فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

One of the political and social events that significantly influenced the societal ambiance was the 2022 protests. This study aims to examine the social underpinnings of the presence of women in the protests of the fall of 2022 and to demonstrate the repercussions on society and the government. This study concentrates on the civil layer of the 2022 protest uprising, despite the fact that it encompassed various layers of protest. For this purpose, 28 interviews were conducted with female political and social activists using the qualitative study and grounded theory method and theoretical sampling. The collected data were coded and analyzed based on open, central and selective coding.The categories and themes that were extracted from the interviews demonstrated the significance of the disparity between the “women’s mentality” and their “legal and social objectivity” in the protests of 2022. The political system has been further exacerbated by the non-acceptance of women by the government, as well as the control of women’s attire and lifestyle, which has been linked to the political identity of the government for decades. This has resulted in a shift in value and attitude. These protests have had significant societal, social, and cultural repercussions, and they have also elevated the government’s concern regarding women’s attire.This protest layer was a women’s protest that was centered on the reclamation of the lifestyle and the type of new social movements. It is related to those who experience “control” and “humiliation” in their lived experience. The movement’s reiteration of the slogan “woman, life, freedom” is a protest against thedirective character of orderly and governmental life and a demand for “social and cultural freedom.”

Consumption is a daily social and moral activity that represents lifestyle, desires, thoughts and ideals with its own symbols and signs. Consumption has evolved into a fundamental component of “identification” and has surpassed the capacity to satisfy requirements. The aim of the current research is to identify and analyze the spatial patterns of consumption (self-provision, collective, and mixed) in Tehran.The data and the study area of Tehran metropolis were gathered from the plan of cultural, social, and identity typology of Tehran city neighborhoods and the designation of neighborhood patterns and local communities in 2016. The study included 12,000 samples and 105 neighborhoods, which were divided into 22 regions. GIS and GeoDa Software were employed to analyze the necessary data in the form of a map.The results indicated that the consumption pattern in Tehran's health, healthcare, and treatment sectors is primarily characterized by collective consumption. Polarity is the orientation of the spatial pattern of health and treatment service consumption in approximately 50% of Tehran's neighborhoods. The field of education and empowerment exhibits a consumption pattern that is approximately 49% collective consumption and 35% self-sufficiency consumption. A cluster is the spatial distribution of the quantity of consumption of self-provision of education and empowerment.The spatial distribution and analysis demonstrated the difference and inequality between the southern and northern regions of the city. The results also suggest that the localities are grouped together with similar groupings based on their economic and social characteristics.

With the emergence and formation of modern nation-states and the ideology of archaic nationalism, a framework that fostered intra-social and national othering based on ethnic, religious, and linguistic identity prevailed for several decades. This resulted in the establishment of an ideological lifeworld in Iran, characterized by subordination, peripheralization, and othering. This article addresses the question of what mechanisms generate and reproduce the subordination of informal labor forces by focusing on the lifeworld of the subordinates, specifically informal labor forces on the periphery. Furthermore, which resistance strategies do the subordinates implement? In other words, the objective of this investigation is to examine the logic of the dominant forces in the city of Sanandaj and its suburbs using an ethnographic approach. The people of Sanandaj have been subjected to mechanisms that have resulted in their subordination, which has forced a substantial portion of the population to engage in informal economies and labor, thereby forcing them to exit the sphere of normal life. The city of Sanandaj serves as the research site. This research employs ethnographic methodologies and employs a qualitative approach. In ethnographic fieldwork, the researcher interacts directly with the field or environment. Field research techniques, such as observations, interviews, participation or immersion in daily life, and library studies, were employed to collect data. Our conceptual framework is founded on the theories of Asef Bayat, Michel Foucault, Mbembe, and Standing. This study demonstrates that the mechanism of subordination through pervasive dispossession, which is implemented through historical, economic, and social policies and programs, exacerbates peripheralization, subordination, and precarious living conditions for citizens. Moreover, it reveals that resistance strategies, including street occupations, nationalist identity pursuits, and sectarianism, are developed in response to these subordinating mechanisms. It demonstrates that although the history of Sanandaj is inextricably linked with economic, social, and political policies in a historical experience characterized by othering, peripheralization, and exclusion, which culminated in the extensive plunder of local resources and the dispossession of citizens’ rights and livelihoods, resulting in a substantial population being relegated to the ranks of the subordinates, this narrative has consistently generated parallel worlds in opposition to this systematic historical plunder. It is imperative to acknowledge that these parallel worlds, which have been established in response to historical pillage and dispossession, have not functioned as a means of evading subordination and victimization

This paper focuses on a comparative historical examination of political modernity in Iran from 1906 to 1941. The research problem is centered on the assertion that political modernity in Iran has become problematic during the consolidation stage. Despite numerous efforts by liberals, the absolutist state has been replicated in various historical periods. Based on empirical evidence, it is argued that Iran underwent the destabilization of political modernity, which led to the resurgence of authoritarianism and the reproduction of the absolutist state in 1908 and 1925. The study’s theoretical framework is founded on a combinative approach. The theoretical framework’s logical structure implies that political modernity is the result of the interaction of four causal conditions: Institutionalization of political system, separation of civil society from the state, recognition of individual and citizenship rights in the constitution, and the positive involvement of external agents.A comparative historical methodology is implemented in this historical investigation.The empirical evidence presented in this research suggests that the destabilization of political modernity in Iran took place in the context of weak political institutionalization, lack of separation between the state and civil society, the weak representation of individual and citizenship rights in the constitution, and the negative influence of foreign actors on domestic politics

