مجله توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، تابستان 1403)

In the current research, land use changes and spatial development trends of Arak metropolis and surrounding villages were evaluated and predicted. Land use in three time periods 1990 (Landsat satellite), 2006 (Ester satellite) and 2023 AD (Sentinel satellite) was prepared using support vector machine classification and the amount of changes in each land use was calculated. Then, the land use changes and spatial expansion of Arak metropolis and the surrounding villages were predicted using Markov chain-cellular automata model for the horizon of 2040 AD. The results show the high dynamics of land use changes, especially built land use, at the regional level. This is due to the large spatial development of the metropolis of Arak, which has had a profound effect on the peri-urban area. Calculations showed that during the years 1990 to 2006, the built-up area with an increase of about 4104.3 hectares has reached 8391.8 hectares. During the period from 2006 to 2023, a total of 3516.7 hectares has been added to the mentioned land use area. In this regard, a large percentage of agricultural lands in the region have been changed to built-up use. The results of the Markov chain-cellular automata model showed that until 2040, the greatest amount of spatial dynamics will be between built-agricultural uses. It is predicted that up to 2571 hectares of agricultural land in the region will be converted into built-up land by 2040. In this regard, many constructions will take place in Arak-Qom axis and Arak-Shazand axis. In the area of Pirasher, North Arak, the built-up development will be in the form of spatial development of villages and expansion of villas.In the 21st century, more than half of the world's population lives in cities, which has caused two major and interconnected "population" and "environmental" crises to occur. As a result, valuable lands outside the city have been swallowed up by buildings and their belongings (Yarahmadi, 1378: 9). Despite being aware of the adverse effects caused by the physical development of the city on the natural environment, one should also accept the fact that the phenomenon of urban development is inevitable. Although urban growth can meet a part of this need, development often happens in the suburbs, where the development of irrational land uses leads to the loss of quality natural resources and the destruction of sensitive ecosystems. In order to control and guide such developments, specifying the dimensions of the desired development, choosing the correct location of the land, and applying protection policies in line with social and economic goals, requires precise and scientific planning (Rasouli, 2011: 127). Therefore, irregular urban development has destructive effects on cities and their surrounding environment, including the heterogeneity of natural landscapes and the destruction of agricultural lands. Although scientific findings have proven that this model is not effective for urban development, it is still the dominant model of urban development (Batisani and Yarnal, 2009). In general, it should be acknowledged that what is criticized today as the negative aspects of the city and urban development is mainly not the nature of the city, but rather the unbalanced and exogenous process of the city, which is often the result of physical growth and development of cities exceeding infrastructure development. The services and services required, or the priority of scale over performance and the superiority of quantity over quality. (Pourmohammadi and Jam Kasri, 1390: 31-54). In our time, the uneven physical development of cities has created one of the most important issues in land use. This development is actually the continuation of the expansion of the city around it; Because around big cities, there are areas that always go through the period of transition from rural to urban exploitations (Shakoui, 2012: 213). In this way, the protection of rural spaces and settlements and preventing their transformation into residential spaces, villas, roads, industrial facilities, etc., along with maintaining their ecological and productive capacity, as well as the sustainable management of agricultural and garden lands, is becoming more and more difficult and changing their use. Despite the need of cities and villages for green spaces, especially around big cities, it is happening explosively and continuously. With industrialization and urbanization, the world economy is developing rapidly, but rural areas are shrinking. This issue has received serious attention in many countries (Liu and Li, 2017; Jai et al., 2021). In the process of urban-rural transformation, farmers strongly want to improve their living conditions. The occupation of agricultural lands due to new residential constructions has increased sharply, which has led to the widespread evacuation of rural residential lands (Tan and Lee, 2013). In addition, the migration of rural people to the city has intensified rural evacuation (Gay et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2016). The spatial changes of the surrounding villages have caused traditional agriculture to change from an indigenous-rural society to an urban-rural society (Liu and Wang, 2018). Behind these spatial developments, the evolution of human-land relations, industrial-agricultural relations, and urban-rural relations has caused the reorganization of rural social, economic and spatial structures (Wang et al., 2015), so that at the micro level, Many cities are gradually separated and show significant spatial differences (Gu et al., 2019). In this process, the spatial developments of the surrounding villages have also changed.

