نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1403)

Currently house is not considered only a shelter. It embraces physical place, residential environment, and all services and necessity facilities for having a good life. The stability of houses is very important. There are many similarities between housing and its stability and it is clear that most par of planning is done for solving the problems of low-income groups of society including Iran. For solving housing problems of low-income groups in Iran, various policies have been implemented to increase their financial ability. Mehr Housing is one of the new patterns that the Iranian governments have proposed and executed for low-income groups. It seems that this policy means that economical aspects has been more emphasized by the governments than in-separated part or sustainable aspect. Ardabil city is not an exception to this rule. Considering the issue, the current study tried to investigate the low-income groups’ condition and evaluate housing stability and then rank and categorize various regions of the city.

Current study is applied in terms of the aim. It used analytical-descriptive method to achieve the purposes it sought. Statistical population of this study included all of citizens of Ardabil. The sample size was determined to be 385 persons. Sampling was done using classified random method (considering the population of every region) from the mentioned population. Data collection was done using library sources. Moreover, field method was used for studying the background and identifying the variables. It should be mentioned that the study instrument was a researcher-based questionnaire. The reliability was confirmed by experts. The coefficient was 0.896, measured through Cronbach alpha. The number shows that the questionnaire recorded a high confidence level. To analysis the data, different methods were used. To see satisfaction with the houses, single- t-test was used in SPSS Software. KOPRAS model was used for ranking urban regions using Excel software. Moreover, Arc GIS Software was used to produce maps. In order to study variables priority or their weights, entropy model was used in Excel software and for determining the level of urban regions, cluster analysis was applied in SPSS Software.

One of the main aims of the current study was investigating people’s satisfaction with houses that people could effort. For achieving the goal, single t-test was used. Results showed that except for economic, physical, and security criteria, other criteria that were measured for Ardabil city recorded middle or high levels. Generally speaking, Ardabil city ranked middle position (3.08) regarding the satisfaction of citizens with affordable houses.
Another aim of this study was measuring the satisfaction with affordable houses in 5 regions of Ardabil city. The results showed that accessibility to urban services, sense of belonging, neighbor relations, security, and ecological issues are in better situations in Region 1 than in other regions. Regarding the physical and economical dimensions, Regions 3 of Ardabil has a good condition. Since all criteria are not of equal significance, more accurate evaluation was needed to determine relative weights. So, entropy method was used for the seven criteria of this study. Entropy method output showed that the indices of satisfaction with affordable houses had different weights. Accessibility to urban services recorded the highest level (0.184), the value for physical issues recorded to be 0.158, the value for economic index was 0.153, for security was 0.144, for neighbor relations was 0.141, for sense of belonging was 0.114, and for ecological dimension was 0.106.
After measuring the weights, ranking urban regions was started. KOPRAS model was used for satisfaction with affordable houses in different regions of Ardabil. The results showed that the highest amount of satisfaction with affordable houses in Ardabil city regarding seven criteria belonged to region 1 and the lowest amount belonged to region 5. Analytical method was used for ranking different regions of Ardabil city regarding the stability of the houses. It became clear that the five regions of Ardabil were determined to be middle satisfaction cluster (Region 1), low satisfaction (Regions 2 and 3), and very low satisfaction (Regions 4 and 5).

Generally, the results showed that residents’ satisfaction with the affordable houses of Ardabil city is at a middle level. The results have to do with the low level of satisfaction with economical dimension and high level of satisfaction with ecological dimension and accessibility to urban services. Another conclusion of this study is that the satisfaction with affordable houses differs from a region to another. Satisfaction is relative as it can be different from one region to another region (due to place differences). It is evident that regions embracing residential places located in the old texture of the city have a better condition rather than other regions in terms of satisfaction due to access to urban and economical services and culture textures. Region 1 of Ardabil (located in the central part of the city) is more satisfying than other regions due to proper access to urban services and as the native people of the city live in the region (security criteria). People of other regions are less satisfied with their places due to weak accessibility to urban services and as many immigrants have moved to their regions.

