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Nanomedicine Research Journal - Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2024

Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2024

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1403/01/13
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Saeideh Ebrahimiasl *, Mahdi Zamanfar, Atefeh Badr Pages 103-119

    Biothiols are the main part of different proteins and matabolites which have tremendous impact on the neutralization of oxidative stress in the cell and stability of the intracellular environment. Metabolite perturbation of these compounds can be indicative of many serious diseases such as weight loss, liver damage, cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer’s. Thus, tremendous researches have been devoted on the detection of thiols via biossensors and nanosensors using electrochemical methods. Higher sensitivity, selectivity, catalytic activity, conductivity, and biocompatibility are the advantage of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors. With recent advances in nanotechnology, creating new electrode materials with novel chemical and physical properties has become more accessible using nanoparticles (NPs). The progress of NP-based electrochemical sensors and its applications for biothiols detection was reviewed in this article. The aim of this effort is to provide the reader a view of the main functions of NPs in conventional and miniaturized electrochemical sensors. As well as, the novel and significant development of biorecognition elements used in conjunction with nanosensors were reported, which motivate more interests in targeted detection of thiols in further studies. The references selected based on the following characteristics: appropriate signal amplification, minimum detection limit, and simultaneous-detection capabilities toward thios detection.

    Keywords: Biothiols, Electrochemical Biosensor, Nanosensor, Aptamer
  • Ehsan Zayerzadeh *, Mohammadkazem Koohi Pages 120-130

    Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is one of the major global health problems. Application of metals in different industries causes their widespread release in the environment. As a result, the chances of encountering them have increased. These toxicants induce multiple organ abnormalities, though the severity of their damage is related to various factors such as exposure route, exposure time, and dose of toxicant. Supportive treatment, chelation therapy, and specific antidotes are the main approaches to metal poisoning. However, this treatment protocol is not completely effective for curing many severely intoxicated patients with metals, and on some occasions, it has adverse effects, particularly chelators, which are potential agents to induce side effects in patients. Therefore, it is urgent that alternative treatments which are safer and more effective are introduced as soon as possible to save severe cases. Recently, with the help of nanotechnology using different strategies such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions liquid crystal (LC) systems, nanoemulsions, nanogels, polymeric micelles, phytosomes, dendrimers, inclusion complexes, and precursors systems for liquid crystals (PSLCs), new, safer and more efficient compounds have been discovered, and they are at the testing process for the treatment of metal poisonings. Therefore, this review article introduces the state of the art of novel nano-based compounds for metal poisonings.

    Keywords: Metals, Poisoning, Antidote, Nanomedicine
  • Ikhazuagbe Hilary Ifijen *, Esther Ikhuoria, Ita Uwidia, Rachel Okojie, Ikechukwu Chikaodili Pages 131-154
    The synthesis of novel nanomaterials stands as a significant focus of scientific inquiry in nanotechnology. This study synthesized Fe-Ag-V ternary oxide nanoparticles sourced from Ganoderma lucidum extract. The eco-friendly synthesis process involves several steps, including dissolving PVP polymer in Ganoderma lucidum extract, introducing metal salts, Gum Arabic, maturation, gel formation, drying, and culminating in calcination. The resulting nanoparticles, comprising iron, silver, and vanadium, exhibit distinct structural and compositional features. Characterization methods like Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis provide a thorough understanding. The nanoparticles have a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.581 and an average particle size of 42 nm, indicating their nanoscale properties. The presence of important elements such as vanadium, iron, and silver were ascertained by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). A face-centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure, with an average crystallite size of around 15.6 nm was revealed by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD). These structural characteristics suggest potential uses in catalysis, sensors, and drug delivery systems. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, achieving an R2 value of 0.9974. Effective antibacterial properties were observed against pathogenic bacteria, with MIC values that ranged from 1.25 to 5.0 mg/ml, as determined by MIC and MBC evaluations. In summary, Ganoderma lucidum-mediated ternary oxide nanoparticles exhibit a unique composition, structural integrity, and functional attributes. Their eco-friendly synthesis, combined with remarkable antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy, positions them as promising candidates for various applications, offering innovative and sustainable solutions.
    Keywords: Nanotechnology, Ganoderma Lucidum Extract, Ternary Oxide Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis, Antioxidant Properties Antibacterial Efficacy
  • Fatemeh Adibipour, Mahsa Salehirad, A.Wallace Hayes, Malak Hekmati, Majid Motaghinejad * Pages 155-163
    Objective (s)

    The protective effect of metformin on liver disorders has been reported . Studies have documented the hepatoprotective benefits of metformin against liver disorders, but due to its low bioavailability and untoward side effects, metformin has limited therapeutic utility. Nanotechnology has increased efficiency and reduced the side effects of several drugs

    Methods

    A ZnO-metformin nanocomposite was synthesized. The protective effects of metformin (150 mg/kg), ZnO (10 mg/kg), and the ZnO-metformin nanocomposite (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) were compared in a CCl4-induced hepatocellular damaged mouse model. Serum liver enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histological changes in hepatocytes were evaluated.

