فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 62، بهار 1403)

Global experience shows that in developed countries as well as in developing countries, good governance to address the challenges and demands of the third millennium AD, especially urban management issues, is inevitable. Although the concept of governance has been widely discussed among policymakers and scholars, no strong consensus has yet been reached on a single definition of the concept. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank the neighborhoods of Genaveh in terms of indicators of good governance (participation, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, political stability, social justice, access and information, legitimacy and community-based).

The research method is descriptive-compositional and its type is applied and the data collection methods are library and field which was designed by a questionnaire from 15 professors, specialists and officials. In order to prioritize the neighborhoods of Genaveh city in terms of indicators of good urban governance, the Fuzzy Vikor model has been used and to weight the indicators, the network analysis model (ANP) has been used.

The results of Fuzzy Vikor show that the governorate neighborhood with a weight of 0.000 is in the first rank of Genaveh neighborhoods. Nowruzabad neighborhood with a weight of 0.089 in the second rank, Motahhari alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.159 in the third rank, Besat alley neighborhood with a weight of 0.318 in the fourth rank, Abd Imam neighborhood with a weight of 0.403 in the fifth rank, Bazaar neighborhood with Weight 0.587 in the sixth rank, Chahjoo neighborhood with the weight of 0.649 in the seventh rank, Baba Ali Shah neighborhood with the weight of 0.812 in the eighth rank, Malsadat neighborhood with the weight of 0.877 in the ninth rank and Ershad neighborhood with the weight of 0.967 in It is ranked tenth and last.

Also, in terms of the level of desirability, the neighborhoods were ranked into four levels: the governorate neighborhoods, Motahhari and Nowruzabad alleys at the desired level, Besat and Abd Imam alley neighborhoods at the relatively desirable level, Bazaar and Chahjoo neighborhoods at the average level and Baba Alishah, Malsadat and Guidance is at an unfavorable level.

In recent decades, the vertical expansion of housing and the increase in apartment living has grown at an unprecedented rate. Lack of suitable land, tendency to be adjacent to urban centers and commercialization of housing led to increased density and apartment living. But in the meantime, the vacuum caused by the elimination of original and quality spaces, such as courtyards and porches, is strongly felt after decades.

This study has been conducted under the title of the importance of porches in apartments from a planning perspective. The research method in this research is done in the literature review section, descriptive-analytical method and in the field studies section with a little method. Also, a comparative study of interstitial spaces in traditional housing and contemporary housing has been done through observation and study of documents along with the study of design standards of residential spaces, and the role and importance of the porch in the house has been done.

In this article, one of the important and main goals of the research was to accurately measure the importance of the porch and recreate its role in the apartment Residential spaces have been done and the role and importance of the porch in the house has been done. The constructed instrument was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha test coefficients using SPSS24 statistical software and structural equation modeling using pls. The reliability of the variables was calculated and evaluated as appropriate, based on which the coefficient of the research variables and its dimensions were more than 0.7. The results indicate that the output model of the research variables has a significant relationship between the research variables and the final model.

Nowadays, building apartments and living in such housing is a requirement. Living in the upper floors has alienated people from the earth and nature, the terrace and balcony are one of the most desirable spaces in the apartment, which can partially compensate for the emptiness of the yard and porch. It is not possible to solve the problem of lack of semi-open and open space in today's houses by repeating historical architecture, but it is possible to correct this issue in several parts, one of which is culture building for users (consumers) and setting incentive criteria for producers. During the renovation, the physical quality of the house can be improved, and with the improvement, the existing open and semiopen spaces can be organized for suitable uses. Solving this challenge requires a review of the residential open and semi-open spaces. By conducting interdisciplinary studies, including in the field of psychology and new surveys, effective solutions can be achieved, and the output of this research can be proposed criteria, architectural and urban design ideas.