urban peripheral development, due to the profit-seeking motives of property owners and its economic justification for urban management, has caused the abandonment of many parts of the inner cities and out of the development cycle. On the other hand, it is always added to the concentrated spots of the population and the size of the cities, in the low-value lands around and apart from the urban system. Informal settlements, as a product of growth in urban peripheral areas, are mainly located in the vicinity of big cities, which have disorganized traffic and physical structures, and consist of residential units that are built without observing the technical principles of building and lack official permits. The latest approach in this field is urban regeneration, which seeks to change the nature of a place using the intervention of residents and other stakeholders. Regeneration has different classifications, One of these classifications, is community-oriented regeneration and it is defined based on the intervention of the local community in the regeneration process. As a important historical city, Neyshabur is not immune from the problem of urban peripheral development and inefficiency of the structures formed in these areas. The existence of its marginal structure is a proof of the inefficiency of urban development management. In this texture, due to the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the city as well as from rural areas, we see heterogeneity in the cultural and social characteristics of the residents. The dominance of such conditions on the tissues makes it mandatory to take serious measures to recreate and strengthen its cultural and social aspects. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the existing capabilities of the people of the urban peripheral settlements of Neishabur, and provide strategies for empowerment and solving the challenges in these textures. Therefore, the main question of the research is; what is the current cultural-social situation of the urban peripheral area of Neishabur and what are the priority strategies for its cultural-social stabilization with the view of empowering the local community?According to its purpose, the current research is practical and its method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods according to the nature of the research and the investigated components and the approach governing the research. Collecting the required data and information has been done through documentary and field method (observation and questionnaire). The formal validity method was used to determine the validity of the research tool (questionnaire) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. After collecting the information needed for the research, the current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique, and by applying the opinions of subject matter experts, weighting and ranking strategies in accordance with internal and external factors, the SWOT matrix, It has been done and the best and priority intervention strategies in the context have been determined based on the importance and total weighted ranking. Also, in order to identify the priority strategies of regeneration, the ACCEPT method and the opinions of subject experts are used. The ACCEPT method uses six criteria to prioritize strategic goals and provide an opportunity for the strategic planning team to evaluate the consequences of adopting a strategy from different aspects. Therefore, the final strategies for cultural-social regeneration of the urban peripheral spaces of Neyshabur with the empowerment approach have been determined. Living conditions in urban peripheral neighborhoods indicate the compulsion and inevitability of people to live in these neighborhoods. The lack of services and urban infrastructures and the needs of daily life, or the transformation of quiet rural environments into crowded and unplanned urban environments, causes the satisfaction of living in these settlements to be always low. Access to administrative and commercial centers in the city and other urban services is facing problems. This causes the residents of these neighborhoods to be dissatisfied with the existing conditions and have low satisfaction from living in these neighborhoods. Also, according to the opinions of the municipal experts, in the parts where we see the villages connected to the city, there is relatively good participation, but in the rest of the settlements, the participation rate is moderate and decreasing.As the results show, the priority of the obtained social-cultural strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, according to the total attractiveness scores, is as follows:1. Education and encouragement to education and learning and raising the level of social skills of the residents2. Providing programs for families and young people's free time3. Promoting cultural and artistic activities and supporting related projects in this field.In this research, cultural-social regeneration strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neyshabur were investigated and studied with the approach of empowering the local community. According to the results obtained from the research, it is necessary to include the following solutions in the agenda of managers and officials of urban regeneration:1. The urban peripheral texture of Neishabor is full of unique opportunities that distinguish it from other cities in the province. The history of culture, literature and art, the existing cultural centers and the historical history of the city provide unique opportunities to the The urban peripheral texture, which must be taken into account in cultural-social regeneration.2. The desire to modernize the residential texture, the possibility of creating local institutions whose role has been weak so far, and the existence of cooperative tendencies and human resources in the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, is among the things that should be considered in the preparation, formulation, implementation and implementation of plans. Regeneration, especially in its cultural-social dimensions, should be given more attention.3. Neyshabor has a unique historical record that focusing on cultural and social issues as a catalyst and guiding the path of regeneration can be a suitable strategy for Neyshabor, therefore focusing on the tourism capacities of this city, branding different neighborhoods, central events and ... it can provide attractiveness and suitable economic trends for the city, which will also help in the regeneration of urban peripheral neighborhoods.

