نشریه تحقیقات علوم زراعی در مناطق خشک
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، تابستان 1403)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural products, mainly cultivated for edible oil. As an oilseed plant, the sunflower has the fifth place in the world after soybeans, rapeseed, cotton and peanut. Due to climatic changes, reduction of water received from rains and incorrect management of water consumption, the crop production experienced severe drought stress during the growth period which causes the fluctuation and decrease of the product. Considering the importance of studying and selecting cultivars tolerant to abiotic stresses such as drought stress, investigating the genetic diversity for adaptive responses in sunflower cultivars and genotypes, as well as identifying QTLs are necessary for breeding programs.  The aim of this study is to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers related to drought tolerance in the inbred lines population of oilseed sunflower using the REAMP (retrotransposon microsatellite amplified polymorphism) markers. In the present research, the genetic diversity of an oilseed sunflower population including 100 inbred lines was evaluated in terms of morpho-physiological traits using a 10x10 simple lattice design with two replications under two normal and limited irrigation conditions during two consecutive years. Different morpho-physiological traits were measured under both conditions. DNA extraction was done from 78 lines out of 100 investigated genotypes by CTAB method. Then, in order to evaluate the quality and quantity of extracted DNA, 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry were used. The molecular profile of genotypes was prepared using 7 REAMP primers combinations. Based on molecular data and Neighbor Joining algorithm in DARWin 6.0.21 software the studied genotypes were grouped in three groups. Cluster and population structure analyses as well as analysis of molecular variance were performed with GenAlEx and Structure 2.3.3. The number of possible sub-populations (optimal K) was determined based on the delta K (ΔK) method. For optimal K, the Qst matrix was calculated. Using mixed linear model (MLM) related to Q + K matrices (matrix of population structure coefficients + matrix of kinship relations) molecular markers associated with studied morpho-physiological traits were identified. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the genotypes were grouped into 3 groups. Each group included genotypes from different geographical areas. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first three components explain 71.32% of the total changes. Principal coordinate analysis was not able to completely separate the genotypes into separate groups. Molecular analysis of variance showed that 91% of the variation are within group and the rest 9% are between the groups, which indicates high genetic diversity within the groups. According to the mixed linear model, totally 20 molecular markers showed a significant relationship (P≤0.01) with the studied morpho-physiological traits under both normal and limited irrigation conditions. “6181810” marker with oil content and "cf8267" marker with two leaf length and leaf width traits showed a significant relationship (P≤0.01) under limited irrigation conditions. “658268” marker showed a significant relationship with yield and leaf width traits under both normal and limited irrigation conditions. Observing the relationship between one marker and several traits can be derived from the effects of pleiotropy or the linkage of genomic regions involved in the control of these traits. The results obtained from this study present valuable information on the genetic basis of studied traits that can be used for breeding and developing high performance varieties in sunflower. In this research some common markers were identified. Identification of markers that showed linkage with several traits in both conditions, such as “658268” and “cf8267” markers, are more important in the breeding program due to the possibility of simultaneous breeding of several traits

Biodiversity is one of the ingredients of sustainable agriculture. As biodiversity increases or decreases, the provision of ecosystem services in the ecosystem of agricultural systems also changes. Therefore, biodiversity in the ecosystem of the agriculture system can improve by using the intercropping system and increasing the diversity of soil biological species. One of the ways to increase diversity in agricultural ecosystems is the use of several types of crops, including intercropping and the appropriate combination of soil microorganisms.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the yield and yield components in alternate intercropping of bean and maize, and to investigate the superiority of monocropping and intercropping of these two plants when using mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria to determine the best treatment for them.

In order to investigate the effect of rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on yield improvement and potassium uptake in replacement intercropping of corn and bean, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications, with factor 1- Rhizobium (no consumption and consumption) 2- Mycorrhizal fungus (non-consumption and consumption) and 3- intercropping system (maize, bean and intercropping) was implemented in 2019 at Payame Noor Azna University.

The results showed that the intercropping was significant for traits such as grain yield  beans and corn. The results showed that the effect of different culture systems on traits such as plant leaf chlorophyll, grain yield, biological yield, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per ear row and number of pods per plant was significant at the level of 1% probability. Also, different levels of Rhizobium bacterium consumption were significant on traits such as grain yield, biological yield of beans, chlorophyll of corn leaves and number of pods per plant. Consumption of mycorrhizal fungus on traits such as number of seeds per row, chlorophyll of corn leaves was statistically significant at the level of one percent. The results showed that the intercropping treatment with the use of rhizobium bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi increased the biological yield, leaf chlorophyll, and the number of seeds in the cob row in corn by 47, 55, 26, and 39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Also, the treatment of monocropping bean with bacteria increased the seed yield, biological yield, and chlorophyll of bean leaves by 50, 47, and 36%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.According to the obtained results, the land equality ratio in all intercropping treatments was more than one and also the highest land equality ratio was obtained from the intercropping treatment with the use of Rhizobium bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungus equal to 1.98. Which shows the positive correlations between intercropping plant members compared to monocropping and shows the superiority of corn intercropping over monocropping.

The land equality ratio of more than one in intercropping can attribute to nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake in intercropping. When two species grow nearby, both species compete for water and nutrients. The presence of nitrogen-fixing nodes as a source of nitrogen supply in bean reduces competitive pressure. In general, according to the results of this experiment, it can be expected that with a suitable combination of biofertilizers and mixed cultivation, the biofixation of nitrogen and the absorption of other nutrients will be improved, and finally, it will increase the yield and stability.

