نشریه مطالعات زبان و ادبیات غنایی
پیاپی 49 (زمستان 1402)

The analysis of poetry from the beginning to our days has often been carried out on the two axes of language music and the way of presenting content in poetry, which is the poet's imagination. Imagination is one of the most important elements of poetry which results in imaginary forms. Among the types of imaginary forms, metaphor is the most important discussion of maturity, and in this essay, its hidden type, i.e. metaphor with irony, in the poems of Zohoori Torshizi who is one of the pioneers of the Indian style and even poets and writers of the poet's time have confessed to his superiority in a new way (Indian style), has been examined from the perspective of thematic diversity and its effect on the stylization of his poems. Zohoori's literary style is largely due to his metaphorical view of the words of speech. The poet's awareness of spiritual and emotional values which is based on his mood and feeling, has led to the emergence of a living and dynamic art. In Zohoori’s poetry, what has connected the words and brought them together is not the weight of the reins, but the identification that comes through the metaphor and recognition which is given to the words.

Saqinameh is one of the most heartwarming types of Persian poetry, in which various themes are used. In Saqinameh of Mo’in-al-Din Ahmad of Kashan, the poet sings some couplet to the Saqi and the Musician, then asks them to play the instrument and sing. This research was done in a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library resources. This article defines the characteristics of the Mo’in-al-Din Ahmad bin Mohsen Feyz Kashani. The importance of this research is that it includes interpretations and descriptions of the saqi, wine, pub, Tavern, musical instruments and songs, as well as mystical themes. A review of the themes outlined in the poetry of Mo’in-al-Din Ahmad shows that in the most important part of the Saqinameh, which is the condemnation of the world and people, he speaks in the position of mystic and preacher with a more believable view of the instability and ephemeral nature to make his audience aware of the world of the hereafter that he will stop doing evil and gathering money. The wine in the book of Mo’in-al-Din Ahmad is mystical and divine love, and considers it the same feeling of happiness connected to the beloved of Eternity. Another point is the presence of Khayyam thought in the poet's book.

This essay was written about philosophical despair and investigating the causes and factors of its creation in the poetry of Simin Behbahani. The chosen research method for that, is the "thematic analysis" method; in this order, all the themes were extracted from the poems and the high frequency of philosophical themes and their fusion with philosophical despair caused this article to investigate its causes and factors by referring to Simin's speech. The results of the research show that, the sonnet, in addition to all the content functions has had so far, it can also have the capacity to express philosophical issues, as Simin Behbahani in his sonnet  has raised philosophical topics such as creation, death, determinism, time, etc. due to the fact that all these concepts in her  sonnet are associated with a kind of philosophical despair  and it can be observed sometimes explicitly and indirectly- referring to signs such as pessimism and objection to creation, wish for death, delay and slowness of time, death of belief and belief in Internal and social constraints -  in her poems. Part of the causes of this despair can be considered to be rooted in personal issues such as family problems, passing of life and the experience of old age and sensitivity of the poet, loss of friends and loved ones, and part of it is related to the social and political issues of his society that it is full of suffocation and darkness for the poet, it is relevant

In the history and collective and national identity of every nation, women are an influential element, as women self-work has become an archetype. A woman affects her surroundings with every role and emotions, and one of these influential roles is women loyalty. Epic stories reflect emotions and feelings and the way people think in a period of history. The Shahnameh and the Ramayana are among the world literary epics in which women play a significant role. One of the prominent characteristics of the women in the Shahnameh and the Ramayana is their loyalty, and this is the characteristic of women loyalty that makes them not hesitate to do anything great. And the chain of incidents and big events in the epics. The present research with a descriptive-analytical and comparative method aims to deal with the expression of women loyalty in two epic works and world classics, Shahnameh and Ramayana. The results of this research show that the expression of women loyalty in Shahnameh and Ramayana is different. These differences are rooted in religious and ethnic beliefs and the nation view of women. Loyalty of Shahnameh women is associated with sacrifice, tradition, courage and bravery, but in Ramayana, adherence to traditions and beliefs and pure submission is a sign of loyalty.

Archetypes are one of the most important topics in Jungian psychology, which speaks of the conscious and unconscious of man. The anime archetype, in contrast to the animus, belongs to the feminine aspect of men, in the deepest inner layers and subconscious of man, is very influential in his worldview, balance and mental imbalance. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, examines this archetype in the character of Golmohammad in the novel Klidar by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi. Klider, which is essentially a historical novel, realistically depicts the political atmosphere in Iran after World War II between 1946 and 1948. In the lower layers of the story, what has influenced the process of individuality of Golmohammad's character is reported rather than the positive and negative aspects of the anime; Achieve growth and perfection, achieve love, extraordinary and heroic action, and on the contrary, express lust and projection. The results of this study show, however, that in Gol Mohammad's initial emotional encounter with Maral, the anime within him, the negative aspect of the anima flares up like lust, and for a while, takes over his existence and occasionally It leads to projection and anger, but in moments of cognition and recognition of the unconscious, mediated between the "I" and the "self", leads to growth and excellence and the process of individuality and the connection between the negative and positive aspects of personality. Has been the main of the novel.

 A survey of the poems of Naz Al-Malaika and Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati (Sample case study of social incompatibility) Abstract One of the clear and obvious manifestations of new poetry in contemporary Iraq is the phenomenon of social disharmony, this phenomenon emerged in the 20th century with the emergence of Iraqi pioneers such as (Nazak Al-Malaika and Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati, etc.), imitation of the traditional structure, familiarity With the romantic school and the political and social situations of the Iraqi society, these poets became incompatible. They have displayed this literary effect in three ways: literary, political and social inconsistency in their poetry. Their incompatibility in appearance led to the appearance of "Prose Poem" and in the sense of poetry, it caused the awakening and awareness of the Iraqi people and the promotion of the social vision of different social classes. These poets have endured a lot of suffering in creating innovation, such as prison, exile, displacement and alienation, so fear, loneliness, sadness cast a shadow on most of their poems. These poets have been able to express realistic themes and concepts in the form of inconsistency and they are a new spirit in the body of modern poetry. Due to the unfavorable political situation, they used myth and code and repetition style in their poems and were able to transform new poetry so that it can respond to an important part of the concerns of the modern world.