Considering the results of research and acknowledging that Iran is one of the ten most catastrophic countries in the world due to its geographical location and geology, there are always human and financial losses due to disasters such as floods, earthquakes, droughts, storms, etc. Attention has been paid to the country, which has caused the cities and villages of Iran to be highly vulnerable. From this perspective, Tehran is considered as one of the metropolises with a very high degree of vulnerability in terms of natural disasters due to its vulnerability in various dimensions. Areas 2 and 12 of Tehran are two new and old areas with scattered and compact textures and a range of high to low risk of environmental crises. These areas are located in the old part of Tehran and its surroundings with some differences, and in general, the risk of vulnerability in these areas is very different. District 12 is the commercial heart, the center of the body and historical context of Tehran and in a word, its birthplace. The existing ossification of its texture is more or less in line with the historical ossification of the central part of the city. Due to the establishment of many parts of services and political institutions (urban and extra-urban scale) as well as the allocation of large areas of land in this area for extra-regional use and higher levels, it can be considered as the center of gravity of Tehran. On the other hand, the aristocracy of Region 2 over the territory and a significant part of Tehran, the existence of areas or settlements with homogeneous characteristics and dominant elements such as Milad Tower, intensify its characteristics for the centrality of the region. Therefore, it is important to explain the relationship between resilience and threats and reduce its effects, given the consequences and the emphasis that this analysis has on the resilience dimension. In fact, the purpose of this approach is to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the ability of local citizens to deal with the dangers posed by threats such as natural disasters.

The present research is methodologically descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose. The time and place of these areas are 2 and 12 of Tehran metropolis, which was done in the summer of 1400. The statistical population of the study is the experts in the field of resilience in the field of executive and research, from which 73 people were selected as a sample and questioned. All data related to the research design have been collected in the form of documents and field. In order to review the theoretical foundations and related views, the latest available sources have been used and after compiling the relevant questionnaire and conducting the pre-test, the questionnaire has been completed and the survey has been completed. The mentioned questionnaire is of researcher-made type and has a Likert scale in 5 scales from very high to very low and its completion has been done by field studies and postal questionnaire. The variables of this study included two dimensions of resilience (physical-spatial and social) along with its indicators. Confirmation and determination of the studied indicators in this study based on theoretical principles and validity of its validity according to the importance of each to the study area, was confirmed by 11 experts. To determine the reliability of resilience dimensions, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87 was used, which indicates the high reliability of the questions. Statistical analyzes such as frequency, percentages, maximum and minimum, mean and standard deviation have been used to analyze the data in the descriptive part. In the inferential section, one-sample t-test and Friedman test were used with the help of required statistical analysis.

The results of the evaluation of physical, spatial and social dimensions and the status of urban resilience in the 12th metropolitan area of ​​Tehran show that the frequency percentage of physical-spatial dimension is 34.25% moderate, 36.99% low and 28.77% very low. Therefore, according to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension level, according to all its indicators and criteria, it is average and less and has a tendency towards low spectrum. The prevalence of social dimension is 9.59% very high, 32.88% high, 34.25% medium, 19.18% low and 4.11% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, the level of social dimension is moderate according to all its components and criteria and tends to the average spectrum. Also, the evaluation score of urban resilience was 5.48% high, 21.92% medium, 43.84% low and 28.77% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in the 12th metropolitan area of ​​Tehran, considering all its dimensions, components and indicators, is low and its tendency towards the spectrum is very low. Evaluation of the results of Zone 2 shows that the frequency percentage of the physical-spatial dimension is 16.44% very high, 39.73% high, 34.25% moderate, 8.22% low and 1.37% very low. Therefore, according to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension, it is high according to all its indicators and criteria and has a very high tendency towards the spectrum. The frequency percentage of social dimension is 15.07% very high, 42.47% high, 28.77% medium, 10.96% low and 2.74% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, the level of social dimension is high according to all its components and indicators and tends to be very high. Also, the evaluation score of urban resilience was 38.36% high, 32.88% medium, 16.44% low and 12.33% very low. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in District 2 of Tehran metropolis with all its dimensions, components and indicators is high and its tendency towards the spectrum is very high.

