax, and the tools used for analysis are Depthmap software and Syntax plugin in Grasshopper software. After reviewing the literature, effective indicators on the issue of functional compatibility in houses were extracted and suitable syntactic tools were introduced to analyze each one in the form of a theoretical research framework. Then, by analyzing each sample in the relevant software environment, data related to each index was extracted and analyzed. The results of the research showed that the most important change that occurred in the configuration system of houses in Tabriz during the Qajar period is the transformation of the central courtyard pattern in the early and middle of the Qajar to the Kushki pattern at the end of this period. Also, with the change in the configuration system of houses from an introverted model to an extroverted model at the end of the Qajar period, the issue of functional compatibility has changed in relation to some indicators and has not seen much change in relation to others. This issue can also be mentioned in connection with the functional efficiency of these houses. Based on this, it can be concluded that functional efficiency is a relative concept that depending on different conditions, different criteria affect its promotion or decline. Based on this, the research questions can be presented as follows:- How is the issue of functional compatibility in different house patterns in the city of Tabriz during the Qajar period? - What effects did the changes in the spatial configuration system of different house patterns during the Qajar period in this city have on the functional compatibility of their different spaces? - What effect did these changes have on the functional efficiency of these houses? In this article at first the developments in the houses of Tabriz are evaluated, and the factors affecting these changes are also introduced. Then the definition of functional efficiency and related indicators in a residential use is discussed. Finally, in the theoretical framework section of the research, the relationship between the desired indicators of the research in explaining the functional efficiency of the houses and the tools introduced to measure these indicators in the body of the houses are explained according to the characteristics and abilities of each of them. As mentioned earlier, this article aims to evaluate the link between architectural concepts related to functional compatibility and their impact on the functional efficiency of spaces in a house. Since the nature of both issues is related to the discussion of space arrangement and how to configure different spaces in a house, therefore, the most suitable method for their analysis is to use the technique of space syntax. This technique consists of various tools that can be used to analyze different spatial patterns and relationships between their components. In this technique, various tools are used to analyze the spatial configurations, among which the most important are the two software "Depthmap" and "Synthetic Plugin in the Grasshopper software". Depthmap software is used to analyze visual and physical access in the plans, and Grasshopper software is used to extract explanatory diagrams related to the plans and also to analyze the mathematical relationships between their different spaces. The indicators presented in the theoretical framework of the research after the analysis are presented in the form of quantitative data, and from the qualitative analysis of these data, it is possible to understand their relationship with the issue of functional compatibility and functional efficiency. Therefore, in this research, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. Also, the collection of information has been done by field, documentary and library methods. The independent variable in this research is functional efficiency, the dependent variable is the spatial layout pattern, and the mediating variable is the issue of functional compatibility in the building.