Tourism exerts a multitude of effects on destination settlements, particularly in non-urban areas and villages. Among these effects, the impact on the economic dimension of space stands out as a crucial facet of tourism's effectiveness. Given the pivotal role of the economic dimension in spatial development planning and the exacerbation of challenges and problems faced by human settlements in Urban Peripheral, Iran during the 2010s, investigating and analyzing the impact of tourism on the category of economic sustainability of space holds strategic importance. Consequently, this study endeavors to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of tourism on the economic dimension in Birjand Peripheral by studying tourist destination villages. The research methodology is both applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. Research data was collected through library and survey methods and analyzed via SPSS software and Shannon's entropy model. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 232 and selected through simple random sampling. The research findings demonstrate that the touristic nature of the settlements has a direct and significant impact on their economic sustainability. Irrespective of the complexity and diversity of tourism activities, such as second homes, eco-tours, or daily tourists, tourism has a more substantial impact on the economic sustainability of space than settlements that attract tourists in only one field. Therefore, among the studied villages, Shaukat Abad village exhibits the highest level of economic stability, with a coefficient of 0.23, while Khorashad village has the lowest level of economic stability, witha coefficient of 0.15. In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the impact of tourism on the economic sustainability of destination settlements in non-urban areas and villages. The findings suggest that tourism can have a positive and significant effect on the economic dimension of space, which is a critical aspect of spatial development planning. The research highlights the importance of considering the touristic nature of settlements when assessing their economic sustainability. By taking these findings into account, policymakers and stakeholders involved in the planning and development of destination settlements, particularly in non-urban areas and villages, can design and implement more effective strategies to promote sustainable tourism and enhance the economic sustainability of destination settlements. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on tourism's economic impact and provides a foundation for further research in this field.Tourism exerts a multitude of effects on destination settlements, particularly in non-urban areas and villages. Among these effects, the impact on the economic dimension of space stands out as a crucial facet of tourism's effectiveness. Given the pivotal role of the economic dimension in spatial development planning and the exacerbation of challenges and problems faced by human settlements in Urban Peripheral, Iran during the 2010s, investigating and analyzing the impact of tourism on the category of economic sustainability of space holds strategic importance. Consequently, this study endeavors to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of tourism on the economic dimension in Birjand Peripheral by studying tourist destination villages. The research methodology is both applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. Research data was collected through library and survey methods and analyzed via SPSS software and Shannon's entropy model. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 232 and selected through simple random sampling. The research findings demonstrate that the touristic nature of the settlements has a direct and significant impact on their economic sustainability. Irrespective of the complexity and diversity of tourism activities, such as second homes, eco-tours, or daily tourists, tourism has a more substantial impact on the economic sustainability of space than settlements that attract tourists in only one field. Therefore, among the studied villages, Shaukat Abad village exhibits the highest level of economic stability, with a coefficient of 0.23, while Khorashad village has the lowest level of economic stability, witha coefficient of 0.15. In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the impact of tourism on the economic sustainability of destination settlements in non-urban areas and villages. The findings suggest that tourism can have a positive and significant effect on the economic dimension of space, which is a critical aspect of spatial development planning. The research highlights the importance of considering the touristic nature of settlements when assessing their economic sustainability. By taking these findings into account, policymakers and stakeholders involved in the planning and development of destination settlements, particularly in non-urban areas and villages, can design and implement more effective strategies to promote sustainable tourism and enhance the economic sustainability of destination settlements. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on tourism's economic impact and provides a foundation for further research in this field.

Management with the role of mediation of participation by providing a context for benefiting from the benefits of local residents' participation in management can be very efficient in the direction of social justice and reconstruction of Urban Peripheral space. Based on this, it is definitely not possible to manage Urban Peripheral areas without people's participation and using new management methods. Also, according to the evaluations made by Friedman, solving the problems faced by the cities and their Urban Peripheral areas in developing countries including Iran, through the improvement and effective institutional capacity building in the management structure and design processes of decision-making and Participatory planning with different groups and stakeholders of Urban Peripheral arenas is possible. In this regard, the studied area of Khash city in Sistan and Baluchistan province has undergone many changes during the last few decades, including the increase of the urban population, the physical expansion of urban settlements and the annexation of surrounding villages to the city, the loss of agricultural lands. And it has been converted into residential uses. In fact, the city of Khash, due to many changes over time, with a set of factors, has increased the quantitative and physical level of the city beyond the conventional standards, which itself has caused problems for the areas around the villages. Therefore, the main problem of the current research is to identify the management model of Urban Peripheral areas with emphasis on the role of participation in Khash.