Currently, urban spaces in Iran cannot meet the needs of people as a social being. Iranian see these spaces only as a path to go through and not as a space that they can enjoy. These spaces are facing many challenges, one of which is that most of these spaces face after the modernist views in the urban area is the degradation of their influence on the presence of people in this space. The formation of inefficient urban spaces should be considered as one of the consequences of this approach.
Urban spaces are facing several challenges like sociability. Sociability also has an important impact upon sustainable urban development. Various studies have mentioned the criteria of sociability, but examining the evaluation method and contextual characteristics will lead to a better understanding of this issue. Considering these points, this research tried to explore the sociability of space in neighborhoods that have a pre-designed physical pattern. Research indicators included 22 variables in five categories: physical, spatial arrangement, social, functional, and environmental comfort. The studied area was Sjjad neighborhood of Mashhad, focused on neighborhood units located in Amin and Mina.
This study considered in this evaluation the intra-neighborhood differences and the need to address them, and the way the neighborhoods have been shaped (automatically or pre-designed). It claimed that the sociability of the space in the neighborhoods depends on the process of their formation, and officials should pay attention to the issue. Taking the above points, this study tried to see if there are any differences between the public spaces of the neighborhood in terms of sociability. Considering the shape of the neighborhood (pre-designed physical pattern), it also tried to find out which indicators play more important roles in the sociability of the space.

To achieve the goal of the research, descriptive-analytical method was applied. Questionnaire, field observation, and spatial and statistical analysis were used for collecting the required data. Through documentary studies, the criteria and indicators related to the sociability of urban spaces were determined. Then, 385 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the residents of the neighboring units in Sajjad neighborhood (focusing Amin and Mina) to see the availability of public spaces. Spatial analysis methods such as spatial autocorrelation indices and focal statistics, as well as inferential statistics methods such as the Yeoman-White-Navy test, and the spatial arrangement method were used to show the differences between public spaces.

Documentary studies showed that the Sajjad neighborhood of Mashhad first Pahlavi era was in the form of gardens and belonged to Hossein Malek. Then, these gardens have been changing regularly. The data collected through the questionnaires and the general result of the comparison between the willingness to attend in neighborhood units of Mina and Amin showed that Mina has a better condition than Amin in this regard. Moreover, the results of Yeoman-White-Navy test showed that there is a significant difference between the variables in the two neighborhoods residential units.
The result showed that indicators pertaining to the functional factor and activity influence significantly on the success of public spaces regarding the attendance of people. Indicators related to functional and activity diversity, and mixing and diversity of uses were recognized as the most important influencing criteria. The field studies and the focal statistics showed that in 75% of the area, there are only one to three uses and in 10% of the area, there are more than 8 uses. The results related to the mix of use indicator showed that public spaces such as parks in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods do not have a suitable status (between 4 and 5 uses). The highest indicator of diversity of use belongs to educational spaces and commercial uses close to Sajjad Boulevard. The graphs of arrangement analysis showed that the space configuration indicators in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods are not in a good condition compared to the status of the entire area. Nevertheless, neighboring units compared to each other, Mina neighborhood unit shows a better condition. It even in some parameters, its average is higher than the average of the whole studied area.

This study showed that Sajjad neighborhood has a planned physical pattern, but the attendance status in its neighborhood units (Mina and Amin) is not the same. That is, Mina neighborhood units has a better condition than Amin neighborhood units. This can be interpreted as having a detailed plan does not necessarily mean not possessing local differences, and public spaces at the neighborhood level are strongly influenced by local issues. Investigations showed that since such criteria as population distribution, types of uses, variety of uses, and hierarchy of roads are influenced by the physical plan, they do not play a role in creating differences in the sociability of spaces of neighborhoods. On the contrary, such criteria as the status of urban furniture and related services and spatial arrangement criteria have the greatest impact on the intra-local differences in the sociability of spaces.
The findings of this research can be used for improving the sociability of public spaces. Among the things that can be considered in this regard are: paying attention to intra-local differences and identifying different aspects of these differences; paying attention to the outer features of neighborhoods when arranging the elements and considering the inclusion of people’s taste and psychological aspects, and taking into account the significance of spatial arrangement criteria in sociability. The authors of this study believe that paying attention to these criteria can increase the sociability role of spaces in physical designs.

Energy consumption in Iran is currently very high and the energy efficiency of cities is low. Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare urban rules and regulations at the most executive level of urban policy making to increase energy efficiency in zoning as the main output of detailed plans. This research was conducted with the aim of exploring and measuring energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on the zoning model. This research tried to see the relationship between the concepts of urban rules and regulations and energy efficiency and determine what parameters impact upon energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations. It also tried to examine the energy efficiency evaluation framework in urban zoning rules and regulations, their criteria, indicators, and final weights and to see how the energy efficiency of the existing urban fabric and the rule-based simulated urban fabric can be evaluated and compared.