In addition to the prosperity of the country in various fields and the establishment of a national government after a long period, the Safavid period, for the first time on a large scale, Shiism became the official religion of the country. Current thoughts in this period, originating from Iranian-Shiite approaches, had unique characteristics. Due to the major role of mosques in this period in the political and social structure of the country, it is expected that the architecture of mosques is also influenced by the mentioned ideas. This research was formed with the aim of answering the question of what changes the approaches of the Safavid period have caused in the physical characteristics of the domes of Safavid mosques and what effects these changes have had on the human perception of the architectural space. The purpose of the research has been achieved by comparing the physical characteristics of the dome of mosques of the Safavid period with mosques before this period. Since domed mosques have become popular since the Seljuk period, the statistical population of the research is ten Seljuk domes, ten Ilkhani domes, twelve Timurid domes and eleven Safavid domes, which are divided into two groups of mosques based on the dimensions of the opening. They are divided into big and small. These 43 mosques include a large number of the entire documented statistical population. Due to the historical nature of this research, the interpretative-historical method was used in combination with quantitative methods and the data were analyzed in a logical inference manner. This research shows an important conceptual point of view about the architecture of mosques of the Safavid period in Iran based on the aforementioned characteristics. Examining the physical characteristics of the domes of the great mosques under study showed that the opening and correspondingly the area of the domes of the mosques of the Safavid period have grown a lot compared to their previous periods. In the Safavid period, the average external diameter variables, the overall height of the mosque and the height of the dome increased compared to the previous periods, which indicates the construction of bigger and higher mosques than the previous periods. The physical characteristics of the dome of the Safavid mosques showed the greatest similarity to the physical characteristics of the Seljuk mosques. It was shown that Iranian golden proportions were the basis of the average external proportions of the Safavid dome, but the average internal proportions have changed towards a more human-centered spatial presentation. Despite the increase of all the physical components of the dome of the great Safavid mosques independently compared to the previous periods; The average interior proportions in Safavid mosques are much lower than the overall average and even the average of each period. Therefore, it can be said that the architecture of Safavid period mosques in the design of domes are considered from two important angles: the dimensions and size of the dome in order to create a visual impact from the outside and a pleasant sensory experience for people inside the space. In the architecture of Safavid mosques, attention to creating a balance between external grandeur and internal humanity has been the criterion of action in the design. Although in the smaller mosques of the Safavid period, there was also a tendency to create large and lofty mosques like the mosques of the first group, but these mosques did not appear much different from their previous periods and are often located in the same physical area. Of course, it can be said that some of the investigated structures of Safavid mosques were closer to the Seljuk period. The only significant changes in the variables of the Safavid period compared to before are related to the internal height, the internal proportions of the dome and the external proportions of the dome in order to create more proportional spaces. In the mosques of the Safavid period, the choice of geometric form, the outer height of the dome, the alignment of the dome with other architectural elements and complex artistic patterns, all to create a dramatic experience in order to create a sense of dramatic grandeur and power and attract the attention of foreign observers and religious and social influence. (Monumentality) However, this does not mean that inside the architecture of Safavid mosques human experience and human scale have been ignored as much as the external observer. (Human Scale) In the architecture of Safavid mosques, in response to the convergence between the needs of greatness with the needs of comfort and human experience, the two concepts of dramatic grandeur and humanity have been integrated in parallel and balanced. This balance and harmonious relationship between the interior and exterior of the mosque made mosques as religious places still influential for visitors and at the same time instilling people with a sense of comfort and positive interaction with the interior environment. In this way, while the space does not cause an unpleasant sensory perception in the audience, the architecture of the mosque acts as a foundation for the promotion of human dignity, and in this way, the architecture fulfills its social-religious responsibility.

Problem statement: 

Nature is Human’s first existence and home. Essence and accident are the aspects of Mollasadra Trans-substantial Motion theory, which defines the rhythm of motion, from form to meaning to substance utility and welfare. Seems that the mentioned subject is in contradiction with today scientific world rather that their goal is the same. Biophilic design tries to create a living condition with nature in human living environment. A realization of Alive Architecture according to Mollasadra Trans-substantial theory creates possibility to increase quality of life.

the Aim of this research is to achieve the Alive Architecture purpose to increase quality of life and notify spirituality in Architecture to calm soul. To reach the mentioned aim, the research defines an appropriate answer to the relation of Mollasadra Tran-substantial Motion theory with Biophilic Architecture.

The research was based on a Qualitative method (Grounded theory) with data analysis strategy, systematic coding of Strauss and Corbin with the help of MaxQDA software. The nature of the data in this research is Textual, semantic and unstructured derived from deep interviews, which have been analyzed with inductive logic by interpretive analysis.

The research findings prove that, essence transformation is in each being of existence, and Biophilic Architecture reminds Aliveness of existence by essence transformation through considering alive elements. The purposes such as: Perfection, Progressive, Reunion, soul and body, Timeless concept, are in Human and existence elements. The possibility of having essence transformation in a meaningful Architecture via considering more aimed purposes in terms of, communication, new thinking and Seeking reality, would have result in Beauty creation and Living Architecture.

The establishment of war museums is a common thing in most countries involved in war. These countries are trying to preserve and transfer these heritages to the next generations by displaying the tools and spaces left over from the war. The main goals of these museums are to commemorate the dead and victims of war, to praise peace and to learn from the evil effects of war. The design of war museums is different according to the attitude towards war, identity and culture of each society. Therefore, one of the goals of this research is to take a new look at the concept and model of the war museum and its artifacts in Iran, considering the way of looking at the IranIraq war (Holy Defense). Various previous researches show that the influence of religious teachings in the society was not only effective in the formation of the identity of the people present in the war, but also in the actions and attitudes of the visitors. In this regard, an effort has been made to define the new concept of "Regional Axial Museum in Regional Scale" in the light of the potential capacities of the cultural heritage of the society on one hand and the presence of a new type of visitors to war zones (Caravans of Rahian Noor) on the other hand. In the new definition of the AMRS (Axial Museum in Regional Scale) some concepts of original literature should be used metaphorically to represent the concepts of works and heritage of holy defense, such as excellence, the spirit of sacrifice, and reaching closeness to God, which is quite a difficult and controversial endeavor. To crystallize the idea of ​​the AMRS, a part of the road from Ahvaz region to Arvand in the border of Persian Golf has been selected. Then, by arranging and sequencing the relevant path according to physical spatial features, as well as paying attention to war events related to different parts and nodes located on the path, the spatial values ​​of the path should be represented and displayed for the visitors and groups of pilgrims in RahianNoor Caravans. The stages of representing the relics and events of the IranIraq war era in the studied route are explained with a brief escape to the metaphors of Attar's Seven Climates of Love in different sequences to strengthen the spatial perception of Ahvaz to Arvand Axial Museum on a regional scale.The sequencing of the path related to the study of the AhvazArvand axis brings the development of the sacred defense museums from the idea phase to the realized phase, which is more original than the conventional and formatted forms of war museums in Iran and the world. The development and completion of this regional pattern in more operational scales such as planning and urban design and architectural scale can be the stages of expansion of this pattern.