In terms of purpose, the current research is applied and interpretive and analytical in nature, and in terms of method, it is in the group of qualitative and quantitative researches. In order to analyze the data, grand theory method and Expert Choice software have been used. The method of collecting information was document and library studies and interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population in the current research also includes experts and elites in the field of urban and rural planning. In order to collect the sample population based on the purposeful sampling method; a number of (20) people were selected as the sample community.

The results showed that the set of causal conditions includes (use of native knowledge of villagers, obtaining appropriate credits and facilities in line with people's participation in managers, creating a discourse for the institutionalization of participation in urban peripheral areas, informing the residents of urban peripheral about the importance of their participation in the process of implementing development plans, strengthening institutional capacities); Background conditions include (strengthening the sense of trust between officials and local residents, good governance, training in participatory management among relevant organizations, increasing the belief in the usefulness and usefulness of participation in management-related issues) and (optimal and decentralized management conditions, decentralized approach in the development of urban peripheral areas, benefiting from the experiences of other countries and using all the capacities of local urban peripheral residents (women, men, youth)); were identified as intervening conditions. Then the strategies that lead to the management of urban peripheral areas with an emphasis on the role of participation, include (drawing the vision of urban peripheral areas with an emphasis on participatory management, a gathering of experts, managers of relevant organizations and local residents of urban peripheral areas regarding barriers to participation, decision-making and the right policy) were identified. In the following, categories such as: people's participation in all stages of decision-making, planning, implementation and operation, sustainability of urban peripheral areas, physical-spatial development, improving the quality of life of local communities, balance and balanced growth as consequences and political obstacles, the inappropriate structural-institutional model of the management system, the lack of mention of the role of policy making in the management of urban peripheral areas, in achieving the management of urban peripheral areas by emphasizing the role of participation they were considered as obstacles. Finally, the results showed; Among the causal conditions, obtaining appropriate credits and facilities in line with the participation of people to managers with a value of 0.245, background conditions: strengthening the sense of trust between officials and local residents with a weight value of 0.300, intervening conditions: strengthening the sense of trust between officials and local residents with a weight value of 0.296, between proposed strategies: decision-making and correct policy making with a value of 0.400, consequences: sustainability of urban peripheral areas with a weight value of 0.277 and finally, among the obstacles: the inappropriate structural-institutional model of the management system with a weight value of 0.356 has been assigned the most importance in the management of urban peripheral areas with emphasis on the role of mediation of participation.

The management approach in the Urban Peripheral areas of Hash is the urban-rural government, whose managers consider themselves the guardians of the residents and implement their policies and programs at will without the smallest survey and participation. The result of this type of management is the exclusion of people in the decision-making process. Accordingly, it is necessary to use the ability and participation of local residents.

Rural settlements around urban centers (especially megacities) have more changes and transformations in various environmental-ecological, social-cultural, human, economic, physical and institutional-management fields and dimensions (changes in land use, composition and texture of the population, employment structure, rural activity and production system, spatial structure and spatial organization, etc.) compared to other rural settlements, which over time causes the existence of new entities and transformations in many existing identities. In recent decades, the unplanned growth and expansion of such settlements with their specific physical-spatial developments have been a kind of problem or problem that creates the basis for all kinds of crises and facility anomalies, economic damages, environmental pollution, low security pollution, degradation of rural activity foundations, etc. With scientific and documented research and knowledge of the factors of creating such spaces, it is possible to plan in order to overcome risky behaviors and prevent possible damages. From this point of view, the following article, by presenting a comprehensive and integrated approach through meta-analysis quantitative research method and reviewing the research literature in the field of understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas on the one hand, seeks to, by examining the general characteristics of these studies, their nature to It has been analyzed in terms of different dimensions in order to identify the study gaps in this field and realize the necessary platforms to eliminate these gaps and shortcomings in future researches. On the other hand, it tries to answer the following questions by carefully examining the research done:1. What transformations have rural settlements in metropolitan areas undergone in the space-time process?2. What are the effective factors in the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?3. What are the ways to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas?