This applied, descriptive-analytical research used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative methods. To carry out this research, library and field studies, including questionnaire and secondary data analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. GIS software and Expert Choice software were also used for this purpose. District 6 of Tehran city was selected as the case to be studied in this study.

The results showed that the energy efficiency evaluation criteria in urban rules and regulations that emphasize on the zoning model are as follow in terms of priority, importance, and weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP): Land use zoning, passive urban design for making thermal comfort, compactness, and connected network.

Exploring energy efficiency in both scenarios (the current situation and the simulated context based on the implementation of the zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan) and comparing them showed that since there is not any rules and regulations pertaining to the main criteria of this study (passive urban design for the creation of thermal comfort and connected network in the zoning of the detailed plan of 2019 of District 6 of Tehran city), the two criteria have been considered to be fixed in both scenarios. So, if we suppose that zoning rules and regulations are fully executed, no change will happen in the status quo of the scenarios. That is, both criteria have similar energy efficiency in both scenarios.
Moreover, the energy efficiency based on the density criterion in the simulated scenario has increased by 39.85% compared to the existing scenario. This means that regarding this criterion, implementing zoning rules and regulations (including employment level and building density) have increased the density of the fabric compared. The zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan in District 6 of Tehran, based on the density criterion, have played an effective role in increasing the energy efficiency of the simulated scenario. Moreover, comparing the status-quo scenario and the detailed plan zoning scenario regarding the other variable criterion (that is, land use zoning, which is also considered the most significant criterion of this research) showed that energy efficiency decreased when zoning rules and regulations have been implemented. The issue, in turn, clearly shows that the rules and regulations do not guarantee energy efficiency based on land use zoning indicators (such as green and open spaces, mixed areas, and housing type). Comparing the scenarios clearly showed that the energy efficiency based on land use zoning criteria in the zoning scenario of the detailed plan has decreased by 45.55% compared to the existing scenario.
The most significant finding of this study clearly showed that the energy efficiency has decreased by 22.25%, considering the weighted overlap of criteria in District 6 of Tehran in the zoning scenario and assuming the application of the related urban criteria. Considering this decrease, one can conclude that the urban rules and regulations are not effective in terms of energy efficiency. That is, if the rules are executed, they will increase energy consumption in urban areas and make worse the environmental consequences.
Taking account the findings, it is suggested that when establishing zoning laws and regulations, which is a criterion for the implementation of all future constructions, their undeniable role in energy efficiency be considered, and then all decisions be made based on criteria related to energy efficiency. This study evaluated the energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on zoning in District 6 of Tehran. Considering the results, the following suggestions are made: The establishment of zoning rules and regulations that are compatible with various types of climates in Iran, and considering such applied factors as population density, density of residential units, general pattern of road network, the size of urban blocks, the length of urban blocks, the orientation of main streets, the orientation of buildings, and types of houses. The final aim is to improve energy efficiency.

Energy consumption in Iran is currently very high and the energy efficiency of cities is low. Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare urban rules and regulations at the most executive level of urban policy making to increase energy efficiency in zoning as the main output of detailed plans. This research was conducted with the aim of exploring and measuring energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on the zoning model. This research tried to see the relationship between the concepts of urban rules and regulations and energy efficiency and determine what parameters impact upon energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations. It also tried to examine the energy efficiency evaluation framework in urban zoning rules and regulations, their criteria, indicators, and final weights and to see how the energy efficiency of the existing urban fabric and the rule-based simulated urban fabric can be evaluated and compared.

This applied, descriptive-analytical research used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative methods. To carry out this research, library and field studies, including questionnaire and secondary data analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. GIS software and Expert Choice software were also used for this purpose. District 6 of Tehran city was selected as the case to be studied in this study.

The results showed that the energy efficiency evaluation criteria in urban rules and regulations that emphasize on the zoning model are as follow in terms of priority, importance, and weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP): Land use zoning, passive urban design for making thermal comfort, compactness, and connected network.