The housing model is based on Islamic principles, aimed at providing a dwelling and fostering tranquility for families, depending on addressing their fixed and changing needs. Given that the physical structure of housing is the space where family gatherings occur, the adaptability of housing to accommodate the evolving needs of families over time is crucial for achieving sustainability within the family unit. In the meantime, the "expansibility" can be effective in climate stability in addition to social stability by making adaptations or changes in housing components according to the changing needs of residents. Given the high consumption of fossil fuels, designing and constructing residential buildings compatible with the climate is essential to reduce energy consumption. The use of private courtyards in residential units not only provides a foundation for the expansion of building walls but also contributes to the illumination of interior spaces and the regulation of climatic conditions. This research aims to identify the optimal pattern of socially and environmentally expansible housing that aligns with family growth. Thus, the research question emerged in search of a housing model that not only allows for the expansibility of housing components within the courtyard of the apartment but also ensures climatic efficiency. The present article addresses social sustainability in housing by examining the expansibility of its components within the apartment courtyard, while also considering environmental sustainability by measuring the solar radiation received by its expansible walls in the courtyard. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the model of socially and environmentally expansible housing has, in the first stage, led to the presentation of expansible patterns A, B, and C within the residential apartment courtyard. Then, based on the quantitative method, the patterns were simulated using EnergyPlus software, leading to the identification of the optimal model. As the main result of this research, by comparing the amount of solar radiation received from the south, east, and west in the cold, moderate, and hot months of the same direction units, the best units in the SW direction belong to building B, in the NE and NW direction belong to building C, in the SE direction It belongs to A and C buildings.

Challenges associated with declining residential values in old urban areas have made regeneration a priority. Mixed land use is a cornerstone of smart growth and modern urban planning. This study aims to identify and evaluate mixed land use components influencing old urban texture regeneration. This study employs a mixed method. Initially, through descriptive-analytical methods and content analysis, the components affecting mixed land use and the regeneration of old textures, along with their frequency, were extracted. Subsequently, the relationships between the components of mixed land use affecting in the regeneration of old textures were systematically outlined, and a researcher-made questionnaire was accordingly prepared. The Sirous neighborhood was selected as a case study, with 120 residents surveyed.Findings indicate that housing type diversity, pedestrian-bike orientation, and functional vertical/horizontal integration significantly impact regeneration in Sirous neighborhood. Correlation analysis determined the extent of these relationships and informed design strategies. These include creating housing diversity to attract groups of various income, establishing accessible amenities for essential goods and services to promote pedestrian orientation, and incorporating green elements in facades and path pavement.