The method of this research is based on meta-analysis and a systematic search of sources based on related keywords was carried out in domestic and foreign scientific databases. In order to select suitable and quality scientific researches for meta-analysis, studies were screened and finally 40 documents were selected. Then ATLAS.ti software was used to analyze the collected data based on grounded theory.

In this section, the research findings are presented in the form of two axes, including the methodological dimension of the studies (type of research, research approach, data collection method) and the content dimension of the studies (research questions, key axes of the studies).Methodological aspect of the studies: The results of the evaluation of the articles show that mainly the studies conducted in the field of transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas, 70% have been done with a quantitative method. 18% of the studies in this field had qualitative methods and only a few studies, 12%, were based on mixed methods. A significant number (93%) have limited themselves to descriptive-analytical titles in their studies, and only a few articles (7%) have been conducted with a comparative analysis approach. Document-library method (45%) and questionnaire (31%) are the main tools in data collection and less than interview tool (24%) are used to collect information.The content dimension of the studies: in addition to exploring what metamorphoses are, all the studies have also analyzed why these metamorphoses occur. Among the mentioned studies, a small number (9%) were based on the question of how, in addition to what and why, and were limited to providing solutions and suggestions to face the developments of such rural settlements. : Based on the analyzes conducted with the help of content analysis method, a significant part of the studies (49%) have studied the variable of inefficiency of the body tissue in understanding the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. State-oriented variables and the high level of inter-settlement interactions (17%) have contributed the most to the transformation of rural settlements in metropolitan areas. The development of institutional capacity is a solution proposed by the researchers of previous studies, which was presented in order to overcome the challenges of rural settlements in metropolitan areas.

The results show that most of the researches are descriptive-analytical, which are based on quantitative methods, and less qualitative and mixed methods are used in this type of studies. In this field, qualitative and mixed methods should be increased in the methodological space of studies. The number of studies in the field of rural settlements in metropolitan areas is also associated with a decreasing trend. Perhaps the decreasing trend can be related to the nature of the difficulty of studies in this field. Most of the studies in this field have gone beyond what and considered why; But the reasons and factors governing the metamorphoses have been mainly examined superficially, and there is a need to conduct a deeper investigation of the reasons and analysis of the driving factors. So it is clear that most of the studies in this field have focused on identifying the current situation (identifying factors and processes); Without paying attention to what should be (how). Therefore, in future researches, by strengthening such weaknesses, study questions, especially the "how question", require more attention, which should be selected and investigated with great sensitivity and based on the study gaps in this field.

Urban expansion is one of the patterns of urban growth that causes the expansion of the central core of the city towards the peri-urban areas and the destruction of agricultural lands, gardens and natural resources and the negative effects of the environment. The purpose of this research was to investigate the pattern of physical-spatial expansion of Shiraz city and to analyze and identify factors affecting its expansion. Therefore, it is considered as one of the applied researches that used the descriptive-analytical research method. The required data and information have been collected through documents and library as well as field research, and to measure the physical growth of the city, two quantitative models, Heldren and Shannon entropy, have been used. The results show that the metropolis of Shiraz has had an inappropriate and large growth, which can be imagined as a scattered growth pattern. According to Holdren's model, about 59% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 41% was related to the horizontal and spiral growth of the city. Also, the entropy index for the years 1365 and 1395 is 2.3 and 2.95, respectively, which shows its horizontal growth. This horizontal growth has taken place on agricultural lands and gardens, and as a result, it has caused the reduction of productive activities and the destruction of agricultural lands and productive gardens in peri-urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to preserve natural spaces and remaining resources.