Exploring energy efficiency in both scenarios (the current situation and the simulated context based on the implementation of the zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan) and comparing them showed that since there is not any rules and regulations pertaining to the main criteria of this study (passive urban design for the creation of thermal comfort and connected network in the zoning of the detailed plan of 2019 of District 6 of Tehran city), the two criteria have been considered to be fixed in both scenarios. So, if we suppose that zoning rules and regulations are fully executed, no change will happen in the status quo of the scenarios. That is, both criteria have similar energy efficiency in both scenarios.
Moreover, the energy efficiency based on the density criterion in the simulated scenario has increased by 39.85% compared to the existing scenario. This means that regarding this criterion, implementing zoning rules and regulations (including employment level and building density) have increased the density of the fabric compared. The zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan in District 6 of Tehran, based on the density criterion, have played an effective role in increasing the energy efficiency of the simulated scenario. Moreover, comparing the status-quo scenario and the detailed plan zoning scenario regarding the other variable criterion (that is, land use zoning, which is also considered the most significant criterion of this research) showed that energy efficiency decreased when zoning rules and regulations have been implemented. The issue, in turn, clearly shows that the rules and regulations do not guarantee energy efficiency based on land use zoning indicators (such as green and open spaces, mixed areas, and housing type). Comparing the scenarios clearly showed that the energy efficiency based on land use zoning criteria in the zoning scenario of the detailed plan has decreased by 45.55% compared to the existing scenario.
The most significant finding of this study clearly showed that the energy efficiency has decreased by 22.25%, considering the weighted overlap of criteria in District 6 of Tehran in the zoning scenario and assuming the application of the related urban criteria. Considering this decrease, one can conclude that the urban rules and regulations are not effective in terms of energy efficiency. That is, if the rules are executed, they will increase energy consumption in urban areas and make worse the environmental consequences.
Taking account the findings, it is suggested that when establishing zoning laws and regulations, which is a criterion for the implementation of all future constructions, their undeniable role in energy efficiency be considered, and then all decisions be made based on criteria related to energy efficiency. This study evaluated the energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on zoning in District 6 of Tehran. Considering the results, the following suggestions are made: The establishment of zoning rules and regulations that are compatible with various types of climates in Iran, and considering such applied factors as population density, density of residential units, general pattern of road network, the size of urban blocks, the length of urban blocks, the orientation of main streets, the orientation of buildings, and types of houses. The final aim is to improve energy efficiency.

Walking is very good for physical and mental health. Walking reduces obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases as well as health care/medical costs. Therefore, a wide range of favorable health outcomes (including reduced cardiovascular risk and death) are the favorable outcomes of walking. Throughout history, walking has been the main mode of transportation in urban areas. However, rapid urbanization and the mass introduction of automobiles in the 1950s, followed by suburban population growth, changed the mode of transportation. These changes created a pattern of urban expansion called sprawl, according to which many people from cities move to the suburbs of their cities. As these areas are hugely dependent on personal cars for transportation due to the mono-functionality and dispersion of daily destinations, they are designed to be low-density housing and special lifestyle. Urban built environments significantly impact on the physical activity of people and consequently their health. Considering the above-mentioned issues, this research investigated the impact of the city's physical environment on residents’ physical activity, social cohesion, sense of social belonging, and mental health.

This research is descriptive-analytical. Document, library, and field methods were used for collecting the required data. The data were collected in the early 2022, using a questionnaire. A two-stage random sampling method was applied for selecting the participants. At the first stage, 20 neighborhoods were randomly selected from among the historical neighborhoods of Rasht, Iran. Walkability and density were evident the selected the neighborhoods. Then, 19 residential buildings were selected from among the neighborhood, distributed evenly, and one household in each building was randomly selected for answering the posed questions. From among the questionnaires distributed in 20 neighborhoods of Rasht, 380 questionnaires were completed. The questionnaire entailed two sections. The first section asked some demographic questions, including gender, age, education, monthly income, employment, and marital status. The second section was on the main questions, including items related to nine components. The components were: closeness to facilities, reduction of environmental stressful factors, quality of infrastructure, accessibility and connectivity, traffic hazards, physical activity, social cohesion, sense of social belonging, and mental health. To confirm the validity of the questionnaire enjoying Likert scale, experts commented on the face and content of questionnaire. Its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.931. Structural equation modeling was applied in SMART PLS3 software for analyzing the collected data.