Collective conflict in local communities is always an issue that has been the focus of social researchers in our country in recent years. This occurrence poses a threat to the peace, security, and quality of life of the populace, particularly in traditional and tribal communities, where it induces tendencies toward dominance and anxiety. In recent years, it has been increasing in our country and for this reason, many researchers have investigated this phenomenon, the current research was conducted to understand the background, causes, and main factors of conflict formation in Iran.This investigation implemented the meta-synthesis methodology. The demographic of our study 34 articles were chosen in accordance with the criteria, and they were published in scientific journals and theses. We conducted an analysis of the findings of this investigation and identified 10 categories. In order to ensure the quality of our categories, we obtained the approval of an expert and calculated Cohen’s Kappa coefficient.The findings of the research indicate that the studies conducted at the level of description have primarily concentrated on the relationship between background variables and the degree of tendency to conflict. The research conducted at the level of explanation has identified social, cultural, and ecological causes as effective in generating conflict. Some research has attempted to address this phenomenon by proposing solutions such as restorative justice and trust. In the most extensively researched studies, the primary causes of collective conflicts are scarcity, environmental challenges, vertical collectivism, tribalism, and rights and property issues.Its analysis and meta-synthesis demonstrate that the primary causes and factors of collective conflicts in Iranian society have been centered on the three primary axes of tribalism and vertical collectivism, as well as the challenges of rights and property and environmental resources. The conflicts that transpired in the central and arid regions of Iran were primarily precipitated by environmental and resource constraints, while those that transpired in the west and southwest were primarily influenced by tribalism and its repercussions. In the east and south-east, conflicts have been primarily influenced by the experience of conflict, deprivation, and socio-political insecurity. In the northern areas, there have been more causes of inequality and a sense of relative deprivation.

The topic of women has been one of the most debated in the discourses of contemporary Iranian history, acquiring a unique meaning in each era. These discourses and the conflicts that they contain have significantly influenced her identity. The visibility of these conflicts in social actions is a significant factor in the Pahlavi period.This paper employs critical discourse analysis to investigate the narratives associated with the quasi-modern Pahlavi discourse on women. Its objective is to analyze the socio-political context in which the modern woman is situated, to comprehend the concept of the modern woman and the semantic processes that shape it, and to comprehend the dominant ideology of this discourse.According to the research findings, the primary discursive statements are as follows: the necessity of Iran’s immediate modernization, past-oriented patriotism and a forward-looking authoritative state, women’s social rights, the necessity for women’s education, emphasis on women’s duties, reevaluation of women’s dress code, the imperative of lifting the veil, and altering marital relations. In contrast to the traditional woman, the modern woman is portrayed as the embodiment of Iranian modernity in the discourse. The ideology of ancient-oriented nationalism and the emphasis on the concept of a progressive dictator have influenced it to disregard previous identity-forming elements and highlight modern elements that are reminiscent of European women.At the discursive and social practice level, this approach contains contradictions that suggest that women’s liberation and progress were not the ultimate objective, but rather a means to diminish the influence of traditionalists and, alternatively, to present a staged image of modernization as the primary objective.

This research challenges the perceptions of social isolation among the offspring of Iranian martyrs, a social group that is less well-known. Furthermore, the issue of social isolation is addressed as a historical phenomenon by analyzing their published narratives of their lived experiences from the absence of their father to the period after the martyrdom.Based on qualitative approach, the document analysis method is applied.The findings show that the child’s experience, which was distinct from that of their peers due to the influence of an important life event: the martyrdom of their father and its repercussions, has established a new order within the family, which has challenged their social relationships. The trauma of these experiences, along with the prevalence of stereotypical conceptions of financial support, has exacerbated their negative emotions and compelled them to engage in informal politics, which manifests as seclusion and restricted relationships. Additionally, the social isolation of these individuals has been exacerbated by the ratification and implementation of official social segregation policies in the form of residences, schools, educational services, and leisure programs over the past few decades.Stigma is a social phenomenon that is not solely related to university entrance; it is a consequence of the interaction between social segregation and stereotyped attitudes that have both caused and perpetuated the process of exclusion.

Today, we are witnessing a wide range of concerns about the jeopardy of the human position in relation to artificial intelligence-based technologies. The study field of human-centricity artificial intelligence was established in response to these concerns, as it was necessary for human involvement in the development of these systems. The current research is an endeavor to encourage and fortify the convergence of two potential study forces—sociology and artificial intelligence—in order to establish the human-centricity concept.A systematic review of the existing literature was implemented in this investigation. The projectile sampling strategy was implemented to conduct the sampling. The primer set and articles were selected in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. To analyze the data, we used Double Diamond innovative design framework.The research findings were categorized into eight levels, including: Human-centricity artificial intelligence; Problems of human-centricity artificial intelligence in the production of social sciences and sociology; Interdisciplinary research on the human-centricity concept in sociological studies of artificial intelligence; The position of human-centricity artificial intelligence in the methodology of social sciences; Principles and regulations governing the explainability of artificial intelligence; The significance of the human-centricity concept in the comprehension and perception of artificial intelligence by actors; Artificial intelligence and human interaction; Specific disciplines of study that are oriented toward human artificial intelligence.Two problems related to artificial intelligence and three problems related to humans (in the general sense) were identified through the systematic review of the existing literature. The coexistence of the issues, as well as the adoption of varying perspectives by the articles under investigation in relation to the aforementioned issues, has resulted in the development of 22 distinct approaches to addressing these issues.