نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1403)

Following the increase of population and expansion of cities and villages, and the reasons of the great changes in human life (industrial revolution, communication, etc.), and the desire to visit historical sites for research, tourism, etc., the need Adapting the function of existing historic spaces to new technologies and careful management is essential. Lack of coordination between the number and demands of visitors and local communities around and how to manage historic areas, has led to one of two unsuccessful phenomena of museum preservation or accelerated and unstable development, in most interventions. This is especially true in historical sites and archeological sites. Complementary or disagreement between development and preservation of historical heritage is one of the controversial issues in historical countries. Moreover, Historical sites touched of intervention from irregular developments within ruined phenomenon. Freezing the bounds without presentation of practicable solution of life continuance, is also the cause of happening the earliest dead of them. The purpose of this investigation is a struggle for explaining the importance of preservation and development in historical sites and the way they relate to each other. We can achieve the purpose by answering to these two questions: How can we establish a complementary connection between preservation and development in historical sites? How sustainable development can act as an effective instrument in preservation of historical sites? Firstly this investigation has been conducted based on a qualitative approach and historical interpretation strategy, according to studying and researching into theories and charters about preservation, development and historical sites. Then, studying the concepts, purposes, methods and the kinds of preservation, development and relation between them in historical sites, and try to prove that. Which will be achieved by proper communication and their simultaneous advancement in line with a common goal, and by careful management of change; By emphasizing the role of local communities in the protection of historic sites, sustainable development of the site and the local community through careful and integrated management and development of creative tourism, and thus the protection of the historic site will become a continuum. In historical sites where the flow of life is no longer current, by adapting conservation goals and sustainable development goals and taking help from the internal potentials that each site has in or around itself and respecting the social, cultural and environmental contexts of each work by using With the participation of local people, the design (actions and interventions) of the site can be done in such a way that by managing changes, development is protection-oriented and in line with the goals of sustainable, endogenous and balanced development.

The issue of education in Iran has a long history and schools are an important part of the country's historical buildings. The period of transition from Qajar to Pahlavi I is not only important because of the end and beginning of two kingdoms; Rather, this era is considered due to the fundamental developments and changes in various political, economic, social and cultural dimensions and as a result the changes in architecture and urban planning that occur in this era. Historical sources point to several factors as the roots of this development. the most important of which are the improvement of political and economic relations with the Western world, the arrival of foreign teachers and religious missionaries to Iran, etc. The set of these developments directly affected the culture and education of the society. Following these developments, new goals and nature for education were proposed and the school buildings which with their traditional architectural model seemed unsuitable for the physical needs of the new educational system, was abandoned at once and the design of the schools was done in a new way. Knowing the architecture of a historical species such as schools is mandatory in any place as a part of the historical and cultural identity of the people of that land. Because it results getting familiar and discovering the hidden features in the architecture the schools of that region and paves the way for future researches. Guilan like other regions of Iran underwent many changes during the Qajar and Pahlavi historical periods. Due to these developments the architecture of its schools was also affected. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the architectural changes of Guilan schools and the factors affecting these changes in the mentioned period. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on field and library studies to identify and describe the schools of Guilan including: Shahid Madani School and Shahid Marhaba School in Astara, Shahpur School (Shahid Beheshti), Forough School, Maryam Elementary School and Shahpour or Shahid Beheshti School in city of Rasht - Shahid Madani School and Shahid Marhaba School in city of Astara - Sharaf School in the city of Bandar_e Anzali. in the Qajar and Pahlavi period. Recognizing the spatial features of the mentioned schools indicated that simultaneously with the progress of the educational system in the transition period from Qajar to Pahlavi new spaces were created in accordance with the new educational functions in schools which were unprecedented before. Due to the influence of the government of the time on western ideas the new schools of Guilan in this period were generally built in the European style.

The measurement of residential satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of the residential environment and is one of the main topics of interest to researchers in architecture and urban planning studies. The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the satisfaction of residents of Mehr housing in terms of architectural quality. The current research method was descriptive-analytical and data collection was done in the form of survey and library studies. The statistical population of the research includes 25394 residents of Mehr Sahand housing, of which 378 people were selected as a sample to distribute the questionnaire using the Cochran sampling method. Face validity was used for validity of questions and Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability. For data analysis, structural equation method with Spss and Amos software was used. The results showed that according to the second-order factor analysis, the factor loadings of all architectural quality factors on the satisfaction level of residents of Mehr residence are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 99% probability level. The results of the research showed that the greatest effects were related to physical-functional factors with a factor load (0.75), followed by socio-semantic factors with a factor load (0.69) and structural-spatial quality with a factor load (0.61). and environmental quality with factor load (0.55). As a result, four architectural quality factors have been effective in the residents' satisfaction with Mehr Shahr Sahand housing, and they have a direct and meaningful relationship with each other.