The results showed that the built environment ranked the second among the components “closeness to facilities”, “reduction of stressful environmental issues”, “quality of infrastructure”, “accessibility and connectivity”, and “traffic hazard”. The built environment positively and significantly influences on the social cohesion, sense of social belonging, and physical activity. Moreover, the sense of social belonging and physical activity positively and significantly impact on mental health. The citizens believed that the more such principles as “closeness to facilities”, “accessibility and connectivity”, “safety”, “quality of urban infrastructure”, “absence of stressful environmental issues” be applied to the neighborhoods, the more the neighbors will deal with physical activities. This issue, in turn, will positively influence on citizens’ mental health. Moreover, the participants believed that if they have a more positive attitude towards their neighborhood, the sense of social belonging and social cohesion will increase. Consequently, people’s mental health will increase. This study revealed that the strategies of urban designing and proper planning policies can directly play a significant role in enhancing social cohesion, sense of social belonging, and walking behaviors and indirectly improve mental health. The way of creating a suitable pedestrian-oriented living environment is so significant not only for the urban designers and planners, but also for managers of cities. Taking the issues into account, we can conclude that the findings of this study can be applied for implementing the related issues.

Reviewing previous related studies revealed that this study is among the few ones that explored within a single study the relationships between the components of the built environment, physical activity, social cohesion, sense of social belonging and mental health. Through paying more attention to the dimensions of the built environment, urban managers can enhance social cohesion, physical activity, and the sense of social belonging and, as a result, improve people’s mental and physical health. This study made some suggestions for future research, including doing a similar work in other cities or using other components in the model presented by this study.

A look at urban management approaches over the history shows that urban approaches have becoming more flexible. The current approach is urban governance and one of the principles of urban governance is participation. Many believe that more informed and legitimate decisions can be made by involving citizens. Due to the advancement of information technologies and the increase in the use of the Internet and participation tools in recent years, electronic participation has also started to increase the scope and transparency of the government and, as a result, increase the trust of citizens in the government. Citizen-initiated electronic-participation is often in the form of consultative communication in which participants communicate with government administrators, monitor, comment on others’ opinions, and respond to the opinions.
As an institution that is made up of people’s representatives, the city council is one of the important principles of the urban management system in Iran. For satisfying the needs of the people, this institution has an urgent need to get people’s votes and opinions, and one of the prerequisites for getting their opinions is involving them in urban management issues. Since the use of the Internet and virtual space is increasing every day, it is not possible to hold meetings with the presence of all citizens. And as the purpose of electronic participation is increasing the participation of citizens in digital governance, their participation can help officials, including city council members, to offer better services to people and solve their problems. Bojnord city council’s facilities for electronic participation are limited to the website of the organization, Telegram groups, and Instagram pages of members of the council. Taking these issues into consideration, this study tried to examine the challenges of citizens regarding their electronic participation in Bojnord city council’s decisions and to offer some solutions that make citizens’ electronic participation easier.

A mixed method was used for this applied research. A semi-structured interview was used in three sections. First, public relations experts (website officials) of the city council were interviewed to see the website's status. In the second section, interactive interviews were conducted with members of city council and city managers and experts regarding citizens' participation through open questions. In the third part, the virtual literacy of citizens and the amount of current training were explored to see the access of citizens of Bojnord to electronic tools. For this purpose, an employee of Seraj in North Khorasan province was interviewed. Content analysis was applied to analyze the data from the interviews. Another questionnaire was designed, the target group of which was all the citizens of Bojnord older than 18, because these people can vote for selecting city council members. As it was not possible to access all the people of this city, aged 18 to 20, the statistical population was considered to be all citizens over 20 years of age, which according to the last census in 2016 were 153122 people. SPSS was run to analyze the data of this section. The one-sample t-test and descriptive tests were used. DPSER and SWAT methods were also applied to understand the status of electronic participation.

The results showed that three important issues are needed for electronic participation of citizens: 1) conditions or prerequisites for electronic participation (economic/financial conditions, social/cultural conditions, legal/law conditions, and technical and infrastructure conditions); 2) the methods of electronic participation (electronic notification, electronic consultation and electronic decision-making); and 3) electronic participation tools (available platforms). Moreover, the investigations showed that full electronic informing has been done regarding the news and approvals of the city council of Bojnord and the news of daily meetings has been published for the citizens, but the citizens have not been informed about the presence of city council members on different platforms and the way of electronic communication with them. Therefore, many citizens did not know at all about the presence of city council members in social media and though they have wanted to communicate electronically, they did not know the communication methods.

