فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 49، پاییز 1403)

This study investigates the influence of cognitive biases on the foreign policy approaches of Iranian presidents Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani. Employing the cognitive approach to foreign policy analysis as a theoretical framework, the research utilizes a mixed-method design combining inductive textual analysis of presidential rhetoric with deductive categorization of cognitive biases. The analysis reveals that both presidents exhibited various cognitive biases, including cognitive consistency maintenance, fundamental attribution error, framing effects within gain/loss domains, false consensus, illusions of validity, sunk cost fallacy, and oversimplification tendencies. These biases function as cognitive heuristics, significantly influencing decision-makers' interpretations of critical situations and new information. The study underscores the importance of understanding these cognitive biases in foreign policy formulation, particularly given the Iranian president's role in policy shaping. The article presents a comprehensive analysis, encompassing an introduction, literature review, conceptual framework, methodology, detailed examination of each president's cognitive biases, and conclusion. This research contributes to the broader field of foreign policy analysis by elucidating the role of cognitive biases in shaping presidential decision-making processes in Iran.

The Middle East, like other regions of the world, based on the characteristics arising from its history, tradition, value system, and of course its own political structures, is bound to face the reality of globalization as a process of interaction between micro and macro players in the global arena and in economic, social, and political dimensions. And it has been cultural. Especially since a significant part of the requirements of development and macro policies in the region have necessarily been intertwined and related to the issues and issues related to the reality of globalization. The result of the influence of various socio-political forces inside, the regulation of foreign policy, the diversification of economic capacities, and finally the management of security, political, economic and social consequences have been part of the headlines of the governments of the region facing the reality of globalization after 1990. Kuwait and Jordan, as two pioneer kingdoms in the region, faced the globalization process directly. Based on this, in this research, we are trying to answer the question, how has the mutual influence of development and globalization been in the two countries of Kuwait and Jordan? The authors of the article, rely on a comparative and comparative method and focus on the two governments of Kuwait and Jordan as a representative examples of two groups of oil-rich states lacking natural resources in the region under the liberal theoretical framework, as a proposal of the globalization phenomenon,

The current research, employing the explanatory research method, aims to explore the benefits and obstacles associated with the revival of relations between Egypt and Iran. The question that arises is whether Egypt and Iran are moving towards the restoration of diplomatic relations after several decades of disconnection. We propose the following hypothesis in response: despite numerous obstacles, Arab leaders, including Egypt, have chosen to engage in dialogue with Tehran rather than resorting to confrontation. This decision stems from Sisi's foreign policy strategy, which prioritizes safeguarding his regime, enhancing international freedom of action, and broadening Egypt's alliances, despite potential conflicts with other countries' interests. The results of the research indicate that the governments of Egypt and Iran have made progress towards normalizing relations. But the path of Egypt and Iran to restore diplomatic relations seems long and complicated because there is a need for the two countries to agree on some basic issues.

This research presents a study on the path of developments leading to the formation of the Abraham Accords and shows how this strategic initiative was formed under the influence of Israel's internal factors and regional drivers. The question of research is that according to the coordinates of the regional environment and the role of internal factors as a mediating variable, first of all, what were the drivers for the formation of the pact and secondly, what considerations does Israel's foreign policy follow in this strategic initiative. The research hypothesis, based on the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism, states that Israel's foreign policy, affected by systemic developments as well as internal factors, has moved towards implementing changes in its foreign policy in the form of a new wave of normalization of relations and warm peace, so that it can be a part of reduce its economic, political and security concerns and challenges in the unstable regional environment. The purpose of this study, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method, is to identify a framework of effective forces for this strategic initiative. The findings of the research indicate that this diplomatic initiative has become a success in the field of Israeli diplomacy due to pragmatic considerations in dealing with internal challenges and the regional environment, but the stability of this situation and the preservation of the interests of the actors involved in this accords with regard to the Palestinian issue it is associated with some degree of uncertainty.

Not only do Human Rights facilitate political functions through society, but also promote the legitimacy of political institutions. So Human rights get the right source of domestic and international conducting of the countries. It for being updated has a conceptual, contextual, and structural development in its historical trajectory. State indeed needs to be mentioned on what the global development resulted the good governance to improve its efficiency. The main question is what is related the security governance to Human rights. The hypothesis is that Human Rights by providing human security, sustainable development, and good governance make a proper setting for security governance. Improving accountability in the security sections and providing the people with monitoring increased the state's legitimacy and held it in trust. The security governance deems not to decline the capability of the security sections, rather it pursues self-regulation in managing the society in the right manner. As a result, the paper tries to show where means of self-regulating in the security section

One of the core issues in the complex international system is the order management of phenomena within particular realms of the system. This study, premised on the complex phenomena within the international system, strives to address how regional order management along with regional regulation are achieved within the complex international system. The findings of this study suggest that systemic interventions, which impact the key variables of a regional system and are initiated by trans-regional actors, and hegemonic and regional power, are proposed as a means to manage issues within complex regions. However, the degree of these interventions can vary significantly, depending on whether the regions are symmetrical or asymmetrical. In symmetrical regions, given the heightened sensitivity and vulnerability of the actors involved, as well as the robust regional bond and coalition structures, there exists a Nash equilibrium, which serves as the focal point for resolving regional conflicts. In asymmetrical regions, due to the fragile nature of the bond and coalition structures and the contentious regional issues, conflicts tend to escalate. Moreover, this often leads to maximum interventions by trans-regional actors.