Spatial distribution of resilience status and the possibility of crisis occurring between the 2nd and 12th districts of Tehran and also at the level of neighborhoods are not uniform. In this regard, the study and evaluation of the evaluated criteria show that among the 33 evaluated indicators, in total, the indicators of structure type, building quality, building life (year), population density (people per hectare), land use mixing index, location of uses and activities, Social capital, social vulnerability and socio-economic status have been more important. According to the final score of the physical-spatial dimension level, according to all its indicators and criteria, it is average and less and has a tendency towards low spectrum. According to the final score of the level of social dimension in region 12, all its components and criteria are moderate and tend to the middle spectrum, and the general index of urban resilience tends to the spectrum is very low. Evaluation of the results of Zone 2 shows that the level of physical-spatial dimension is high according to all its indicators and criteria and tends to the spectrum is very high. According to the final score, the level of social dimension is high according to all its components and indicators and tends to be very high. Therefore, according to the final score, it was found that the level of urban resilience variable in Tehran metropolitan area 2 is high due to all its dimensions, components and indicators and its tendency is very high. Assessing the average indicators of urban resilience in crisis and based on the 5-level Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low and very low), shows that the average physical-spatial dimension of region 12, between 9 to 31, is 47.39 and has a level (moderate).

Undoubtedly, in recent decades, tourism has been considered one of the most important social and economic phenomena with its cultural, political and environmental effects. It has become an all-encompassing and global phenomenon. the infrastructures that exist in each city can provide the basis for the development of tourism according to the social, cultural and economic aspects. The facilities available in Iran indicate that this country has the capacity to receive more than 2 to 3 million foreign tourists per year and this industry will be the most important option for foreign exchange earnings in the country after the oil industry. One of the cities of Iran that has a high tourism potential; The city of Sabzevar is the second most populated city in Khorasan Razavi province. Considering the foundation of Sabzevar city during the Parthian period and having favorable environmental conditions, political and military requirements, its location has a suitable position for the development of social, cultural and economic factors based on attracting tourists. In this regard, the main purpose of this article was "to know the effect of social, economic and cultural infrastructure on tourists' satisfaction".

According to the examined components, the ruling approach of this research was "descriptive-analytical" and the article was developmental-applicative in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included the tourists of Sabzevar city in the year of 2020, which according to the statistics of Sabzevar city tourism organization included 1320 people, the sample size calculated by Cochran's formula includes 300 tourists who were randomly questioned. For data analysis, SPS and Amos statistical analysis software with structural equation model and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used in the research.

In the exploratory factor analysis, the first factor "satisfaction of tourists based on the quality of social and historical capital" with an explained variance percentage of 25.76 had the largest share among the total factors influencing the satisfaction of tourists in Sabzevar city. The first factor with the explained variance percentage of 25.76 has the largest share among the total factors affecting the satisfaction of tourists in Sabzevar city, including indicators such as the level of satisfaction with being in Sabzevar city, according to the quality of social infrastructure facilities, the presence of historical houses in Sabzevar city. , the level of satisfaction with visiting the historical schools of Sabzevar city, the level of quality of life of citizens, the level of satisfaction with visiting caravanserais, the level of satisfaction with visiting natural attractions (wild life of Shir Ahmad), the level of interaction of citizens to ensure the safety of tourists, the level of satisfaction with the introduction and The promotion of tourism potentials of Sabzevar city, the degree of cooperation and participation of citizens and the desire to visit and travel again to Sabzevar city. In the structural equation model and confirmatory factor analysis of social, economic and cultural infrastructure on tourists' satisfaction, it was evaluated that in the social infrastructure, the components of participation and solidarity, social facilities and facilities, security and social programs could have an effect on tourists' satisfaction and also; In the economic infrastructure, the effective components including services and human capital, economic facilities and facilities and tourism-oriented economic programs were considered. In terms of cultural infrastructure, the effective components included cultures and traditions, cultural facilities and facilities, and cultural programs and services.