The results showed that resorting to electronic participation has many such advantages as creating a more comprehensive view of the problems and even a more specialized solution to them. Generally speaking, one can say that Bojnord city council is in electronic notification stage. Here are some strategies to overcome barriers and emphasize strengths. The goal is that all city councils with similar conditions that do not have a single platform for electronic participation can use these suggestions to solve the participation problems. These suggestions are as follows:
Appropriate and public informing about the activeness of city council members in electronic media;
Determining the duties for each member of city council for electronic presence. This will encourage citizens to communicate electronically with members of city councils;
Creating a technology department in the city councils and employing experts in this regard;
Improving the facilities of city councils’ websites and providing some possibilities, including sending emails to citizens, uploading photos and videos by citizens, and online broadcast of the meetings of city councils;
Using the power of city council representatives in the supreme council of provinces to make legislations for citizens’ electronic participation.

Earthquake should be considered as one of the most prevalent and destructive natural disasters that all the countries of the world, especially Iran, face with. Therefore, it is important to evaluate urban resilience against earthquakes. Urban resilience is a new and under researched concept in urban studies and urban planning. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb, like any other city, against earthquakes. It seems that considering and resorting to some sources we can understand the vulnerability of Iranian cities. It is necessary to use a suitable model and various types of spatial and non-spatial data. Moreover, the analyses related to the geographic information system and most importantly, the review and analysis of the current global experiences should be considered. Taking these issues into account, we can achieve the risk map of Iranian cities against earthquakes. Additionally, by making the necessary preparations, this phenomenon can be turned into a planned process in crisis management caused by natural hazards. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, the integrated model of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was applied for weighting the variables. The final goal was to see the status of urban resilience against earthquakes in Islamabad Gharb.

This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. For this study many resources were used including documentary and library studies, information about and provided by the municipality of Islamabad Gharb city, and other reports including studies that were previously conducted in this field on the city. Moreover, the studies and plans that have been carried out by the deputy of planning of the governorate should be added to the sources. Two integrated models of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against earthquakes. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was also used to weight the variables. For evaluating the resilience of the city against the earthquake, two integrated models of WLC and gamma with values ​​of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 were used and the final maps on five classes (very low, low, medium, high, and very high level of resilience) were prepared. Moreover, for evaluating the accurancy and correctness of the final maps produced by the two models, the results of total quality index (QS) were used.

Total quality index (QS) was applied for ensuring the accuracy of WLC models and fuzzy gamma operators of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 to prepare earthquake resilience zoning map. Higher QS of zoning model or method indicates that the calculations and predictions for resilience zoning map are highly accurate. By using the QS we can measure the accuracy of the calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. Moreover, the QS value of each resilience class related to each of the mentioned models can be obtained separately. In addition to these two cases, it is possible to compare the accuracy and correctness of calculations related to each resilience class with the accuracy and correctness of calculations of other resilience classes. The QS values for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes related to the zoning map created by WLC model, respectively, were 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247 and 0.063. The QS value of "low" resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. This can be interpreted that the calculations related to the area of ​​the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than other resilience classes. The following classes are high, very high, very low and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of the QS values ​​for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes. Taking into account the QS, the accuracy and correctness of the WLC model for the preparation of resilience zoning map against earthquake risk for the city of Islamabad Gharb was 0.611.

The QS index can be used to calculate the accuracy of the performed calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. It is also possible to obtain the QS value of each resilience class related to each of these two models separately. Moreover, the precision and accuracy of calculations of each resilience class can be compared with the precision and accuracy of calculations of other resilience classes. QS value for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes pertaining to the zoning map created by WLC model were, respectively, 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247, and 0.063. The QS value of low resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. We may interpret it that the calculations pertaining to the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than the calculation of other resilience classes. Other classes are, respectively, high, very high, very low, and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of QS values ​​for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes. Taking the QS, the precision and accuracy of the WLC model in preparing the zoning map of resilience against earthquake risk for Islamabad Gharb city is 0.611.