In order to select their breeding goals among different physiological traits, plant breeders need to categorize the limitations as well as the capabilities of plants. This issue has led to the emergence of a concept called ideal type. Achieving the ideal type of agricultural plants requires the use of appropriate statistical methods. The aim of this study is to introduce the method of using regression modeling to determine the ideal type of crop plants on the rice plant.In breeding programs, it is very important to estimate the amount of yield based on the change in effective plant traits, which can be identified using regression modeling. In plant breeding, correlation between traits is of special importance, because it determines the amount and type of relationship between two or more traits. In plant breeding, correlation between traits is of particular importance, because it determines the degree and type of relationship between two or more traits. Correlation between different traits can help researchers in indirect selection using traits that are easier to measure in order to achieve self-sufficiency. For this purpose, a study on 124 lines of the ninth generation of two varieties of rice (Ahlomi Tarom and Dorfak) was conducted at Gonbad Kavus University, Iran, using a randomized complete block design with three replications in two growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. Irrigation was done until the maximum stage of tillering in stress-free conditions (flooding). From this stage until the end of the growth period, irrigation was completely stopped. Among the measured traits, using stepwise regression, four traits of plant weight, panicle weight, 100-seed weight, and harvest index were identified that had the greatest role in increasing yield. Then the correlation between the selected traits and the rate of increase in performance was evaluated and the rate of increase in performance (percentage) resulting from that trait in relation to the total increase in performance was calculated. Regarding negative correlation between the harvest index and plant weight, three hypotheses were evaluated, that in each assumption the amount of increase in yield was estimated. Data analysis was carried out using SAS software. Considering the existing negative correlation between the two variables of harvest index and plant weight, assumptions were made to determine the ideal type, The results indicated that if the correlation between the harvest index and plant weight, is not breakable, ideotype yield variation would have an increasing of 197.61 kg/ha. If with increasing plant weight, harvest index stay at moderate level, it would be an increasing of 314.64kg/ha and if correlation between plant weight and harvest index is breakable, it would be an increasing of 697.52 kg/ha. The method used in this study, due to the fact that the genetic differences between the lines are noticeable, can be a way for the breeders to move towards yield increasing in rice cultivars. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the method of using regression modeling in determining the ideal type of crops. In this study, the ideal type of rice was determined using regression modeling. And the four characteristics of plant weight, cluster weight, 100 seed weight and harvest index had the greatest role in increasing the yield. Considering the existing negative correlation between the two variables of harvest index and plant weight, assumptions were made to determine the ideal type. The results showed that if the relationship and correlation existing between some traits undergo changes, it can be used for the benefit of performance. If the main goal of the research is to determine the optimal type of rice for the Gonbad region, it is better to study and research more genotypes in a few years.

Climatic parameters, especially temperature, have a significant effect on increasing the yield of plants. Rapeseed has suitable agricultural characteristics such as tolerance to cold, drought and salinity stresses and it is recommended to grow it in most parts of the country due to its higher yield of oil per unit area than other oil seeds. Rapeseed is one of the plants whose performance depends on the right planting date so one of the important issues is determining the appropriate planting date for the important cultivars cultivated in each region. This experiment was conducted in order to investigation and comparison of the yield of rapeseed cultivars in different planting dates. This area has frost stress during winter and heat stress at the end of the season. These stresses affect the length of the phenological stages of development and yield components. The present study also examines the effect of planting date on these variables and by providing regression models, provides a suitable estimate of their effect on seed yield. The experiment was carried out in split plot design in the form of randomized complete block in three replications during two crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at the central station affiliated to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd province. The main factor of planting date was placed in the main plots in three levels: the 7th of October, the 22th of October and the 6th of November and rapeseed cultivars were planted in sub-plots in eight levels including Hayola4815, Zarfam, Nafis, Nepton, Nima, SLM046, Nilofar and RGS003. To determine the yield components including the number of lateral branches, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight, 10 plants were randomly selected from each experimental unit and the desired traits were counted and measured. The phenological stages of development were performed based on the scale of Zavareh and Imam (2000). SAS software was used to analyze the variance and determine the regression coefficients of the equations. Mean comparisons were also done based on LSD test and 5% probability level. Based on the obtained results, the effect of planting date had a significant effect on the phenological stages and caused a decrease in the number of days until flowering, podding and ripening. The earliest maturity cultivars in this experiment were Hyola4815 and RGS-003. The effect of planting date on grain yield was significant and the highest yield was obtained with 5066.46 kg / ha on 7th October and the sowing dates of the 22th of October and the 6th of November were 11.34 and 26.66% lower than the sowing date of 7th October, respectively. Among the investigated cultivars, Heyola on the planting date of 7th Oct., Neptune on the planting date on 22th Oct., and Neptune & Nafis on the planting date of 6th Nov., had higher yields than the others and recommended for cultivation in the region. The dependence of seed yield in rapeseed on the appropriate planting date is confirmed by many researchers and it varies on different weather conditions. In hot and dry areas such as Yazd, late planting causes stress at the end of the season, and early planting also causes frost during the winter season, so it is very important to choose the appropriate planting date and early maturity varieties in such areas. According to the regression models, the change in the phenological growth stages coordinated by change in the yield components cause increase the seed yield by 500 to 750 kg/hectare, which can be done by changing the planting date and agricultural operations.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the Pedaliaceae family with high quality yield, which can be said to have originated in some developing countries in the world due to the need for labor, and high rural harvest. Sesame is an edible plant that contains odorless oil. In addition, it is also a good source of protein and fat for humans and pets.Crops are grown underwater in dry and semi-arid regions where water pressure is great. Furthermore, it is sensitive to the dry season, mainly in the vegetative stage in all growing districts, and its production potential is low in semi-arid areas due to water stress. Since much of Iran's land is located in arid and semi-arid areas, this has led breeders to enhance water or drought tolerance traits, which is one of the main goals of the program crop improvement. However, genotype × environment interaction poses a major challenge in studying quantitative traits because it reduces yield stability across different environments and also complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments, and makes prediction difficult. A stable genotype has performance that remains constant or little changed regardless of any changes in environmental conditions. Several stability analyzes have been proposed to determine the linear relationship between genotype and environment performance. Among these, Eberhart and Russell (1966) proposed a method in which the environmental index is the average performance of all inputs in an environment. Therefore, further research into sesame's genetic differences and breeding is needed to progress and stabilize its yield under different environments. These findings may be applicable in detecting how sesame genetic resources may be used to develop novel cultivars suited to dry settings or enhance remaining cultivars. In this regard to analyze genotype × environment interaction and determine the grain yield stability of 104 sesame genotypes in the tropics and subtropical climates of Iran, an alpha lattice design with two replications during 2019 in two stations, including Kerman and Jiroft were evaluated under two conditions, normal irrigation, and drought stress at the end of the season (irrigation interruption in 50% of flowering). Then, the univariate statistics of regression coefficient (bi), mean squares of deviation from regression (Sdi2), Shukla’sstability variance (σi2), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi2), Environmental variance (Si2), determination coefficient values (R2) and coefficient of variability (C.V) were used to evaluate the stability of the grain yield of genotypes. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of genotype, environment × genotype and genotype × environment linear on grain yield were significant, suggesting that genotypes differ in response to changes in environment. In order to study the interactions of genotype × environment more precisely and to determine genotypes with stable and high yields, different stability parameters were calculated for each genotype. Calculating stability parameters showed that genotypes G14, G19, G42, G80, G46, G69, G44, and G43 were recognized as genotypes with stable yield and suitable adaptation, respectively. Different parametric and non-parametric stabilization procedures can be proposed to select drought-tolerant genotypes under different environmental conditions; these procedures can be used to identify the best genotypes under drought conditions. Therefore, yield stability analysis can be used in combination with parametric and non-parametric methods to evaluate and identify drought-tolerant genotypes. In this research, the studied genotypes indicated various environmental responses and proved a high genetic ability to adapt to water-deficient stress conditions. According to the findings of this research, the genotypes Jiroft local cultivar, Dezful local cultivar, TN78-84, SG90154-137, JL18 (82), SG90154-71, TN78-369, and, Halil had the best at adapting to environments with water stress. Therefore, according to the above analysis results, these genotypes can be introduced to low-water areas of Iran.