    Results

    The levels of AST, ALT and ALP in the blood were prevented by the metformin and ZnO-metformin nanocomposite against the action of CCl4, as well as liver damage associated with it. Furthermore, metformin or/and ZnO-metformin nanocomposite reversed the SOD, GPx and GR activity that was found to be lowered due to CCl4, as well as increased MDA levels under the same condition. The extent of hepatoprotection with respect to the two agents in question also differed significantly in terms of dose. The ZnO-metformin nanocomposite hepatoprotective effects occurred at lower doses than metformin.  ZnO alone did not alter the CCl4-induced hepatic injury.

    Conclusions

    The ZnO-metformin nanocomposite was a more efficient hepatoprotective agent at lower doses than metformin. The ZnO-metformin nanocomposite has the potential to be a replacement for metformin as a hepatoprotective drug candidate.

    Keywords: Metformin, Zno-Metformin Nanocomposite, Liver Injury, Carbon Tetrachloride
  • Mahnaz Kesmati, Ebrahim Nabaee, Ali Shahriari, Mozhgan Torabi * Pages 164-171
    Objective (s)

    MgO nanoparticles (MgO NPs) could be effective on anxiety-related behaviors in animal models but their exact mechanism of action compared to their conventional form (C MgO) is unclear. This study investigated and compared the effect of MgO NPs and its conventional form on anxiety-related behavior in the sleep-deprived rats and biochemical parameters changes in the serum.

    Methods

    Male Wistar rats (180-220g) were divided into groups of control, sleep deprivation induction, and 72 h sleep deprivation+ different doses of MgO NPs or C MgO. Components were injected a day after sleep deprivation induction and 30 min after injection animals passed anxiety test. Multiple platforms method was used for sleep deprivation induction. Serum oxidant/ antioxidant parameters, magnesium, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were assessed after anxiety test.

    Results

    Sleep deprivation decreased anxiety-related behavior without change in the serum biochemical parameters. The anxiolytic effect of sleep deprivation decreased in the MgO NPs 1 mg/kg group. C MgO showed limited antioxidant activity, while MgO NPs did not change oxidant /antioxidant parameters, just the serum magnesium increased in the MgO NPs 10 mg/kg group. 

    Conclusions

    MgO NPs changed anxiety behavior without changing the oxidant/antioxidant factors, while C MgO changed some antioxidant factors but did not affect anxiety behavior. Therefore, the place or extent of action of MgO NPs and C MgO on anxiety-related behaviors is different (central or peripheral), which needs more investigation.

    Keywords: Sleep Deprivation, Magnesium Oxide, Anxiety, Nanoparticle, Oxidative Stress
  • Neda Saffari, Soheila Rahgozar *, Fikrettin Sahin Pages 172-179
    Objective (s)

    Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL) is the most prevalent neoplasm in children. pALL diagnostic process is invasive, and children need to be anesthetized for bone marrow aspiration. Exosomes are nanoparticles that reflect the status of parental cells. Given the elevated levels of exosomes in the peripheral blood of pALL patients, they can be readily extracted from blood plasma. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of two different techniques of exosome purification in order to select the best method for clinical use in pALL.

    Methods

    Exosomes were isolated from plasma samples using two methods ultracentrifugation and the ExoQuick exosome isolation (EQ) kit. The performances of these methods were compared based on the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), and immunoblotting assays.

    Results

    NTA results showed that exosome fractions extracted by the EQ kit were more concentrated and homogeneous compared with the ultracentrifugation method. Electron microscopy depicted spherical morphology for the isolated exosomes in both methods; however, the appearance of exosomes enriched by the commercial kit was more intact. Following the immunoblotting assays investigating the exosomal biomarkers, densitometry analysis showed that the exosome populations related to the EQ kit had higher concentrations and extreme purity. 

    Conclusions

    The data demonstrated that the commercial kit exhibited superior efficacy in isolating concentrated, intact, and pure exosomes from small quantities of patients' plasma samples when compared to the standard ultracentrifugation method. According to those findings, the ExoQuick exosome segregation kit was preferred to be used in pALL diagnostic investigations.

    Keywords: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Plasma, Exosomes, Exoquick Ultracentrifugation
  • Sarab Mohammed Mahdi, Adawia Fadhil Abbas, Mais Emad Ahmed * Pages 180-194
    Objective (s)

    Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium can grow in a variety of settings and cause infections that can be fatal, making it a serious threat. Partially purified and characterized bacteriocins with antimicrobial efficacy demonstrated antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. 

    Methods

    Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs )were synthesized by a biological method from suspensions of E. faecium bacteria isolated from the Gums of healthy people at different time points (24 and 48 hour), and temperatures ranging from (35-37)°C to pH (5 - 5.30). 