The challenges and problems that cities are currently facing, have caused the loss of identity, decrease in attendance, vitality, and the crisis of social-spatial disintegration. Moreover, since many retirees and elderly have migrated to Shiraz metropolis from other cities of Iran, the elderly population of this city has increased. These two issues have made Shiraz one of the old cities of Iran in terms of the age of its residents. Despite the aging population of this city, the urban form has not been considered in urban projects to accommodate the elderly in this city. That is, ignoring the needs of the elderly in District 1 of Shiraz metropolis and the lack of suitable urban spaces for the presence and activity of the elderly in the neighborhoods of this district can lead to social deterioration and a reduction in their useful life. This in turn will be a threat to the life expectancy of Iranians. This research explored the status quo of the selected neighborhood in District 1 of Shiraz and then explored effective strategies and policies in improving the presence of the elderly in urban spaces.

This applied research used descriptive-analytical method. Library and field methods were used to collect the required data. From among the proposed areas and considering the maximum number of elderly located in the district 1, and also considering the desired criteria, a questionnaire of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was prepared and evaluated by urban specialists. Then, it was evaluated by TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), Expert Choice, and SPSS. Finally, a district was selected for evaluating its current situation in terms of the presence of the elderly. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the number of needed questionnaires, which was measured to be 266. Therefore, 270 questionnaires were distributed among the elderly of Sardar Jangal, Shiraz.

The descriptive test of the indicators (including security, urban form, and social dimensions) and their sub-indicators showed that the familiarity indicator had the lowest average and the self-esteem and respect indicator had the highest average response. The frequency rate regarding the mean of the descriptive test showed that the lowest rate belongs to the height-to-width ratio indicator and the highest rate belongs to the comfort, comprehensiveness, self-esteem and respect indicators. Moreover, regarding evaluating the frequency of repetition of answers, the highest repetition belonged to the indicators of comfort and comprehensiveness of the space and the lowest repetition belonged to the indicators of familiarity, human scale, street orientation, and height-to-width ratio. The results of the Friedman test showed that among the 270 evaluated questionnaires, the highest frequency belongs to the indicator of self-esteem and respect (average: 2.98) and the lowest frequency belongs to the indicator of familiarity (average: 2.35). Moreover, the indicators of human scale, belongingness, liking, and readability (average: 2.50) and street orientation and the sky view factor (average: 2.52) have the same frequency and importance. Regarding the standard deviation of the indicators, the human scale indicator was the lowest and the self-esteem and respect indicator was the best. Moreover, the results showed that the self-esteem and respect indicator with a rank of 17.97 is the highest and the familiarity indicator with a rank of 11.54 is the least favorable among the people of Sardar Jangal neighborhood in District 1 of Shiraz, Iran.

Statistical tests were performed and the effective indicators in increasing the presence of the elderly in the urban spaces of the studied neighborhood were determined. Then, the results of this research were compared with the results of previous studies in this field. The comparative analysis showed that happiness and hope variables from the self-esteem sub-indices of the elderly, which were investigated by other studies, confirm the results of this research. Therefore, these variables have the greatest impact on the use of urban spaces by the elderly. Considering the results, some solutions were presented to strengthen the short-term stopping spaces for the elderly to gather in Kowsar Park in Ghasrdasht Street. Regarding the inclusiveness of urban spaces for the presence of the elderly, the comparison of the results of this research with the results of other studies showed that both personal and environmental components are very important in designing the space, so they should be considered in the designs. Regarding the solutions, it was suggested to make suitable ramps and floor constructions for the disabled and blind people on the sidewalk. It was suggested to create short-term stopping spaces in the paths of Ghasrdasht and Daneshamouz streets. Moreover, the comparison of the results of this research with the results of other similar works showed that the physical shape of spaces can influence on the creation of suitable environments for users. The results pertaining to the contribution of the concept of "human scale" in the success of urban projects showed that the human scale has an impact proportionate with all the criteria for measuring the success of projects. Therefore, regarding the policies, this study highlights attention to the skyline in the alleys of Ghasrdasht street and observing the M3 rule for all houses and the north-south direction of the streets towards the maximum use of natural light. Moreover, the review of other studies and the comparison of their results with the results of this research showed that all the components of this research are directly connected to other researches. The comparison of the results of this study with those of previous studies shows that the classification and prioritization of the factors and components that influence the elderly have to do with the ability attend in public spaces, different from the factors that impact upon other age groups.