The limitation of freshwater resources is an important limitation in the growth and development of the plant, which affects the quantity and quality of production. On the other hand, the increasing population, the development of industries, the increase in cultivated area, and finally the decrease in precipitation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, make the use of saline water in agriculture inevitable. Melon is a plant that is semi-tolerant to salinity, and different cultivars differ from each other in this respect, and this difference becomes more obvious in high salinities. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the management of saline and conventional water consumption in late melon cultivation and its effects on the amount of sodium and potassium in plant organs, the physical characteristics of the produced fruit and its storability. In order to investigate the content of elements sodium, potassium and the ratio of potassium to sodium in leaves, stems and roots and the quality of fresh and stored green melons irrigated with salt water, an experiment was conducted in split plot arrangement base on randomized complete block design in three replications at Torgh Mashhad Agricultural Research Station in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The main plot was the year and sub-plots was included different irrigation treatments: T1: control treatment, irrigation with fresh water (0.6 dS.m-1), T2: irrigation with 3 dS.m-1 salinity, T3: irrigation with 6 dS.m-1  6 salinity, T4: irrigation with 3 dS.m-1  salinity from 40 days after germination to harvest, T5: irrigation with 3 dS.m-1  salinity from 20 days after germination to harvest, T6: irrigation with 6 dS.m-1  salinity from 40 days after germination to harvest and T7: irrigation with 3 dS.m-1  salinity from 20 days after germination to harvest. The results of composite variation showed that the amount of sodium was increased by about 52%, 140% and 47% in the leaf, stem, and roots respectively, in comparison to control by application of T3 treatment. The stem had the greatest decrease in K/Na ratio in comparison to control by applied salinity irrigation, so the application of T3 treatment was decreased K/Na ratio in leaf, stem, and root about 40.2, 65.3, and 27.6 % in comparison to control respectively. The application of the T6 treatment had the lowest flesh weight to the whole fruit and the T5 treatment had the highest Brix of different parts of the fruit. The highest number of melons (9552  per ha-1) and total yield (19.2 ton ha-1) was obtained from the T1 treatment. Combining fresh water with high EC caused a further decrease in the number of melons and the total yield per hectare. Storing fruit for 14 days in cold storage did not have a significant effect on most of the measured traits, but the firmness of the fruit tissue showed a decrease of about 21% and the Brix of the fruit showed an increase of 4.3% in compare of first period in storage. The use of irrigation water with less salinity in the early stages of the plant, such as the four-leaf stage and flowering time, although it caused better plant growth, but with the change (increase) in the salinity of the irrigation water, more stress was applied to the plant. The results showed that irrigation with saline water caused a cumulative increase in sodium and potassium content in leaves, stems and roots. Which was effective on changes in potassium to sodium ratio in root and stem plant. The results of the effect of salinity on the quality parameters of the fruit showed that the increase of salinity from 0.6 dS.m-1 to 3 dS.m-1 caused an increase in the flesh of the fruit to the total weight and Brix of the fruit in all three parts of the tip, middle and the end of the fruit, which indicates that the increase in salinity through the increase in sugar has an effect on the Brix value of the fruit. The results of the traits measured before and after two months of storage in cold storage showed that although applying salinity treatments did not have a significant effect on the firmness of the fruits, the firmness increased only up to a salinity of 3 dS.m-1, but during storage due to the effect environmental conditions and internal reactions of the fruit, the amount of firmness of the fruit decreased slightly and the amount of brix of different parts of the fruit increased significantly.

A large part of Iran is affected by arid and semi-arid climate and drought has caused many problems in the agricultural sector. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of melon under drought stress conditions using animal manure and bentonite. This experiment was conducted as a split-factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Hirmand city, Iran, during the two cropping years of 2019-2020. Experimental treatments include irrigation after 25, 50, and 75% soil moisture discharge as the main plot and application of bentonite at levels of 2, 3, and 4 t.ha-1 and application of animal manure at the rate of 20, 30, and 40 ton.ha-1 were considered as subplots. According to the results, in the first year of the experiment, fruit yield increased by 2.02 times compared to the control under 50% soil moisture discharge with the application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite with 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure. The results showed that the fruit yield in irrigation conditions after draining 50% of soil moisture with the application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite along with 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure in the first year of the experiment with an average of 2.20 ton.ha-1 and 74.1% compared to the control showed an increase. In order to achieve higher fruit yield, irrigation after draining 50% of soil moisture, application of 4 t.ha-1 of bentonite and 20 ton.ha-1 of animal manure are suggested for cultivation in Hirmand region. In this experiment, the greater effectiveness of fruit weight and yield in the first year can be attributed to the faster growth of shoots and the availability of more nutrients due to the release of manure elements for plant use and the effect of soil interactions in the first year, and the improvement of physical conditions and Soil and plant chemistry in the second year under irrigation conditions after draining 50% of soil moisture. The reason for the higher fruit yield due to the consumption of animal manure can be the result of the vegetative growth caused by the increase in the availability of nutrients, which causes photosynthesis and the production of more photosynthetic substances, followed by the presence of more vascular elements to transfer the cultivated substances to the fruit of the plant. Based on the obtained results, the increase in drought stress increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, and the animal manure increased the activity of enzymes to defend the plant under drought stress conditions, in other words, the plant decomposes hydrogen peroxide and increases tolerance against radicals. The effect of animal manure on plant growth can be largely attributed to mineral nutrients, especially absorbed nitrogen. In addition to this, increasing the decomposition of organic materials and mineralization of phosphorus in organic materials and converting them into usable form for plants plays a key role in the soil phosphorus cycle, and along with the use of bentonite, it strengthens the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil, and finally By increasing the amount of water and the availability of nutrients available to the plant, it has a positive effect on the process of photosynthesis and can increase the length and width of the fruit. According to the results of the experiment, in order to achieve the desired results, irrigation after draining 50% of the soil moisture, application of 4 tons per hectare of bentonite and 20 tons per hectare of manure are suggested for cultivation in Hirmand region.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient in plant nutrition and, plays a critical role in enzymatic reactions in plants. Zinc deficiency in the soils limits crops' growth and development, reduces the yield-related quantitative and qualitative traits. Wheat is the main source of food in Iranian diets. Wheat production is negatively affected by insufficient zinc in soils. Because of the high amount of lime in Iranian soils, Zinc deficiency is a common phenomenon in these soils. To overcome this challenge, the selection of zinc deficiency tolerant wheat cultivars could be one of the best strategies. To reach this goal; in this research, 28 genotypes and bread wheat cultivars were evaluated for their response to zinc deficiency in a calcareous soil containing 39% CaCO3. We expected that zinc-deficient tolerant wheat cultivars should perform well under zinc deficiency compared to other wheat cultivars.