Some villages around the cities are tourist villages. Due to the tourism resources and attractions on the one hand, as well as the proximity to the cities on the other hand, these villages experience wider changes and transformations than other cities. Tourist villages around the cities often have textural and spatial structures suitable for tourism activities. In order to attract tourists, these villages must have suitable tourist facilities and services, which include local residences, restaurants, coffee shops, local stores, museums, and various tourist attractions. In general, tourist villages around cities should have structures and spaces that can attract tourists and provide them with tourism facilities and services, and natural resources and the environment should be protected in order to pay attention to their durability and sustainability.Sahneh city in Kermanshah province is one of the places where this issue can be seen. Around the city of Sahneh, there are a number of tourist villages, including Darkeh , Bidsorkh and Gros olia , which have received significant influences from the city of Sahneh at a distance of less than 4 km. On the other hand, they have always been known as tourism development destinations due to natural and historical tourism resources. The importance and urgency of the subject is very important both theoretically considering the importance of rural tourism and practically considering the geographical features of the studied villages. On the one hand, the study of this problem helps to know the changes of the villages around the cities, and on the other hand, the effects of tourism development in such villages (Peripheral-urban villages) are also identified and the degree of influence of Sahneh city in this field is also determined. As a result, with this knowledge, a desirable and forward-looking plan can be formulated and presented.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through the field method. In this research, the Peripheral-urban villages of Sahneh city, including three villages of Darkeh , Bidsorkh and Gros olia , have been studied. The statistical population of the research was equal to 1749 people. According to Cochran's formula, the statistical sample was calculated at the level of rural residents to the number of 315 people. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 researchers and its reliability was also confirmed by completing 30 questionnaires and with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70.

The results of the research showed that tourism has various economic, social, physical and environmental effects, some of which are positive and some are negative. The most important positive effects of tourism can be the quantitative and qualitative improvement of village handicrafts, expansion of tourism services, job creation for villagers, improvement of household appliances (television, etc.), increase of collective and cooperative works, increase of interaction with neighboring areas, increase Public literacy, improving access and quality of water, increasing the environmental awareness of villagers, rebuilding old buildings. Also, tourism has negative effects, the most important of which are increasing the cost of living, changing the consumption pattern in the village, destroying the landscape and scenery of the village, expanding urban architecture, changing the pattern of village housing, changing the materials of houses to urban style, destroying He pointed out the fields in urban peripheral areas.The results showed that with the expansion of tourism and tourism in urban peripheral villages, the condition of rural areas has also improved; Of course, the results show that these differences and effects are not the same in all villages, and urban peripheral villages have different effects of tourism due to their location, resources, the amount of tourist attraction and various other indicators. In other words, the three villages of Darkeh , Gros olia and Bidsorkh, have not received the same effects and changes from the development of tourism.The result of the test to measure the significance of the difference in tourism effects shows that they were significant at a level less than 0.05 and equal to 0.000. Therefore, the effects of tourism development in urban peripheral areas have a significant difference based on the point of view of the statistical community and they can have a different situation. Examining the rank average of the Friedman test shows that the highest average rank is related to the index of increase in collective and cooperative works with a value of 29.67, which shows the biggest difference among the 42 effects of tourism development in urban peripheral areas. Also, the index of increase in the cost of living with an average of 29.15 and also the index of improvement of household appliances (television, etc.) with an average of 29.07 are known in the second and third ranks. In addition to this, the index of improvement of the health of the village environment with an average of 9.19 and the index of increasing the green space and beautification of the village with an average of 9.83 have the least difference. Table (8) shows the prioritization of the effects of tourism development in urban peripheral areas.

The result showed that tourism in urban peripheral areas has had many positive and negative effects in economic, social and physical terms. The most effective tourism has been related to physical and social effects. Also, the result confirmed that this difference exists in the field of tourism impacts in Peripheral-urban areas (Darkeh, Gros olia and Bidsorkh) and all villages have not received the same impact from tourism.

