نشریه مطالعات کتابداری و سازماندهی اطلاعات
سال سی و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 139، پاییز 1403)

This research explains the technological requirements for the policy of acquiring and protecting digital resources in the National Library of Iran from the stakeholders' point of view. The stakeholders form the policy's three pillars: texture, content, and process; in other words, they play an active role in the policy-making process. This research was conducted in a combined process and three stages. In the first stage, the qualitative content analysis method of related documents and documents and the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA were used to code the texts. At this stage, the research community included 29 Latin articles, 24 Persian articles and 17 national and international standards. After that, he benefited from the expert opinions of the specialist focal group. Then, the codes from the focus group meetings were combined with the codes from the texts, and 82 codes were finalized. In the following steps, the questionnaire to determine the priority of the codes was provided to the expert group of the Delphi panel using Pressline software, and their average was finalized. The findings in the category of technological requirements included four general axes. On the axis of preserving and disseminating digital national cultural heritage, three codes for setting up and managing a national system for protecting and accessing digital resources, using digital rights management technology, and using digital protection strategy. There are two codes on the axis of the application of digital standards: the application of the principles and functional requirements of records in digital administrative environments and the application of government security standards and requirements. In the axis of using user-friendly system facilities, the code of using adaptive technologies for access to the national digital system for people with sensory-motor impairments, and in the axis of using suitable infrastructural system facilities, two codes of the possibility of loading digital resources in the national digital system and analyzing the behaviour of users to improve services, they won the highest points in the national digital system. The results of this research show that in order to solve or reduce the challenges of protecting digital information resources, it is crucial to define and apply agreed standards between libraries or agreements with business organizations in the field of national heritage. The findings also underscore the importance of managing existing and future protection challenges by applying and using standards and suitable infrastructure system facilities comprehensively and in interaction with other similar systems in Iran. The high priority given to the codes of these two axes in the Delphi panel indicates their significance in creating a strong and reliable national system. The codes of these two access with more than 50% by creating a suitable and reliable platform, the portals of acquisition digital resources to the active form is launched and the digital heritage of Iran can be saved for the present and the future

This research aimed to evaluate and validate the metadata of learning objects in organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities based on the standard of learning object metadata. This research was conducted with a thorough approach, utilizing observation and survey methods. We identified sixteen repositories related to Iranian universities of medical sciences. The metadata elements of learning objects and the standards used in organizing electronic learning objects in these repositories were meticulously identified. The elements from the electronic learning objects of the institutional repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities were then matched with the checklist of standard learning object metadata elements, and their overlap was determined to describe the electronic learning objects in the organizational repositories. The next part of the research involved the implementation of the Delphi technique and the validation of the metadata elements of the learning objects in the organizational repositories of the universities of medical sciences in Iran. A questionnaire was designed for the statistical community, which included specialists in the field of information organization and specialists in the field of e-learning, and was sent out in two rounds. The findings showed that many of the standard metadata elements of the learning object are not covered, and out of the 60 standard metadata elements of the learning object, 25 elements (41%) are covered. Metadata elements related to the life cycle characteristics of electronic learning objects had the highest degree of matching (66%). In comparison, elements related to the genera category of learning objects with six items (60%) of 10 features had the second highest degree of matching. The compliance rate is zero in the Annotation category of the metadata standard of the learning object. The degree of compliance is reported for one item for the description of metadata and the rights of learning objects. The findings from the Delphi rounds showed that in determining the importance of metadata elements for describing e-learning objects, which was designed with a Likert scale (very large to very low), the favourable result was about the presence of metadata elements in the organization. The storage of electronic learning objects in the institutional repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities was obtained with 89.73% frequency. The findings from the first and second rounds of Delphi about determining the correspondence of the metadata elements of the description of electronic learning objects with the standard metadata elements of the learning object showed that 97.24% had the highest correspondence. The potential impact of this research is significant. The findings suggest that in creating metadata schemas and guidelines, it is crucial to ensure their compliance with the chosen standard. The learning object metadata standard, with its breadth, comprehensiveness, and acceptability, emerges as a suitable standard for organizing electronic learning objects in the organizational repositories of Iran's universities of medical sciences. The evaluation of the questionnaire revealed that a limited percentage of experts disagreed with the presented items. However, the evaluators largely agreed with the mentioned items, enhancing the credibility and potential impact of the research.