Energy security represents a vital and multifaceted component contributing to national and global stability. Currently, no universally accepted methodology exists for quantitative assessment of energy security. Nevertheless, the prevailing scientific approach defines and quantifies energy security in a manner that accounts for the rapid transformations within the global economy and geopolitical landscape. Studying the Energy Security Index across developed and developing countries can provide valuable insights regarding energy security. In this paper, after identifying the most important categories defining energy security, a comprehensive Energy Security Index was developed utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For this purpose, data from 111 selected countries spanning 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. The research findings indicate an overall improvement in global energy security and enhanced performance among developed countries. Moreover, according to these findings, oil-producing countries did not possess an advantage in energy security relative to non-oil-producing countries. Therefore, strategically managing the components defining energy security, especially within developing countries, is recommended.

As the largest greenhouse gases producer of the world, China decides to reduce fossil fuel consumption to zero by 2060. This behavior on the part of China seems a little unexpected because this country usually prefers the economic growth achieved in the light of fossil fuel consumption over issues such as environmental protection. Therefore, the question is raised, basically, what factor or factors have made China move towards complying with international norms, including the Paris Climate Agreement? The hypothesis of the article, which has been examined in a descriptive-analytical way, is that although various factors may be involved in China's desire to preserve the environment and adhere to environmental agreements, China's effort to gain a hegemonic position in the international system is an important factor. In order to achieve this position, China is trying to show a positive image of itself in the world as a responsible actor and in this way, gain credit for itself and direct the attention of the world community to itself. The findings of the research also showed that Beijing, following the point of view that compliance with international norms can help to gain a hegemonic position, intends to show a positive image of itself by joining the environmental protocols and draw the attention of countries to gain the role of world leadership.As the largest greenhouse gases producer of the world, China decides to reduce fossil fuel consumption to zero by 2060. This behavior on the part of China seems a little unexpected because this country usually prefers the economic growth achieved in the light of fossil fuel consumption over issues such as environmental protection. Therefore, the question is raised, basically, what factor or factors have made China move towards complying with international norms, including the Paris Climate Agreement? The hypothesis of the article, which has been examined in a descriptive-analytical way, is that although various factors may be involved in China's desire to preserve the environment and adhere to environmental agreements, China's effort to gain a hegemonic position in the international system is an important factor. In order to achieve this position, China is trying to show a positive image of itself in the world as a responsible actor and in this way, gain credit for itself and direct the attention of the world community to itself. The findings of the research also showed that Beijing, following the point of view that compliance with international norms can help to gain a hegemonic position, intends to show a positive image of itself by joining the environmental protocols and draw the attention of countries to gain the role of world leadership.

During many centuries, the issue of piracy has been discussed in many ways. Entering the age of globalization and the presence of huge sea fleets, we have continued to witness the role of pirates as disruptors of international order. Regarding dealing with this issue during the 20th century, several laws in the form of international conventions have been approved by countries and international organizations. Since the mentioned issue is closely related to several issues such as marine cargo insurance and the actions of pirates, especially in the case of Somalia and the shores of the Gulf of Aden, are tied to human security, the need to pay more attention to international communities. This is felt.In the upcoming research, an effort will be made to pay special attention to the latest developments in the mentioned subject by examining the various dimensions of the mentioned subject.

One of the Functions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, along with the legislative and monitoring functions, is parliamentary diplomacy. Efficiency and effectiveness are multi-layered categories that are affected by both structural and agent elements. The main question of this research is what factors reduce the efficiency of the diplomatic activities of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. It seems that the efficiency of the diplomatic activities of the 12th Islamic Consultative Assembly requires creation of required structures, the amendment of the Internal regulations of the legislative power, continuous improvement of the processes and evolution both parts of the structure – agent. The most important goal of this research is to identify obstacles and requirements for empowering the diplomatic activities of the 12th Islamic Consultative Assembly through the collection of library information and content analysis of documents and experiences of parliamentary assemblies. For this reason, this research is included under applied, strategic and developmental research.

Today, in the world of trade and diplomacy, before concluding contract, the parties negotiate directly and indirectly. Negotiation, such as mediation, and other alternative solutions provides the necessary facilities for a a binding contract. Of course, negotiation or mediation may not lead to an agreement.. In this case, what executive guarantee is there regarding the disclosure of commercial or political secrets of one of the parties due to termination of negotiations? This article is done with a comparative approach and a descriptive, analytical method. It also deals with the descriptive analysis of negotiation and its difference with mediation, the rights regarding the termination of negotiations and also the guarantee of the implementation of the protection of trade secrets of the parties in the principles of European contract law and Iranian law. If the termination of the negotiation is in such a way that the other party's commercial and political information is disclosed, he acted against good faith and according to civil liability, it will be required to compensate for the damage.