To test this hypothesis, 24 genotypes and 4 bread wheat cultivars were collected from the Institute of Seedlings and Seeds and, their growth characteristics were evaluated under control and zinc sulfate (5 mg. kg-1) application. This experiment was performed as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Wheat genotypes and cultivars seedlings were kept under controlled conditions for 45 days and, irrigation was done with deionized water during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, wheat seedlings were cut from the land surface and the dry mass of areal part, zinc efficiency, zinc concentration, zinc content, and zinc use efficiency were assayed in the laboratory of agronomy at the University of Maragheh.

Results showed high variation among the cultivars and genotypes of wheat for the dry weight mass of aerial parts at zinc deficiency and with zinc treatment. The dry weight of aerial parts was varied between 99.5±3.08 to 172.833± 2.69 mg.plant-1 in L34 and L28 genotypes and 139.889±3.37 to 155.55±1.39 mg.plant-1 in Sardari and Azar 2 cultivars, respectively under zinc deficiency conditions. But, the dry weight mass of aerial parts in the conditions of sufficient zinc absorption was between 101.5±0.92 to 196.611±13.55 mg.plant-1 in L34 and L2 genotypes and in wheat cultivars, respectively. Zinc concentration of seedlings in conditions of zinc deficiency in L27 genotype was 10.3 mg.kg-1 zinc and, Baran cultivar with 11.7 mg.kg-1 zinc had the lowest and L15 genotype with 14.7 mg.kg-1 zinc and Azar 2 cultivar with 13 mg.kg-1 contained the highest amount. While with zinc application, L5 genotype with 13.7 mg.kg-1 and Ouhadi cultivar with 14 mg.kg-1had the lowest and L11 genotype with 18 mg.kg-1 and Azar 2 and Baran cultivar both with 16 mg.kg-1 had the highest amount of zinc. Genotypes L15 with 63.8 and L2 with 66.3 mg dry weight mass per µgr zinc had the lowest and, L5 and L1 genotypes respectively with 83.2 and 81.5 mg dry weight mass per µgr zinc, had the highest efficiency of zinc use. Zinc application from zinc sulfate sources decreased the zinc efficiency of wheat genotypes and cultivars. Also, the efficiency of zinc application due to the application of zinc sulfate in seedlings of wheat cultivars and genotypes decreased from 83.4 to 63.2 mg dry weight mass per µgr zinc. Among genotypes, a desirable diversity of zinc efficiency was observed. The value of this index was varied between 65.15 to 110.94 %.

The results showed that despite the sensitivity of wheat to zinc deficiency, there was a high diversity between genotypes and cultivars in terms of shoot dry matter, zinc efficiency, and the content and concentration of zinc. Also, due to the same or more amounts of zinc content and concentration in sensitive genotypes compared to the resistant ones, the seedlings' zinc concentration and content are not suitable parameters for genotype selection programs. Overall, among the studied parameters, shoot dry matter and zinc efficacy are more reliable criteria for selecting sensitive and resistant zinc-deficient genotypes.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the most nutritious plants which can play an important role in human and livestock nutrition due to its unique nutritional properties. Quinoa grain is an excellent source of mineral elements such as manganese, iron, potassium, copper, zinc and phosphorus, and contains group B vitamins such as riboflavin, thiamin and niacin. Determining the optimal planting density is one of the most important effete factors to achieving optimal plant performance. Since the availability of resources needed by the plant such as light, water and nutrients is closely related to the density of plants, therefore it is very important to adjust the density of cultivation in order for the plant to optimally use the resources it needs for growth and development. This research was carried out in order to investigate the planting density on the morphological traits, yield and yield components as well as the qualitative characteristics of quinoa grain in 2022 year as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Bahonar, Technical and Vocational University (TVU) in province of Tehran. The experimental treatments include five different plant distances (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) on fixed rows (50 cm) (10×50, 20×50, 30×50, 40×50, 50×50). Due to drip irrigation tape, the distance between the rows was fixed and 50 cm, but the distance between the plants in the cultivation rows was variable (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm).After the land was prepared, the seeds were sown in heaps (5-7 seeds) at the desired intervals and immediately irrigated as drops. Irrigation intervals were done once every five days. After the seedlings reached the stage of 4-7 leaves (height about 10-15 cm), thinning was done. In the flowering stage, two plants were taken from each plot and after separating the leaves, the leaf area was measured with the help of a scanner model leaf area meter and calculated with the help of Image J program.The grain nitrogen percentage was measured by the Kjeldahl method. Crude protein was also calculated by multiplying nitrogen percentage by 6.25 (AOAC, 2005). The amount of grain phosphorus was measured by colorimetric method (Molybdate-vanadate), grain potassium was also measured with the help of a flame photometer, and grain starch was also measured according to the method (Hedge et al., 1962). Analysis of data variance was done by SAS software (version 9.1), data comparisons were done using Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level, and graphs were drawn with Excel software (2016 version). All investigated traits were influenced by the spacing of the plants in the row. The highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 10 and 50 cm between the plants. The highest index of leaf area (903.5 square centimeters per plant), the number of side branches (18), and the length of the main cluster (37.3 cm) were observed in the 50 × 50 planting distance. The low weight of 1000 grain (2.05 g) and harvest index (28.5%) were observed in 50 × 10 treatment. The lowest and highest seed yields were obtained with 348.3 and 394 grams per square meter, respectively, in the spacing of 50 × 10 and 50 × 50, respectively. The highest percentage of seed protein and starch was observed by 19.1% and 71.6%, respectively, at the maximum distance between the plants (50 cm). The content of phosphorus and potassium of seeds (395.4 and 897.9 mg/g dry weight of grain) were also obtained at a distance of 50 cm between plants. In general, according to the results obtained in the current research and the similarity of many traits measured between the 50 × 50 and 50 × 40 cm cultivation distances, it is suggested that under drip irrigation conditions with tape, the planting distance should be 50 × 40 cm.