Today, new constructions are an unavoidable necessity for sustaining life within historical contexts. the purpose of this research is multifaceted, aiming to raise awareness among researchers in this scientific field, identify thematic gaps to prevent redundant research, and conduct a scientometric analysis of infill development studies. The objective is to uncover primary issues and advancements, assess the apparent performance trends of articles and journals, and discern patterns of collaboration, thereby elucidating the intellectual structure of the scientific field in infill development To accomplish these objectives, the identification and extraction of concepts and influential dimensions regarding the development of interactivity were conducted by utilizing both domestic and foreign documentary and library sources.There are several methods for evaluating and measuring scientific productions and created from the methods used in scientometrics, which are popular for analyzing the structure of knowledge in different fields of science, and examines the relationship between the words used in different parts of the documents. It is scientometric, which in the present research In this current research, co-occurrence, degree centrality, degree myopia, co-authorship, and bibliographic coupling have been analyzed using quantitative methods. The findings derived from drawing and analyzing maps depicting the simultaneous occurrence of two items based on keywords reveal that the terms 'infill development' and 'urban development' exhibit the highest total link strength and frequency of co-occurrences among the investigated items. In the centrality analysis, the keywords 'intermediate development,' 'urban development,' 'urban planning,' and 'land use' demonstrated the highest degree of centrality in the examination of the co-lexical density map of the keywords, the amount of link in the network is high and the flow of information is transferred at a suitable speed. In the analysis of the co-authorship network concerning researchers, Hogue stands out with the most articles, having five articles and fourteen links. Additionally, in the analysis of the bibliographic pair based on journals, 'Journal of Land Use Policy' holds the top position, exhibiting a total strength of 34 and a link count of 13. In the continuation of the research, the obtained results are mentioned. Cooccurrence based on keywords in the network visualization: The high link strength of infill development means that this keyword has been seen more times in an article and the probability of this keyword appearing with other keywords in an article is higher. Urban planning, urban development, land use are other frequent and explanatory keywords in the topic of in fill development Co-occurrence based on keywords in the Overlay visualization: The color of each item is determined by the average score of the year of publication. The green color indicates that these keywords have become popular in the field of infill development in recent years. Also, the yellow color indicates that these keywords are related to the years after 2018, in other words, they have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, and they can be used for more research. The items related to the years 2012 and before (purple color) means that the keywords related to these years have been the focus of articles and researchers in the field of infill development in the early years, and nowadays they are less or not even addressed at all.Co-occurrence based on keywords in the Density visualization: Keywords are colored depending on their occurrence, the higher the frequency of a word, the closer it is to yellow, it has a high density and is more important in the network, and the lower the frequency of occurrence of keywords, the closer it is to blue. The scientific map of infill development and urban development have the highest density Co-authorship by authors in the network visualization: Common relationships between authors will help to understand the existing contributions and identify potential collaborators and improve cooperation between them. In this network, the highest total link related to Hugo has 5 articles and 14 links, and McCary, Panso have the highest total link, respectively.co-occurrence network based on degree centrality: The most influential topics in the field: infill development, development, urban planning, landuse, urban development. Items that have a larger size than other items are more frequent and have more degree centrality and are more powerful.Co-occurrence network based on closeness centrality: The issues of urban growth, infill development, land use planning, which are able to reach other issues with a shorter path and receive information with less intermediaries and faster than others, and generally have more power and influence in the network.Co-occurrence network based on betweenness centrality: the topics:urban sprawl, infill development, urban development have more betweenness centrality, and it is possible to transfer information through these topics and these topics are mediators that transmit information more .Bibliographic coupling based on journals in network visualization:  The Journal of land use policy is the most powerful and in the first place with total link 34 and the number of links 13, and the journal of urban planning and development,applied geography,urban studies are placed in the next ranks with the total power of 12, 15 and 31, respectively.

The growing trend of the country's population in the last few decades, along with cultural eclecticism and a lack of reference to religious recommendations, has caused the concept of home in the design of human living spaces to distance itself from its essential meaning, relying instead on abstract rules and concepts. From the verses and narrations, it is possible to achieve a systematic truth in the design of the quality of home space, so that the expectations of a good house can be met through a network of related principles. Therefore, the present research tries to use a descriptive-analytical method based on the network model to introduce a conceptual model for the Tayyib house that fits the system of natural, psychological, and physical needs. In this regard, the two macro concepts of love and creativity in the field of human natural needs guide other human needs concerning the living space. If these two tendencies are actualized in the correct path of nature, there will always be a tendency towards perfection, and as a result, monotheism will be realized in the space of human life, leading to the divine promise of a good life.

Humans inherently place great importance on the development and management of the cities in which they live, work, and learn. This allows them to express their existence, authority, and personality. Cities are hubs for various human and social activities. The close relationship between religion and cities is also noteworthy. Religion expresses the consequences of social life through behaviours and religious customs, which are conducted and built-in religion-centric cities. Socio-cultural events are sometimes analyzed as tools to enhance specific places, benefiting residents or potential visitors. The Arbaeen event, as a religious factor and urban trend, directly impacts the region's sustainability. The main goal of this article is to explore and understand the mechanisms for achieving socio-cultural sustainability through relevant strategies that help manage urban areas. This approach is methodologically mixed and descriptive-analytical. Data were collected based on indicators from the scientific literature, using questionnaires, interviews, and observations along the Najaf-Karbala route. Two main factors, the social and the religious, were identified as elements of socio-cultural sustainability in managing the Arbaeen event. This research showed that community participation (guest and host) in the Arbaeen event is managed through religious factor mechanisms (beliefs) and its material and spiritual impact on the region.