Tourism and the tourism economy are becoming one of the fastest growing activities in the world and a tool for generating national income. Tourists include a wide range of people who, according to their age group, gender, occupation, education, economic and social base, attitude, etc., they have different motivations and needs for leisure and entertainment and they turn to different spaces and activities. Therefore, in order to develop tourism, the first effective factor is tourist satisfaction, which can be explained based on the definition of tourist; In other words, the development and improvement of the quality of tourism infrastructure (social, cultural and economic) should be considered based on the needs of tourists on the one hand and the potential of tourism on the other hand. Also, the suggestions and solutions of this research in order to provide and improve tourist satisfaction based on social, cultural and economic infrastructure are as follows: Creating partnership between citizens and organizations involved in tourism in the field of proper use of environmental and human resources; Identifying the limitations, weaknesses and strengths of the economic, social and cultural infrastructure of Sabzevar city in order to increase the satisfaction of tourists; Publication of brochures and posters and publication of various articles and books by tourism officials in the field of tourism capacities in order to introduce the capabilities and capacities of tourism.

Studies show that the villages of Shaft County have a range of economic activities due to their location in the three locations of plains, foothills and mountains, which leads to the diversity of necessary infrastructures for the exploitation and development of the rural economy. What is effective in the distribution of essential infrastructures in the villages of this County is the geographical conditions (slope and height) governing it. In this regard; in explaining the system of establishing rural settlements in the geographical space of this County, the topography factor is considered as one of the most important geographical conditions. In other words, rough topography is one of the limiting factors in the emergence, growth and development of rural settlements and plays a decisive role in the location of rural areas and, accordingly, necessary infrastructures. In this regard, the height affects other climatic elements, soil production and suitable or unsuitable living conditions, and the increase in height and slope makes the development of infrastructures and facilities difficult. In this regard, the current research seeks to analyze the role of geographic conditions in economic development through the mediation of essential infrastructure in the villages of Shaft County.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and by using common concepts, methods and patterns in this chapter, its practical aspects have been considered as much as possible. The statistical population in the research consists of two parts, the first part is all the villages of Shaft County, and the second part is the experts, based on the purposeful sampling (to reach the saturation of the results), the number of 20 people was determined. . It should also be mentioned that GIS software, MATLAB, and combined models (FKOPRAS+FSORA), and finally the grounded theory model were used for data analysis.

Results and Discussion :

The results of the coefficient of explanation of 36% after applying the screen fitting algorithm using MATLAB software, in relation to the changes of independent and dependent variables, indicate the lack of significance between geographical conditions (altitude and slope) and economic development. In the following, the results of the theoretical model showed factors such as: (unfavorable governance, lack of an integrated and systematic plan, single political structure, lack of planning on environmental strength and geographical conditions), from experts for the village Those with a high economic rank, low altitude and slope, but weak economic infrastructure were identified, and among the mentioned factors, the lack of planning on environmental power and geographical conditions with a value of 71.33 was the most important. Has dedicated itself.

Conclusion:

 Most of the planning done in the villages is due to the centralized approach (top down), and without any previous study of the villages, it is done based on the environmental capabilities and environmental obstacles. These programs not only do not develop a coherent program for the villages, but also prevent them from developing. In this regard, it is necessary to plan for the development of the economic infrastructure of these villages based on the environmental capacity and the slope and height conditions of each village

The need to address the issue of the quality of urban life in these areas becomes more apparent when the residents of informal settlements are considered to be among the most vulnerable sections of an urban society, and paying attention to the urban and biological needs, Providing the minimum needs and enjoying citizenship rights are among the necessities of life for them. The most important goal of this research is to evaluate the indicators of the quality of urban life in the informal settlements of Tabriz city in Ahmedabad neighborhood. Based on this, the research seeks to find answers to two basic questions; First, which of the dimensions of satisfaction with the quality of urban life among the residents of Tabriz's Ahmadabad neighborhood have a better situation? And then which of the indicators of satisfaction with the quality of urban life in Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz is at a better level?