Crops yield can be considered in different situations, which is called different production levels. Potential yield level is that determined by radiation, temperature and cultivar traits without limitations of biotic or abiotic factors; while attainable yield level is that limited by water or nutrient supply, and actual yield level is that determined in the present of the limiting (water or nutrient) and reducing factors (such as weed, harmful insects and plant diseases). The yield gap is the difference between the potential yield level and actual yield level. Identifying the yields at different production levels and quantifying the yield gaps through field experiments may involve many years of data collection on which to make meaningful inferences. Crop simulation models are an alternative tool for analyzing interactions between water and nitrogen availabilities on yield generation. The objectives of the present study was to estimate potential yields and yield gaps for irrigated wheat using the CERES-Wheat model, and other limiting and reducing factors in the main wheat growing regions of Kermanshah province. The study was conducted at 3 locations in Kermanshah province, which is located in west of Iran. Historical weather data for 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization for the 3 locations. The weather data included daily solar radiation (MJ m-2 d-1), daily maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), and daily rainfall (mm). The CERES-Wheat model was calibrated for Pishgam cultivar of wheat and validated for a main wheat growing regain to estimate yield gaps in some locations of Kermanshah province in west Iran. In order to calibrate and validation of the model, in another study, leaf area index, phenological growth stages, total dry weight yield and grain yield were used. The validated model was used to simulate long-term yield under three management conditions (potential, water-limited, nitrogen-limited). The experiments were conducted in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources Field at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran (34◦19´N, 47◦50´E, altitude 1320 m) on soil classified as Inceptisol typic during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The treatments were included 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (90, 180, 300 and 360 kg ha-1 urea). The simulation results indicated that averaged simulated potential yield was 8.9 t ha-1, while water and nitrogen limitation yields were 8.0 and 7.1 t ha-1, indicating 10.3% and 20.2% reduction in wheat yield, respectively. The potential yields changed spatially due to changes in temperature and solar radiation. The average actual yield was 5.5 t ha-1 which was 3.4, 2.7 and 1.8 t ha-1 less than potential, water limitation and nitrogen limitation yields, respectively. There was fairly large gap between the actual and the potential yields (about 3.4 t ha-1). When averaged over years, total yield gap obtained for Kermanshah was 2.7 t ha-1, for Kangavar was 3.7 t ha-1, and for Ravansar was 3.8 t ha-1. Across locations, contribution of yield gap from water limitation was 26%, for nitrogen limitation was 51.3% and for other limiting and reducing factors was 22.7%. It can be concluded that the management timing of nitrogen application might reduce yield gap across locations. On the other hand, improved irrigation methods might lead to improved actual yield through preventing of the water and nitrogen leaching which it can reduce the total yield gap. In this study, only the role of water and nitrogen limitation was evaluated. The data collected from questionnaires showed that the yield gap of wheat was affected by the unsuitable of crop management practices, including optimum planting date, and pest and weed management that were not studied in the simulations.

Despite the desirable nutritional profile of sesame and the appropriate adaptation of this crop to the country's climatic conditions, the cultivation of this crop is not given that attention compared to other oilseeds. Because of its highly variable seed yield further agronomic research and management strategies are critical to improve sesame quantitative and qualitative yield. Planting arrangements and planting density are the most important agronomic practices that need attention. In addition, like many other sesame-producing countries, Iran has numerous local sesame populations adapted to their respective production regions' climatic and soil conditions. However, these populations are not suitable for large-scale cultivation and mechanized farming. In 2016, a sesame genotype resistant to seed shattering was imported into the Iran suggesting its potential contribution to sesame cultivation programs in the country. Due to the lack of comprehensive information to answer the questions rose regarding the planting arrangement and suitable planting density of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes, this research was planned and executed.

Field experiments were conducted in Sistan and Baluchistan (Zabol) located at 61° 41' longitude and 30° 54' latitude, with an elevation of 492 meters above sea level and Kerman (Jiroft) located at 57° 51' longitude and 28° 32' latitude, with an elevation of 1100 meters above sea level provinces in 2021 and 2022. In this study, the effects of row spacing (30, 45, and 60 cm) and plant spacing (5, 8, 11, and 14 cm) were investigated on growth characteristics (plant height, number of sub-branches), seed yield, yield components, oil percentage and oil yield of a shattering tolerant sesame genotype. In each location, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design arranged in split blocks (strips) with three replications. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4), and Bartlett's test confirmed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits. The mean values for both years were presented since the data were consistent. It is important to note that the data from each region were analyzed separately due to inconsistent variances between regions. Statistical significance was determined using an F-test, and protected LSD was used to separate the main effects when necessary. Furthermore, significant interaction effects were separated using the slicing method.

The results showed that seed yield was not affected by experimental treatments in the Zabol region. In the Jiroft region, the results indicated that in all the treatments of plant spacing, cultivation in row spacing of 30 cm was significantly superior compared to other row spacing (45 and 60 cm). The maximum seed yield in this area (1430 kg ha-1) was obtained from the planting arrangement of 14 × 30 cm, which was 10 and 29% higher, compared to the same treatment in the row spacing of 45 and 60 cm, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the seed yield in Zabol did not show a specific reaction to the increase or decrease in density. In contrast, seed yield in the Jiraft region increased up to the density threshold of 33 plants per square meter, and after that, seed yield was reduced with a further increase in planting density.

This research showed that the yield potential of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotype in the Zabol region was lower than the average yield in this region. Therefore cultivation of this genotype in the Zabol region is not suitable. In the Jiroft region, the maximum seed yield obtained from this genotype was up to 300 kg ha-1, higher than the average yield of sesame in the Jiroft region. Therefore, the shattering tolerant genotype, especially in the 30 × 14 cm cultivation arrangement, has a good potential for cultivation in the Jiroft region.