Livability is one of the emerging subjects in rural planning, which, similar to other recent theories such as capablity, stablity and resilient settlements, leads us towards having a more favorable environment for life and development (Yegane et al., 2021: 81). Livability is a concept that comprises intertwining of social, economic and environmental dimensions involving a network of relationships between the relevant criteria (Imani et al., 2022: 75). However, what is certain is that sustainable rural livability can be enahnced through increasing social awareness, social cohesion, mutual relations and social networks, building trust and improving local people's participation in environmental, economic and social programs.The adaptability of rural areas has a significant impact (Johnmint and Mons, 2011).In the plans and programs that are compiled with the aim of developing rural areas, they do not directly influence the actors, but they create changes in them to adapt to different conditions and contexts. Therefore, successful policies are those that have a good adaptation to organizational habits,beliefs,culture and institutional background (Esmaili Dastjardi et al., 2013).In fact, the sustainability of living in villages is different according to their spatial conditions. Therefore, planning for them should be done in accordance with their specific requirements and in relation to other settlements based on their spatial role (Riahi et al., 2015: 158).Due to the weak efficiency of past implemented strategies, nowadays government policies for the development of residential places have been taken into account and awareness of residents' perception for livability has become more important. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the livability indicators of the area studied in this study(Heidareh,Moradbeg and Sheverin) around Hamadan city in order to obtain appropriate information about the current situation of these areas to provide future appropriate plans/programs to the policy makers and practitioners.

The current study as a practical resreach was impelemented in quantitative research in terms of nature and descriptive-survey in terms of collecting information. The statistical population of this research included 3900 households living in the three mentioed areas including: Heidareh, Murad-beg and Sheverin villages in the surrounding of Hamadan city. In order to determine the sample size based on Cochran's formula, 246 households were selected Proportional assignment method and withing each village were randomly selected among the residents. In addition to a deep overvies and documentry study, necessary data and information were gathered using a questionnaire.The questionnaire included two parts of personal and occupational characteristics and questions related to rural livability indicators in five dimensions (social-cultural, economic, institutional-management, environmental and physical-infrastructural) based on past studies and was designed in a Likert scale format. In this research, SPSS25 and Smart PLS4 software were used to process the collected data in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics (one-way variance analysis, correlation analysis, sample t-test and structural equation modeling).

The results of the descriptive evaluation of the level of rural livability in three case studies showed that the level of livability in Sheverin village from the point of view of people evaluated at a good level (32.53 percent), Heidareh village at moderate level (42.85 percent) and Murad-Beyg village also at a moderate level (46.47%) was evaluated. In relation to the degree of correlation between some independent variables with the dependent variable of the livability of the studied cases, the correlation coefficients showed a positive and significant relationship between the variables of non-agricultural income, distance to the city and the number of services with the livability level variable in such a way that with the increase of non-agricultural income, the number of services and the decrease of the distance to the city, the livability level is improved. Also one-way variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the studied villages (Sheverin, Moradbeg and Heidareh) in terms of livability indicators. In all components, there was a significant difference between the village of Sheverin and the villages of Murad-beg and Heydareh. However, no significant difference was observed between the two villages of Morad-beg and Heydareh in terms of livability. In all dimensions, Sheverin village has a higher average than Murad-beg and Heydareh villages, and this difference has been reported to be significant in all dimensions. The model for measuring the effective factors of livability was analyzed and interpreted from the respondents' point of view. The results show that among the investigated indicators, the physical-infrastructural index with path coefficient(0.318), economic(0.295), social -Cultural(0.264), environmental(0.106) and institutional-management factor (0.081) had the greatest impact on livability, respectively.

In this study, villages on the surrounding of Hamadan city were compared and evaluated in terms of livability indicators. The results of the qualitative survey of the level of rural livability from the respondents' point of view showed that the level of livability in the village of Sheverin is at a good level and in the villages of Heidareh and Murad-beg is at an average level. The results of the analysis of variance showed that Shevein village has a higher average than the villages of Moradbeg and Heidareh, and it was evaluated as more livable.In terms of the number of services provided and available in the villages, Sheverin has the largest number of infrastructure services(9 items) and the most necessary places(7 items) compared to the other two villages.Also, in terms of economy and income, it had a better situation due to the existence of industrial workshops and small households.The findings of the research regarding the viability measurement model showed that the values of the measured indicators had an appropriate value. The modeling findings showed that in the dependent variable of rural livability,physical-infrastructural factors with a path coefficient of 0.318, economic with a path coefficient of 0.295, social-cultural factors with a path coefficient of 0.264, environment with a path coefficient of 0.160, and institutional factors respectively 0.081 had the greatest effect. Therefore,by knowing the level of influence of each of these components and prioritizing them and planning in the direction of improving these components, the level of sustainability in the studied villages can be increased.