    Results

    The size of ZnO-NP particles has been determined. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs' peak of absorption was visible in the UV-VIS spectrum at 267 nm. The mean dimension of the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be within 259.2 nm. Three different peak shapes in the XRD spectra demonstrated the production of ZnO NPs.Analysis using X-ray (EDX) demonstrates the zinc content of the ZnO-NPs. SEM was utilized to evaluate dimensions and form. The vast majority of the particles were spherical and uniform in shape, based on SEM images. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined at concentrations ranging between 1000,500, 250,125,64 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration for ZnO-NPs prepared from E. faecium using the microtiter plate method was 250 μg/mL. The toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested on human lymphocytes. 

    Conclusions

    ZnO-NPs were synthesized successfully using an easy-to-use, low-cost, green, high-throughput, and environmentally friendly technology that showed remarkable antibacterial effectiveness against a variety of bacterial species.

    Keywords: Lactic Acid, Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, P. Mirabilis, Human Lymphocytes
  • Qasim Mohammed Hussain, Nasim Hayati Roodbari, Ehsan Yousefi, Seyed Mousa Mousavi-Kouhi, Ali Eshaghi * Pages 195-205
    This is the research to document the antimicrobial activity of selenium nanoparticles (nanoSe) prepared by an aqueous extract of Ceratonia siliqua, which is significant given the potency of nanoSe in medicinal applications. The nanoSe that was produced was characterized employing a variety of conventional methods including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), DLS and z-potential. The PXRD analysis has demonstrated the compatibility of nanoSe with the reference number 00-001-0853. The FTIR spectrum also confirmed the existence of residual organic components in the extract. The FESEM images have revealed the particles were enveloped in the organic materials from C. Siliqua. Particles have shown a spherical morphology. The mean hydrodynamic particle size of the biosynthesized nanoSe was approximately 199 nm (size dispersion by intensity). The particles have shown a mean surface charge of -21.88 mV. NanoSe is crucially successful in the suppression of the growth pathogenic bacteria. The project's outcomes highlight the effective antimicrobial properties of the biosynthesized nanoSe, emphasizing the useful applications of metallic nanoparticles such as selenium in future antibacterial applications.
    Keywords: Biosynthesis, Green Synthesis, Nanoparticles, Selenium, Cytotoxicity
  • Pedram Niknam Rad, Mahnaz Qomi, Mohammadreza Jalali Sarvestani * Pages 206-212

    The research carried out an inquiry into the efficiency of C8B6N6 nanoclusters as both an adsorbent and a sensor for the elimination and identification of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) using density functional theory computations. The results of the study showed that the interaction between SMZ and C8B6N6 is not only possible but also releases heat and occurs naturally, indicating the potential of C8B6N6 as a very effective adsorbent for eliminating SMZ. Additionally, the study explored the impact of water as the solvent and different temperatures on the thermodynamic parameters, ultimately revealing that these factors did not have a significant effect on the connections. Moreover, the analysis of Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) uncovered significant alterations in the bandgap of C8B6N6, from 8.101 (eV) to 4.875 (eV) (-40.933%) during the adsorption process, hinting at its likelihood to be a helpful electrocatalytic modifier for the electrochemical detection of SMZ. The study also thoroughly examined several other FMO parameters. In conclusion, this investigation offers valuable insights into the promising capabilities of C8B6N6 as a highly effective adsorbent and sensor for the elimination and detection of SMZ.

    Keywords: Sulfamethoxazole, Adsorption, Nanocluster, Antibiotic Resistance, DFT Simulations
  • Soudabeh Etemadi, Edris Yousefi Delcheh, Ahmad Mehravaran *, Leili Mohammadi, Hadi Mirahmadi, Aram Khezri Pages 213-227
    Objective (s)

    Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are remarkably potent drug nanocarriers due to their intrinsic capacity for elevated drug loading, biocompatibility, stability. This study focused on the development of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles by the green synthesis method and PEGylated method, utilizing Eriobotrya japonica leaf extract. 

    Methods

    The physicochemical parameters were determined using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and cytotoxicity test methods. Eventually, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was utilized to coat the surface and ensure the stability of the final nanomedicine formulation.

    Results

    The DLS evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles revealed an average hydrodynamic size of 155 nm. FESEM showed that the network of spherical with small building blocks was formed by the green synthesis method and coated with polyethylene glycol. The X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis reveals a significant percentage of carbon (C), oxygen (O), as well as some sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and iron (Fe).  The FTIR analysis verified the existence of acidic O-H and alkene, C-H, C-N, and C-O functional groups compared to the bare nanoparticle. The cytotoxicity test investigation indicated that the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles, obtained by the green synthesis method on the MCF-7 cell line, was 1763 μg/ml. 

    Conclusions

    These nanoparticles exhibited a favorable dispersion index, efficient incorporation of plant extract fractions into the nanoparticle network, and minimal toxicity in the final product. Consequently, these nanoparticles are well-suited for biomedical research and drug delivery applications.

    Keywords: Iron Oxide Nanoparticle, Eriobotrya Japonica, Green Synthesis, Polyethylene Glycol