lentil is one of the legumes due to its protein percentage and high nutritional value, and it can be cultivated in the fall in rainy conditions. Due to the different reactions of crop genotypes in different environments, the evaluation of the genotype × environment interaction in the process of introducing new cultivars is fundamentally important. The development of high yielding cultivars with wide adaptability is the ultimate aim of plant breeders. However, attaining this goal is made more complicated by genotype-environment interactions. The genotype by environment interaction is a major problem in the study of quantitative traits because it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and makes predictions difficult, also it reduces grain yield stability in different environments. Multi-environment trials are often analyzed to assess the yield stability of genotypes. Combining features of the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) throught “ Weighted average of absolute scores of best linear unbiased predictions ” (WAASB) index in multi- environment experiments may lead to more precise evaluation of genotypes and assessment of genotype × environment interaction. This statistical models has been widely used to explain complicate G×E interaction, to enhance selection efficiency and to ensure genetic gain from selection. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of the lines in studied locations and to identify lines adapted to the test environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of the lines in studied locations and to identify lines adapted to the test environments. In the present study, the seed yield stability of 18 advanced lentil genotypes was evaluated in a multi-environment trials in three locations including; Khoramabad, Ilam and Kermanshah, Iran in 2010-2013 cropping seasons. The experimental design was s randomized complete block design with three replications. Statistical analyzes were performed using multi-environment trials analysis. In order to evaluate genotype × environment interaction, AMMI and BLUP methods were combined by introducing WAASB and WAASBY indicators and the yield stability was evaluated by drawing various graphs. Considering the significant G×E interaction based on the results of the relative likelihood test (LRT), it was possible to perform BLUP analysis on the data. The results of the mosaic diagram showed that the contribution of genotype and genotype × environment interaction were 15.45% and 84.55% of the total variation, respectively. The highest predicted seed yield by BLUP method belonged to genotype no. 2 followed by genotypes no. 4, 19, 5 and 1 which had higher than average predicted seed yield. To enable simultaneous selection based on both seed yield and yield stability, by combining seed yield (Y) and WAASB, a new index “WAASBY” was created. Considering 50% contribution of each of the two components of seed yield and yield stability, fourteen genotypes showed above average WAASBY. Genoypes no. 19, 2, 4,6, 1, 3 and 13 had considerably higher WAASBY when compared with other genotypes and was identified. control Gachsaran cultivar (genotype 20) had lower than average WAASBY In conclusion, considering WAASBY index, genotypes 2, 4, 6, 1, 3 and 11 were identified as genotypes with high seed yield and yield stability, and can be considered for being released as new lentil cultivars.In general, usin mixed model as well as all the components in calculation the WAASBY index, it can be concluded that this index is superior to other indices.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant from the Caricaceae family and grows well in tropical and subtropical regions. Seed Pretreatment and culture substrate are important and effective factors in the processes of germination and seedling growth. In seed priming, seeds are partially hydrated to allow metabolic events to occur without actual germination and then re-dried. The experiment was done in a factorial arrangement with the two factors of seed pretreatment and culture substrate in a completely randomized design with 15 treatments, 3 replications, and 10 seeds per replication. This experiment was conducted in 2022 in the research greenhouse of University of Zabol. Pretreatment of seeds including distilled water as control (P0), humic acid (P1) and seaweed (P2) and culture substrate including compost: perlite: vermicompost (1:1:1) (S1), compost: perlite: cocopeat (1) :1:1) (S2), compost: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S3), perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S4) and compost: perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1) :1:1:1) was (S5). Pretreatment of biofertilizers including 200 mg/l of humic acid (Humi grow 80% Gardesco) and 2 g/l of 30% Hortiland Vita free seaweed extract based on Ascophyllum nodosum was used for the pretreatment of Bangladeshi variety papaya seeds. Before planting, seeds were first disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes and then rinsed 3 times with distilled water. They were then soaked in the pre-prepared solutions at a temperature of 25 °C for 24 hours in dark room, and then air dried and were cultivated in 32-cells plug containing the desired culture substrates. The results indicated a significant effect of seed pretreatment and culture substrate on the germination and growth of papaya seedlings. The minimum average germination time (11.20 day), maximum germination speed index (0.72), seedling vigor index (2342.49) and root dry weight (0.079 g) were recorded for humic acid pretreatment. In addition, under the influence of biopriming with both humic acid and seaweed biofertilizers, the maximum percentage of germination (81% and 79%, respectively), number of leaves (6.30 and 6.23, respectively) and stem diameter (2.43 and 2.36 mm, respectively) compared to the control. Among the cultivation substrates, S5 and S3 substrates showed better results in terms of germination and seedling growth compared to other cultivation substrates. Examining the results of interaction showed that the maximum seedling height was observed in treatments P1S5 (21.03 cm), P1S3 (20.87 cm), P1S4 (19.99 cm) and P1S2 (19.82 cm). P1S5 and P1S3 treatments recorded the highest root length with a statistical class of 9.73 and 9.46 cm, respectively. The maximum shoot dry weight was recorded for treatments P1S5 (0.319 g), P1S4 (0.309 g) and P2S5 (0.302 g) without statistical difference. The plants obtained from the seeds pretreated with humic acid and grown in the S5 culture substrate had significant shoot and root dry weights; This is due to the rapid reversal of seed dormancy and the beginning of germination, as well as the ease of absorption of more water and nutrients by plants during the growth period. seed biopriming accelerated the germination process and increased the growth of papaya seedlings. Cultivation substrates containing vermicompost showed significant results for seed germination, establishment and growth of papaya seedlings. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to use seed biopriming, especially with humic acid biofertilizer and vermicompost-containing culture substrate, to increase the germination percentage and produce healthy seedlings.

In recent years, attention has been paid to forage cactus as a plant resistant to drought conditions and as an obstacle against desertification and diversification of vegetation in low rainfall ranges. The use of Opuntia ficus-indica pads as forage for cattle in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world, especially in periods of time when there is a lack of quality and quantity of fodder in the ranges, is important. Considering the importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of different fertilizer inputs, this experiment aims to investigate the effect of different proportions of biological, chemical and animal fertilizers and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus and determine the optimal fertilizer level for this plant in the city, It was done in Khorram Abad, Lorestan. In order to investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and livestock fertilizers on Separate and combined tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 x 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per each square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and were prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated to ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Lorestan University's Faculty of Agriculture as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 32 treatments and 3 replications. Experimental factors include biological fertilizer (mycorrhiza) at 2 levels (use and non-use of mycorrhiza), manure at 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 tons per hectare) and nitrogen fertilizer at 4 levels(0, 100, 200 and 300 kilograms per hectare).  The qualitative traits included NDF, ADF, CF, ASH and CP, which were measured using a near infrared spectrometer )NIR(, (model DA 7250: manufactured by Perten Sweden) measurements were made at wavelengths between 700 and 2500 nm.(All the measurements for the quality of traits were done in the central laboratory of Lorestan University).Quantitative analysis of the data after Bartlett's test was done with SAS software Version (9.4) by compound analysis method for all traits (except wet and dry yield which were one year old), to draw graphs from Excel software and to compare the averages from the test LSD was used at a significant level of 5%. The percentage of crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber, fresh and dry yield was influenced by the use of manure and nitrogen fertilizer, and the simple effect and the interaction effect of the combined use of different levels of  manure and nitrogen fertilizer on this trait were also significant at the level of one percent.The highest fresh forage yield and dry yield were obtained in the treatment of combined use of 300 kg of nitrogen fertilizer + 30 tons per hectare of manure in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The percentage of crude protein and fodder ash increased by 83.05% and 88.26% respectively in this treatment, and the percentage of traits reducing the quality of fodder, including neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber showed the highest decrease compared to the control treatment, showed. Based on the results of the present research, the combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers led to the improvement of quantitative and qualitative traits in forage cactus. Non significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it.The best result was obtained in the M3N3 treatment and then in the M3N2, M2N2 and M2N3 treatments, considering that no significant difference was observed between the characteristics of these treatments, the M2N2 treatment seems to be more economically efficient and more sustainable from the environmental aspect, it is recommended. As it was evident in the test results, no significant difference was observed between the treatments using mycorrhizal biofertilizer and not using this fertilizer. It seems that the beneficial effects of manure last longer compared to chemical fertilizers, and also some organic matter may remain in the soil over the years and its nutrients gradually enter the soil, and less damage is caused by using it, enters the environment. According to the results of this research, the integrated application of manure and nitrogen fertilizer has improved the quantitative and qualitative traits in forage cactus, non significant difference was observed between the treatments of using bio-fertilizer and not using bio-fertilizer. therefore, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments be investigated further. The effect of year was significant only on the trait of plant height and it did not show significant results in other traits. The combination of manure and chemical fertilizer can increase vegetative growth and forage yield, because in the integrated system, the presence of some chemical fertilizer at the beginning of growth compensates for the lack of elements in the root environment, and then during the growth period, animal fertilizers release the elements required by the plant increasing the yield of fodder in the plant.

