نشریه پژوهش های فضا و مکان در شهر
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 30، بهار 1403)

The use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy and the resulting environmental concerns are the most challenging issues of the 21st century. In the meantime, buildings consume about 40% of the total energy produced worldwide. In most cities of Iran, especially in desert areas with rich architecture, such as Qaenat city, unstable forms of newly built structures have caused serious damage to the stable appearance of these cities. In this research, the role of the factors affecting urban planning based on sustainable buildings in the Qaenat city has been investigated using the dynamic system method in order to identify the factors affecting sustainable urban development and the type of their impact on each of them. In this regard, after studying the background of the research and extracting some components of the model, from interviews with 17 active members of architecture companies and university professors in the fields of architecture and renewable energy production, to investigate the role of factors affecting urban planning. Then these identified factors were analyzed using a quantitative method and using a dynamic system. The modeling method used in this research includes four stages, which are: qualitative modeling, quantitative modeling, model testing, and testing. In this research, Vensim PLE 7.3.5 software is used to simulate the dynamic model. The findings indicate that urban planning factors in the city are divided into five categories, including transportation, social, cultural, economic and energy sustainability and urban environment. The results have shown that sustainable buildings have direct effects on the components of a sustainable city. These buildings are very effective in reducing pollution, producing clean energy and improving the urban landscape.

Due to the high vulnerability of historical tissues during an earthquake and reviewing the experiences of previous earthquakes, identifying the factors affecting the empowerment of this type of tissue against earthquakes is one of the important topics in the crisis management process. Its realization based on the principles of pre-accident empowerment can prevent the occurrence or spread of secondary crises. In historical contexts, due to the long life of buildings and the lack of necessary measures for proper strengthening, the occurrence of earthquakes will cause significant damage and the rate of severe losses and widespread homelessness of their residents. To this end, it is necessary to focus more on these types of areas, Investigate the fact that it has a very important role in preparing the community and preventing disaster in various dimensions, as well as in the process of community rehabilitation and reconstruction of the affected area. The method of this qualitative research is based on description and test with AHP analysis. In this research, the historical context of Kashan as one of the important centers of earthquakes has been discussed. In several stages, step by step and interconnected, the what, why and how of the subject is examined in different sections.Then, in order to collect criteria from the interview method; To determine the target population and correct sampling, multi-criteria decision-making method and AHP hierarchical analysis process and finally an expert questionnaire for pairwise comparison were used. The results show that prior to the occurrence of earthquakes in historical contexts, according to the prevailing conditions in these areas, with proper planning, an appropriate response to the critical conditions can be predicted. In this regard, it is necessary to provide the principles and approaches of empowerment in the crisis management program in historical contexts by identifying, then analyzing and evaluating the effective factors in the physical, social and economic fields and finally providing an appropriate solution.

Given the role of smart tourism development in ensuring the sustainability of destinations and improving tourist experiences, as well as the importance of changing policymakers' perspectives on tourism development and its infrastructure, it is essential to examine the position of sustainable tourism development alongside smart technologies and its significance for the economic growth of tourism destinations. Therefore, this study aimed to design an econometric model to investigate the impact of sustainable smart tourism development on economic growth and to estimate it for selected destinations. To facilitate a comparison of these destinations, two categories of tourism destinations in East and West Asia were selected. According to the results, sustainable smart tourism development led to improved economic growth in the studied destinations, and an increase in the variables driving the enhancement of the tourism industry's added value also contributed to economic growth in these destinations. In this estimation, the effect of increased environmental pollution indices showed a reduction in economic growth. Additionally, the Dummy variable introduced to compare the two categories of selected tourism destinations was found to be significant, indicating that the leadership of East Asian countries in planning for sustainable smart tourism development has positively influenced their models and economic growth.

Insecurity, potential threats, and lack of sense of security lead to dissatisfaction and lack of confidence among citizens, especially tourists. Therefore, by utilizing the international security standard ISO and its localization, it is possible to provide services and create sustainable security. The aim of this study is to localize security standards and make them compatible with international security standards in ecotourism. The approach of this research is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach, and document exploration techniques and interviews (in the form of the Delphi method) were used to collect data. Also, exploratory factor analysis was used to screen items and select the main items. The results of this study show that “maintaining and strengthening security and safety” has the highest rank. Also, among the independent variables, the construct “potential security and safety risks in tourism” is the most important. Another finding of this study is that the construct of “feeling of security” has the greatest impact on the goal construct (security), meaning that security is meaningful when the tourist feels it. Finally, in the final neural network model, it was determined that the three constructs of “rules regarding security and safety”, “potential safety and security risks in tourism” and “tourism in a standard location” have an impact on the construct of “security”.

The researches carried out in the relics of the history of architecture and urban planning of Iran in the field of architectural studies and urban planning have been more closely related to the body of these relics. In the meantime, social factors, cultural, religious and customary structures and the opinion of the master craftsman, architect or even the king and the courtiers have been neglected in the form of regulations, despite their undeniable effect. It seems that Iran's architecture has principles based on which architects have acted in relation to durability and long useful life of buildings. The creation of desirable and high-quality architectural works that have the capacity to last and adapt to life and the passage of time has been happening in Iran for a long time. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the regulations related to architecture during the Qajar era until the constitution were involved in increasing the lifespan and quality of the  relics, or did they take steps to reduce it? This study has been carried out in the context of a part of history, from the time of the rule of the Qajar kings to the emergence of constitutionalism. In this era, with the emergence of the first forms of urban organization, regulations play a more prominent role than in the past. In this article, the data collected and analyzed systematically during the research process have been used. Based on this method, first open coding is done up to the stage of theoretical saturation, and then classification and analysis of the codes is done up to the stage of selective codes. The purpose of compiling this article is to first read the documents belonging to the mentioned period and extract the existing regulations at that time and then measure its effect on increasing or decreasing the useful life of architectural  relics. Therefore, firstly, the regulations related to architectural constructions or urban spaces from the Qajar era to the Constitution have been summarized and then the relationship between these factors and the useful life of the building has been investigated. According to the nature of the Qajar period and the emergence of factors that reduced the lifespan and quality of architecture, the classification has been separated into two general categories: increase and decrease in durability.