The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical. The variables of the research have been identified with the use of library studies, and in order to reach the research questions and test the hypotheses, the information was collected through a field study and through a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the research was also checked. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained by a formal method and the reliability was also checked using Cronbach's alpha, the coefficient of which was 0.863 for the entire questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was the residents of Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz, which were estimated to be 11165 people based on the statistical blocks of Tabriz metropolis in 2015. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 371 people was calculated with an error level of 5%. To achieve the main goal of the research based on measuring and evaluating the quality of urban life and satisfaction with it among the residents of informal settlements in the north of Tabriz metropolis (case study: Ahmadabad neighborhood) Friedman, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was also used to measure the normality of the data. In order to prioritize the dimensions and indicators of satisfaction with the quality of urban life among the residents of informal settlements in Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz, Friedman's test was used and to investigate the difference in the general characteristics of the residents and satisfaction with the quality-of-life Shahri's Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used.

In order to prioritize dimensions and indicators of satisfaction with the quality of urban life among the residents of informal settlements in Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz, Friedman's test was used. There is a significant difference between the average ratings of dimensions and indicators of satisfaction with the quality of urban life of the residents of Ahmedabad neighborhood. There is no significant difference between the gender of the residents and their satisfaction with the quality of urban life in the informal settlements of Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz. There is a significant difference between the marital status of the residents and their satisfaction with the quality of urban life in the informal settlements of Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz. Kruskal-Walli’s test was used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the age, education status and duration of residence of the residents of informal settlements and their level of satisfaction with the quality of urban life. Regarding the age and educational status of the residents, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the age and educational status of the residents and their satisfaction with the quality of urban life. However, there is no significant relationship between the length of residence and the job status of the residents in Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz with their satisfaction with the quality of urban life. Because the significance level is greater than 0.05.

This research aimed to investigate the satisfaction of the residents of the informal settlement of Ahmedabad, Tabriz with the quality of urban life. According to the results, it was concluded that among the dimensions of satisfaction with the quality of urban life among the residents of informal settlements in Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz, the economic dimension is more important, followed by the physical dimension (3.11) in the second rank. , the social dimension (3.09) is in the third rank, the welfare dimension (2.82) is in the fourth rank, and finally the health dimension (2.50) is in the last rank. Therefore, the economic dimension is in the first rank in terms of importance in comparison with other dimensions of satisfaction with the quality of urban life for the residents. Among the indicators of satisfaction with the quality of urban life in Ahmedabad neighborhood, the monthly income index of the head of the household ranks first with an average rank of (9.48) and this shows that this index is more important for the residents. In the examination of the difference in general characteristics based on the results, there is no significant relationship between the gender of the residents, their employment status and the duration of their residence in the informal settlements of Ahmadabad neighborhood of Tabriz with satisfaction with the quality of urban life. To put it better, the level of satisfaction of the residents with the quality of urban life in different gender groups, different job statuses and different time periods they lived in the target neighborhood was almost the same. But while there is a significant difference between the age of the residents, their educational status and their marital status with the level of satisfaction with the quality of urban life in Ahmedabad neighborhood. To put it better, people in the age groups below 45 years compared to people in the age groups above 45 years, people with university degrees from higher institutions (bachelor's, master's and higher) compared to people with diploma degrees and Graduates and finally married people have more satisfaction with the quality of urban life compared to single people.