The need for food in the human security due to increasing population and improving food security is, increasing at with high speed, providing this basic need and solving the challenges related to it requires all-out effort and prevention in the field of optimal use of the existing institutions and potentials of the agricultural sector in countries like Iran ,which are in dire strait in terms of some resources such as water, the need to use the existing potentials in the agricultural sector becomes even more important. One of the most important obstacles and major problems in the agricultural sector in developing countries is the fragmentation and scattered of agricultural land, which in addition to increasing production costs, reduce productivity and creates waste in the facilities used .Increasing the awareness of farmers about the economic and social results and the consequences of the effects of land consolidation is mainly based on the support programs of the government and the relevant organization and this regard ,farmers  should be Justified as to why small lands are used in terms of labor force, access to credit, proper production and product market They do not have the necessary work. Integration in order to achieve sustainable use of land resources dose not only pay attention to the amount of agricultural land in order to create balance and integrity of land, but also includes other aspects such as improving the quality of land and restoring environmental conditions. Despite the increase in wheat production in Iran, there is still a need to important between 4-7 million tons depending on the annual production fluctuations. Optimal use of Agricultural lands and inputs to supply strategic crops such as wheat is one of the most important goals of sustainable agricultural development and creating food security in the country. Land integration is one of the important factors in terms of better management of production and increase in land use. Agriculture in small and micro-exploitation units due to problems related to the optimal use of new technologies and methods limits production efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of field size on wheat yield. The required information has been collected through 150 questionnaires in a two-stage cluster in the period 2021-2022. From Dashtkar region in Kerman province. In the Translog function, Qi is the amount of wheat production in tons, Landi is the input of land in hectares, Wateri is the volume of water consumed in cubic meters, Feri is the input of urea fertilizer in kilograms, Labori is the input of labor in person-days, εi is the disturbance and DSi is the virtual variable of size, which is the order of one value is given for farms with a size of more than 5 hectares and zero value for other farms. In the Translog model, production elasticity is used to check the relationship between the inputs. The results showed null hypothesis of non-significance is rejected; Therefore, the translog function is a suitable function for estimating the production function. In addition, the adjusted coefficient of determination shows the high explanatory power of the explanatory variables. In this way, if there is a one percent increase in cultivation, the amount of wheat production will decrease by -2.83 percent. The negative coefficient of the earth's logarithm is indicative of this; But the square coefficient of the land logarithm is negative (-0.38), which means a non-linear and convex relationship (inverted U shape) between the land size and the amount of wheat production. In other words, with the increase in the scale of the land, first the production will decrease and then after a minimum point, it will increase. Therefore, it can be said that the integration of agricultural lands and the increase of the cultivation area will increase the total amount of production. The results showed that the size of the fields has a significant effect on the yield. Due to the abundance of land under wheat cultivation and the number of small and scattered land in the country, it is suggested to use various methods such as increasing farmers awareness, Development of roads between farms, developing cooperatives and allocating the necessary funds to encourage farmers and promote land integration. Based on the results of this research, it was found that land and urea fertilizers play a synergistic role in production. In other words, if land and urea fertilizers are used together optimally, they will lead to a further increase in production. Also, the variables of water consumption, labor force, land square, water consumption square and user force square were effective in wheat yield in Kerman. Due to the large number of small and scattered lands in the country, especially Kerman, it is suggested to use various methods such as raising the awareness of farmers, developing roads between farms, developing cooperatives and allocating the necessary credits to encourage farmers to develop land integration.

 Due to Iran's location in the arid and semi-arid region of the world, the possibility of drought is high. Therefore, implementing low irrigation to increase the efficiency of limited water resources is a scientific solution to reduce water consumption. On the other hand, irrigation deficit in cotton  is the most important factor limiting production worldwide, which indicates the need for optimal use of water resources to determine the real water needs of cotton plants. Therefore, development and introduction of drought tolerant cultivars and useful method to improve water productivity and efficiency in the face of drought and water scarcity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate cotton cultivars by measuring traits related to photosynthetic pigments and yield in order to select drought tolerant cultivars. The present study, evaluated physiological traits of 10 cotton cultivars that were known as tolerant cultivar under irrigation deficit based on the measurement of traits and mechanisms of drought tolerance split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2021 and 2022 years, in the educational and research farm of Gonbadkavos University (Golestan province), Iran. Experimental research includes two different irrigation regime The main factor of irrigation stress in two levels including low irrigation stress (two times of irrigation in the stages of bud formation and beginning of flowering) and no stress (four times of irrigation in the stages of bud formation, beginning of flowering, beginning of bud formation and beginning of bud opening) and the factor Sub-types of cotton were included in 10 levels (Shayan, Sahel, Sepid, Sajidi, Golestan, Latif, Armaghan, Parto, Mai and Lodos). The studied traits include physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, proline and boll yield. Photosynthetic pigments were measured by spectrophotometer and its concentration was performed by Arnon (1967) method. Based on the results of this experiment, cultivars with low irrigation stress treatments showed a significant difference in terms of traits related to photosynthetic pigments and non-enzymatic antioxidants and their yield. The study of compound analysis of interaction effect of cultivars in the stress of low irrigation during two crop years showed a significant difference in the yield of Vash and malendialdehyde. Most of the studied traits were affected by the intensity of low irrigation stress and growth stage. The amount of proline increased with the increase of stress so that at the medium stress level of two stages of irrigation (bud formation and beginning of flowering) it increased significantly compared to the condition of no stress. The amount of chlorophyll a was affected by the intensity of stress, but there was no significant change in the amount of chlorophyll b. In the first and second year, the highest yield of rice in non-stress conditions belonged to Sajidi variety with 4596 and 4593 kg/ha-1, respectively, and the lowest yield in water stress conditions in the first and second year belonged to Sepid variety, with 1649 and 1756 kg/ha-1, respectively. The decrease in the yield of cotton was due to the decrease in the number of bolls in the plant under the condition of low irrigation stress. The results of this study indicated the traits of  tolerance cultivars under irrigation deficit. Also, cultivars showed different reactions to the studied traits.  According to the results of the research and the correlation coefficients between the traits, among the water stress tolerant cultivars studied, Golestan and Sajidi cultivars are among the stress tolerant cultivars, Sahil and Sepid cultivars are the sensitive cultivars to water stress, and the other cultivars are the semi-sensitive cultivars. Water stress was introduced.

