نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 26 (زمستان 1402)

Identification and analysis of energy consumption components can provide opportunities to optimize energy consumption, especially if combined with spatial analysis. The main purpose of the present research is to analyze the spatial panel of the determining factors of energy consumption components (activity, intensity and structure) for 31 provinces of Iran. For this purpose, first, with the factor analysis approach, energy consumption was decomposed by using the latest available data during the period of 2011-2017, and then, using spatial panel data regression, the determining factors of the components of energy consumption in the provinces were investigated. Based on the findings, firstly, Spatial Durbin Model has been selected as the optimal spatial model. Secondly, value added(activity index), industry share(structure index) and urbanization share have direct and significant spillover effects on energy consumption components. The positive effect of industry's share on structural and intensity components can be caused by changing the economic structure towards energy-intensive and low-tech activities. As expected, technical efficiency has a negative and significant effect on the intensity component of energy consumption, and in this regard, spatial effects have strengthened the direct effect. Based on the results, it is recommended to pay attention to the spatial structure of the provinces in energy planning. Secondly, it is recommended to improve the efficiency of economic activities and human capital. Emphasizing the intensity and structural components in order to reduce energy consumption can neutralize the positive effects of variables such as urbanization.

This article's objectives are to assess the current state of the textile and apparel industry's value chain by breaking it down into its component parts, identify industry challenges based on its various subsectors, and offer solutions for the industry's development and completion of its value chain in order to increase its competitiveness. This industry can be considered important due to its low capital intensity and ability to meet all three of the country's goals of industrial production, development (employment), and foreign exchange; Its 8.2% share of industrial enterprises (10 employees and above), 7.3% share of industrial employment, and 3.5% share of fixed capital formation demonstrate this. The study's conclusions demonstrate that the main issues facing Iran's textile and apparel sector are related to the value chain's fragility as well as the inadequacies of the regulations that are supposed to encourage it. The development of the textile and clothing industries in Iran is facilitated by policies and executive mechanisms that include re-engineering the value chain's structure to maximize the benefits of internal content, facilitating the transfer of technology and equipment to this sector, and outfitting it with ancillary and support services. This is what recommended in this article.

At present, economic activities destroy the environment by excessive use of resources and transferring the waste of production and consumption activities to the environment. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of environmental regulations on green productivity in Iran. For this purpose, while using the information related to capital, labor, gross domestic product, pollution and environmental regulations in 31 provinces during the period of 1400-1395 and using the "non-radial directional distance function", the effect of environmental regulations on green productivity, outputs and undesirable output would be evaluated. The research results indicate that environmental regulations promote green productivity in the provinces of Iran. In addition, environmental regulations have been less successful in controlling the undesirable outputs of economic activities. In addition, the results showed that the effect of GDP on green productivity is insignificant and the ratio of manufacturing added value  to GDP has a negative and significant effect on green productivity.

Studding the entrepreneurship literature shows that the Economic performance and the extent of entrepreneurial activities depend on the quality and different levels of institutions, and in addition, the mechanism of institutions' influence on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries differs. The purpose of this research is to understand the difference in the type of influence of micro and macro institutions on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries. For this purpose, while using the dynamic panel data, the good governance index and the business environment index used as macro and micro institutional factors, respectively. The results showed that the good governance significantly increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in both developing and developed countries. Contrary to expectations, micro-institutional factors do not increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in the studied developing and developed countries. The degree of economic freedom has a small effect on entrepreneurial activities in developed countries, while it strengthens entrepreneurship in developing countries. Government expenditure has a positive impact  on the level of entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, but it is ineffective in developed countries. Economic growth in both groups of countries has positive impact on the level of entrepreneurial activities. The impact of liquidity on the entrepreneurial activities of developing and developed countries is negative and positive, respectively.

During the last three decades, the industrial export growth of the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has slowed down. The increase in the hidden exchange cost in the export of industrial goods through the country risk channel is known as one of the effective factors.In recent empirical studies, various factors affecting bilateral exports of OIC member countries have been introduced, but empirical studies that consider the effect of country risk on the flow of bilateral industrial exports are very limited.Therefore, the main purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of country risk and its components, including economic, financial and political risk, on the industrial exports of member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. In order to achieve this goal, within the framework of the gravity model and the pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood method (PPML), the significance of the relationship between country risk and its components on bilateral industrial exports of OIC member countries in trade with import partners was investigated. . In this study, panel data was used for the period from 2021 to 2002.The findings of this study show that the country risk of the member countries of the organization as well as their strategic objectives have a significant impact on the flow of bilateral industrial exports. This finding is also true based on each of the constituent components of country risk, including economic, financial and political risk. In addition, political risk has the greatest impact on the industrial exports of OIC member countries compared to other factors. It is suggested that the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and its related institutions present appropriate policies for the creation and development of political and economic risk insurance coverage.

Fiscal policy is one of the most effective government means to intervene in the economy. The relationship between government intervention in the economy and macro variables such as economic growth and employment is always one of the discussed issues in economics. The impacts of fiscal policies on production, employment and economic growth have been estimated in numerous empirical studies. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimum size of Iran's government. Furthermore, Considering the role of the manufacturing sector in Iran's economy, the impact of government optimal size on Iran's Manufacturing employment would be estimated.  while using data from the period 1360 to 1398, the optimal control method was used to determine the optimum size of the government, and then by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method( ARDL), the short-term and long-term Impacts of government optimum size on the employment of the manufacturing sector evaluated. The research results showed that the optimal size of the government both in the short term and in the long term had a positive and significant impact on manufacturing sector employment. In addition the results indicated that the Impact of government optimum size on manufacturing sector employment is greater compared to the current size of the government. In other words, if the size of the government is optimum, fiscal policies will have a greater impact on the manufacturing employment.