Historical contexts in urban literature are valuable foundations that carry the values of previous generations and the country's heritage, which requires a scientific approach to facilitate the development of this part of the city and use new methods and tools. Understanding urban neighborhoods' spatial and physical structure, especially historical and decayed neighborhoods, will help us effectively prepare future urban development plans. Thus, this study aimed to explain the role of physical components and space syntax within historical contexts through a descriptive-analytical approach. To achieve this goal, after studying the relevant theoretical foundations, Autocad, Depthmap, and GIS software were used to generate the maps, and the structural equation model and Amos Graphic 22 software were used to analyze the data. This analytical method reveals the impact of a far greater number of tangible physical, with a regression weight of 0.707. Among the tangible physical variables, the passage width with a regression weight of 0.630, and the enclosure with a regression weight of 0.604 have both achieved the highest ranking. among the variables of the intangible physical component, space syntax with a regression weight of 0.621 has a higher weight than the rest of the factors, and among the factors of this component, "space connection" with a regression weight of 0.878 has a higher weight.  One thing worth noting is that there is a significant relationship between the depth of space and the choice of path and space since the greater the depth of space and its blind spots are, the fewer paths and spaces to choose from. Moreover, contrary to popular belief, the length of passages has little impact on neighborhood dynamics.

Aging is associated with physical and mental limitations. Due to the increasing population of the elderly, it is necessary to pay attention to the needs and problems of them. As for the impact of Spatial model on human behavior, the quality of living environment of the elderly affects their mental and physical health. In this study, physical elements that affect the aging of the elderly living environment.  have been considered.Physical factors are divided into two categories: Functional-activity and Physical-perceptual. Aging factors are also divided into three categories: Vitality, Self-esteem and Self-reliance. The elderly of district 3 and nursing home of Shahroud City have been investigated as case study.

330questionnaires obtained with Cochran's formula were answered by the statistical population. In this research, descriptive statistical methods including mean and standard deviation and frequency of demographic variables have been used. Also, in order to examine the hypothesis of the study, inferential tests of Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, multiple linear regression have been used based on independent and dependent variables. The data derived from the questionnaires is analyzed based on numerical method and has been implemented using SPSS software.

Pearson correlation coefficient test shows a positive and significant relationship between two variables with a coefficient of 0.79 and a significance level of 0.001.Levin F test is confirmed to evaluate the assumption of equality of variances with F = 0.56 and significance level of 0.45. Life expectancy with the Beta 0.35 has the greatest impact on the physical quality of space.

There is a noticeable relationship between the physical factors of living environment and space aging. . Based on the results obtained from multiple linear regression, the component of life expectancy and then the sense of loneliness has the most relationship with the physical type of space and the component of faith has the least relationship with the type of place of residence. Also, Shahroud Nursing Home has the characteristics of a suitable environment for the elderly.

Stress, depression, and aggressive behaviors are common issues among girl students. The research questions are based on finding the health school variable in salutogenic design and investigating the connection between the school Psychological atmosphere from the students' perception and mental quality dimensions. This research aimed at designing a conceptual model for healthy schools, improving high-school girl students' mental quality. Mixed- methods, both qualitative and quantitative were used. The analytical and coding models were used for conceptual model design via SEM technique and coding by MAXQDA (2018) software. Content analysis for finding relevant codes performed from 2017 to 2022, according to the Google Scholar scientific database. From the SEM technique results, the 5 factors, namely, social space, interface, massing, wayfinding, and comfort with 29 variables affected High-school girl students' perceptions of the psychological atmosphere of school and their mental quality. The context factor and its variables had a slight impact on the school climate. The school climate scale confirmed respectively with the six factors, namely; school connectedness, school rule clarity, reporting problems and seeking help, affirming diversity, peer connectedness, and teacher support.The innovations are considering the students' points of view and applying the standard scale called" The Six factor school building checklist" and preparing its appropriateness according to its effect on students' mental quality for the first time in Iran. School connectedness" as the first factor of school climate from the student's point of view correlates firstly with depression symptoms decrease, the "Rule clarity and reporting problems and seeking help" factors correlate with risky behavior decrease, "Peer connectedness" improvement correlates with a decrease of stress and anxiety among students. The factor called" Affirming diversity" to peer acceptance of their culture and religion correlates with academic achievements and risky behavior decrease and finally" Teacher support" correlates firstly with a decrease in students' depression symptoms. From the coding technique, 225 codes from 45 scientific articles with citations were extracted, according to findings, students' perception of the school psychological atmosphere connects to 8 mental quality indexes extracted from recent research (2017-2022) namely, mental health, satisfaction, wellbeing, academic achievement, stress, and anxiety decrease, depression symptoms decrease, behavioral improvement, risky behavior, and bullying decrease and finally engagement increase and school dropout rate decrease. Applying 29 extracted variables that conformed to salutogenic theory dimensions namely; comprehensibility, controllability, and meaningfulness can improve students' mental quality. Ease of accessibility to teachers' offices, classroom seating design for information exchange, group space connection to classroom, the connection of interior and exterior of the school building, accessibility of entrance and existence, variety in building mass, function exposure from the building mass, clarity of interior circulation and noise control are some of the variables for improving girl students' mental quality.