Carthamus tinctorius L., is a member of the family Asteraceae, cultivated mainly for its seed, which is used as edible oil and as birdseed. This plant originated in the Middle East, due to the deep and extensive root system known for salt as well as drought tolerance. Climate changes and water availability have an important impact in agriculture, food disposal and consequently in human health. We evaluated the agronomic characteristics and drought-tolerant genotypes of safflower for cultivation in saline and low-yielding environments.

This experiment was conducted in the saline lands of Khosrowshahr Station of East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the crop year 2018-2019 using split plots with randomized complete blocks design. The main factor was drought stress with non-stress (control) and stress from flowering to seed maturity and 6 autumn safflower genotypes as secondary factor.

The results showed that the water deficit stress in the studied stages caused a significant decrease in the number of seeds per petal, the number of petals per plant, and the weight of 1,000 seeds. It was also found that the interaction effect of water stress and genotype on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll index and leaf temperature was significant. According to the results, under without water deficit stress the highest and the lowest seed yield respectively belonged to the Padideh genotype (3476.7 kg ha-1) and the Kh 92 genotype (1733.1 kg ha-1) and under water deficit stress to to the Padideh genotype (2162.6 kg ha-1) and the kh 132 genotype (955.3 kg ha-1) was related. The highest and lowest content of oil in the full irrigation treatment corresponded to the Padideh genotype (29.43 %) and kh 92 genotype (22.76 %) and under water stress conditions related to the Padideh genotype (24.3 %) and genotype kh was 92 (16.8 %). The highest oil yield under normal irrigation related to the Padideh genotype (524.23 kg ha-1) and the lowest in the kh 132 genotype (207.22 kg ha-1) was obtained. The leaf temperature of the genotypes in non-stress conditions was significantly lower compared to stress conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis under normal and stress conditions, in the first group (Padideh and kh 132) due to high seed and oil yield, and also the genotypes of the second group (Kazakhi, kh 92 and kh 97) due to this which in terms of traits such as seed and oil yield had the highest deviation percentage compared to the total average, were known to be resistant to water deficit stress. Also, the genotypes of the third group (Kazakhi, kh 68 and kh 132) due to the fact that they had lower seed and oil yield and also had a lower deviation percentage than the genotypes of the second group, were in the groups They were sensitive to water stress.

Accordingly, it can be understood that the variations among genotypes in terms of oil content, and oil yield and seed yield are important components that could be used to select appropriate genotypes with drought conditions. Padideh genotype had the highest seed yield and oil yield in both favorable and stressful conditions.

In recent years, dehydration has led to different reactions in drought-sensitive plants, including red beans. The decreased level of available water resulted in adverse effects on the yield and biochemical characteristics of red beans. The results of variance analysis indicated that irrigation levels and growth stimulants had significant effects on soluble sugar, leaf relative water content, protein percentage, and seed yield. Increased time intervals between irrigations increased the proline content, while decreasing carotenoids and chlorophyll in the whole leaves. Application of humic acid significantly affected the yield and protein percentage in the seeds. As the time interval between irrigations increased, the biochemical and agronomic traits affecting the growth and development of red beans were disturbed, leading to a decrease in the seed yield.

An experiment was conducted in a farm in Pir Musa, Khoy (38°34′26″N 44°53′24″E) at 1157 m above sea level in 2021 to evaluate the effect of growth promoters on biochemical traits and proteins of kidney beams under different irrigation levels. Chemical and physical properties of the farm soil and the climate information of the area during the experiment are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The experiment was conducted using a SPLAT plot plan in the form of purely random blocks with 3 iteration in 45 terraces. The primary agent was irrigation at three levels of each 8, 14, and 14 days and the secondary agent was five different cases of humic acid 95% (15% fulvic acid, 35% humic acid, 30% seaweed, and 15% potassium), amino acid 25% (25% amino acid, 1% ascorbic acid, 100 ppm vitamin B1, and 25% fulvicol acid), rooting stimulator (18% phosphor, 5% nitrogen, 25% fulvicol acid and 25% organic matter), potassium 30% (30% potassium and 25% amino acid), and no additional material (control). Genetically-modified commercial sun ray cultivar inoculated with Phaseoli strain R117 rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria was used provided by the Soil and Water department of Agricultural Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province. Each experimental terrace was composed of five 4 m-long rows with 60 cm spacing. The space between adjacent plants on each row was 8 cm. There was two unplanted rows between adjacent terraces, and a 1.5 m space was considered between blocks to prevent water penetration during irritations. The seeds were planted by hand on May 15, 2021 at the depth of 4-5 cm. The first irritation was after planting the seeds using a leak pipe and then, all terraces were irrigated each 8, 11, and 14 days. The foliar spraying treatment included amino acid 25%, rooting stimulator, and potassium 30%, but the humic acid 95% treatment was carried out twice with irritation (2 kg per hectare) before flowering and capsule initiation.

The water shortage decreased the carotenoid content of leaves in the red bean plant. The maximum carotenoid content is observed once in 8 days with irrigation levels of 18.41, with the minimum carotenoid content observed for severe stress (irrigation once in 14 days) by 11.06 mg/g. Increasing the irrigation interval significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll b and an in the leaves so that in the severe stress treatment (irrigation once in 14 days), this reduction was more evident compared to the normal irrigation treatment (irrigation once in 8 days). Moreover, the interaction effect of the two investigated factors was significant on proline, relative leaf water content, soluble sugars, protein percentage, and grain yield. Drought stress increases the number of soluble sugars in red bean plants compared to normal irrigation conditions. The maximum soluble sugar in severe stress (irrigation once every 14 days) is 80.35 mg/g and the control treatment and the minimum soluble sugar in normal irrigation (irrigation once every 8 days) is 36.33 mg/g and control treatment. According to the results of comparing the means, the maximum proline content was observed in the levels of irrigation once every 14 days, and the control treatment (no use) was equal to 18.59 mg/g of fresh weight and the minimum content of proline was observed in the levels of irrigation once every 8 days and Humic acid treatment at the rate of 8.31 mg per fresh weight. In addition, the maximum relative water content of leaves observed in irrigation levels once every 8 days and humic acid treatment and the minimum relative water content of leaves observed in irrigation levels once every 14 days and control treatment (no use), as 86.32 and 51.82, respectively. The grain protein percentage increased following applying drought stress and increasing the irrigation interval, so that the maximum percentage of grain protein was obtained in the treatment of irrigation every 14 days and no stimulants, with the minimum observed in the treatment of irrigation once every 8 days and the use of potassium. So that the maximum grain yield was obtained in the treatment of irrigation once every 8 days and humic acid at the rate of 3076 kg/ha and the minimum in the treatment of irrigation once 14 days and the absence of growth stimulants at the rate of 1221 kg/ha

The results of a one-year experiment show that the biochemical compounds such as proline and soluble sugars increase and the chlorophyll content of the leaves decreases drastically with the application of drought stress in red beans, which leads to a severe drop in grain yield in the treatments under stress.