Due to the upward trend of urbanization, the preparation of urban plans with a technocratic approach, the lack of participation of citizens in the preparation of plans, encroachment on the public space of the city, new terms such as the right to the city were gradually formed; And the people came to the conclusion and belief that in addition to the right to participate in urban affairs and decision-making, they have the right to own and allocate and enjoy suitable urban spaces, especially public spaces, which means that in a completely equal and fair way, the right to use urban spaces, especially spaces They are public and urban plans should be designed in such a way that they are suitable for the use of all classes and social groups. According to this process, in order to realize the rights of the citizens, demands should be taken into account in order to allocate and create space in the city for all groups of people. The urban space, especially the public space of the city, belongs to everyone and requires a change of approach in creating equal opportunities for everyone to use the urban space, this is exactly what we have rarely witnessed in the implementation of urban plans and rarely in Iran In the process of preparing and implementing these plans, it has been noticed that this is one of the most basic and fundamental flaws in the preparation of urban plans.

After stating the history, necessity, goals and characteristics of urban plans, especially the detailed and comprehensive plan, this research seeks to find out the effect of the rules and criteria of the detailed plan of Bushehr city on components such as appearance and urban landscape, enclosure, passive defense and the potential to create construction violations. From the point of view of the right to the city. Therefore, it should be seen, to what extent the rules of detailed plan of Bushehr city affect the urban rights of citizens, the right of possession and allocation in urban public spaces and the improvement of the quality of the city's public space? Are citizens willing to comply with these rules and regulations? Have unauthorized and unregulated constructions and construction violations caused the quality of public urban spaces to decrease from the point of view of the right to the city, and have the collective rights of all or at least most of the city's residents been respected according to the issues raised?

The present research method is descriptive and analytical. The collection of information is also by library and field method; In the library method, using various sources, statistics and maps, and in the field method, it has been done from the main neighborhoods of Bushehr city, such as Sangi, Jafrah, Ben Mane, Ashuri neighborhoods, and since in this research, the rules and standards of the detailed plan of Bushehr city and in particular The rules and regulations of the separation of residential use from the perspective of the right to the city and the explanation of the relationship between the two are discussed, it is aligned with theoretical researches; And since the analyzes performed can be used by consulting engineering companies, urban planners and designers, and even the executive system of cities, it is practical.

Studied Areas: 

In the current research, Bushehr city, as one of the southwestern cities of Iran and the center of Bushehr province, which has a population of 223 thousand people according to the 2015 census, is considered as a geographical territory (Iran Statistics Center, 2015). Bushehr is one of the cities that have had previous comprehensive and detailed studies; The last detailed plan of Bushehr city, following the comprehensive plan of that year, was approved in 1368 solar year, and it is set as the benchmark for Bushehr's executive institutions and organizations; After the expiration of the mentioned plan, the last master plan of Bushehr port under the title of strategic-structural plan of Bushehr city, which was prepared by Shahr and Plan Consulting Engineers Company, was approved by the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran in 2012, whose horizon forecast is for the year 1400. considered (Shahr and Program, 1392:115).

The lack of awareness of the citizens and residents of Bushehr neighborhoods about the right to the works proposed in Lefebvre's theory, which means the right to have information about what is going to be produced; It has caused such a chaotic situation. Therefore, the awareness of the citizens and residents of a city about what exists and is produced and what is going to be produced in the future will cause their cooperation in the formation of suitable public spaces. The presence of open public spaces in neighborhoods has been an important and influential factor in the presence of residents of a neighborhood in public arenas and their participation in creating local hangouts. He observed the public arenas and their participation in the construction of local hangouts and settlement of neighborhoods. The new regulations of Bushehr city have caused the lack of active presence of citizens in urban spaces and reduced the vitality of Bushehr neighborhoods. And finally, all these factors have caused what Lefebvre deals with in this theory, namely the participation of citizens in the production of urban spaces and the right of all classes and citizens to enjoy high-quality urban spaces, through the formation of such an enclosure.

In order to reduce the negative effects of urban plans and their rules and regulations on the structure of cities, the following suggestions have been presented: Avoiding the purely technocratic and positivist approach, while paying attention to the interests and needs of citizens, as well as a forward-looking view through the simulation of rules and regulations when preparing urban development plans, Paying attention to the existing context and identifying and correctly understanding the spatiality of cities in conducting climatic, economic, social and physical studies and compiling the rules and regulations of urban development plans, Coordinating the executive policies with the proposed policies of urban plans in the field of implementing the proposals, Creating a suitable context and platform for the participation of citizens in the preparation of urban development plans.

The defeat of the United States in the Vietnam War and the fall of the Soviet Union put China in a good position to expand its power in East Asia. In a short period of time, Beijing became a world power and formed a third geostrategic sphere of influence in competition with the continental and maritime worlds. Also, China's rapid economic growth in recent decades has provided a good platform for strengthening its military might and expansionist measures. China's rise to power and uprising is a moment in time to test its strength and balance, and the aftermath of China's rapid rise over the past 40 years has inevitably led to a challenge to the dominant powers, especially the United States. This study seeks to answer the question of what variables are affected by the geopolitical developments of the South China Sea in the 21st century? Conflicts such as disputes over the South China Sea islands, ownership of hydrocarbon reserves, limitation of navigation operations, use of geoeconomic levers, etc. have been studied in this study. Explored by the United States against China, as well as the challenges of implementing it, and the indications for using this strategy in a variety of policies, including: return to Asia policies, increasing the implementation of naval freedom operations. In the South China Sea, support for the TPP trade agreement, participation in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), strengthening of ASEAN against China, etc. have also been challenged. He emphasizes that China is not a single player, but today in this country, different factions and political institutions are competing to influence foreign policy.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The data needed to argue and answer research questions have been collected from library sources. In the analysis of research findings, qualitative analysis method was used and the final conclusion of the research was based on qualitative analysis.

While the US containment strategy with challenges such as slowing militaristic approaches, deindustrialisation of the US economy and tax cuts, costless and fruitless interventions in the Middle East, extensive security commitments in NATO and other alliances Defense and, ultimately, massive national debt, some of which are financed by China, are largely vulnerable to external economic pressures, but on the other hand, the Pacific West consists of a series of consecutive islands in They are located at different distances from the coasts of Asia. As shown in the figure, this chain of islands is under the tutelage of the Western Allies (US, France, UK, New Zealand, Australia and Japan) and the United States has almost absolute sovereignty.In addition, the Pacific West, as the main battlefield between the United States and Japan in World War II, has a geography in which the United States and Japan have key locations and a long history of naval warfare. The strong alliance between the United States and Japan, along with the partnership of Australia and India, provides significant long-term barriers to preventing Chinese forces from expanding into the Pacific or Indian Ocean. Finally, the Chinese navy has no experience in modern oceanic wars, has no historical presence in the region that it can use to establish a hegemony and as a powerful country, and the communist regime in China can defeat any Stimulate the emotions associated with China's century of humiliation and be completely vulnerable.

Overall, Asia seems to have become a priority in US foreign policy, policy and ideology. US concern in the South China Sea is not simply a fear of the potential for escalation of military conflict in the region or even a commitment to its allies; Rather, US involvement in the dispute is an attempt to contain China's rise, which threatens US hegemony in the region and the world.In China today, various political factions and institutions are competing to influence foreign policy. On the one hand, the impetus for the realization of territorial claims and national unity, and on the other hand, the demands of the global economy, on which export-based economic growth largely depends, compete with each other. Since the foreign policy interests of countries and their willingness to pursue the security power project are influenced by domestic political institutions and their economic interests, it was suggested that the Chinese government should not be integrated; But to be seen as pluralistic, decentralized and international; So it would be misleading to assume that there is a single Chinese logic and reaction to international affairs. Nowhere is it as clear as the South China Sea, where various national and sub-national government departments operate without coordination, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs does not clearly control China's policy towards the South China Sea. Their study provides valuable insights into the impact of small foundations on shaping the motivation of leading expansionist actors in the South China Sea, and challenges any simple description of a large coherent strategy of Chinese policy in the SCS