This research aimed to identify and review the priorities for formulating an exchange and donating policy for information resources between the National Library of Iran and European libraries. The resources will be compiled according to the cultural-linguistic characteristics of the destination regions and countries. The successful implementation of this project could pave the way for similar initiatives in other areas and countries. The current research, which values the expertise and insights of its participants, is classified as descriptive-survey research due to its nature and process. The statistical population has been selected from the following three groups: faculty members of the National Library of Iran, cultural consultants of the I.R. of Iran in European countries, and librarians working in donation and exchange units. Their role in shaping the future of cultural exchange is not just invaluable but crucial to the success of this project. In the first part, the background and importance of resource exchange from the middle of the 20th century and from the point of view of policymakers and important Western libraries were examined. From the point of view of the contributors, national libraries should be the first destination of selected resources. According to him, there is no significant difference between different countries and regions of the European continent in terms of interest in Iranian publications, and sending sources to them is equally important. According to experts, historical sources of Iran and illustrated books containing images of Iran are the first and second priority. Among the historical sources, the works related to the history of contemporary Iran, which refers to the period from the 20th century to the present, the history of ancient Iran, and the attractions and sights of Iran have been the most important. In Persian language and literature, the works related to the contemporary literature of Iran are the priority, followed by the classical texts of Persian literature and the texts of Persian language education. Also, from most respondents' point of view, contemporary Iran is the priority in all three mentioned areas. The research concludes that the exchange and donation of resources between the National Library of Iran and European libraries is not just an opportunity but a significant one. It's a chance to introduce Iran's rich culture and history to a broader audience. By strategically selecting resources that align with the formal priorities and subjects related to Iran's culture and civilization, the efficiency of this exchange can be significantly improved, inspiring similar initiatives in other areas and countries.

experience and skill in working with computers from an early age and learn that they can search for information through the web and meet their informational needs. However, they have difficulty extracting and retrieving information appropriate to their age and needs. This research aimed to identify and designate the practical elements in primary school children's interactive information retrieval on the web-based model presented by Spink and Saracevic (1998). This model is an extension of Saracevic's (1997) layered model, which covers its weak points by considering the types of feedback and the time factor. Therefore, it is chosen as the research reference model. The present research is applied and has been done with a qualitative approach. This research uses the meta-synthesis method to systematically review, analyze, and combine the qualitative findings of published research articles on interactive information retrieval and information-seeking behaviour in children. For this purpose, research articles published in reputable scientific journals were searched and analyzed. Based on the research purpose, those articles were selected and published in English or Farsi from 1998 to 2022 and investigated the web search behaviour of children 7 to 12 years old. Based on the mentioned criteria, 32 articles, including 31 English and one Persian articles, were selected. Using "MAXQDA" software, the components of children's search on the web were extracted and coded based on the qualitative findings of these articles, and a total of 225 codes were extracted. Then, the primary codes were categorized based on the research reference model's layers, and each category's components were determined. 30 elements for interactive information retrieval on the web for children were identified based on the codes extracted from the selected studies. Some of these components are: "pleasure and entertainment" and "despair and frustration" from the affective aspect, "knowledge and skill", "search style" and "how to judge relevance" from the cognitive element, "how to choose query terms" and "techniques used to reformulate the query" in the context of the query, "search engine usability" and "cognitive skills support" from the aspect of user interface design for children and "safe and appropriate content" and "content's aligning with children's reading comprehension level" from the element of content provided to children. Finally, the identified components were presented as the research reference model. The identified components serve as a practical framework for modelling children's interaction with information systems. They can be instrumental in developing education programs for children in search and interactive information retrieval on the web and in designing information retrieval systems for children. By considering the influencing factors in interactive information retrieval by children, these components can be effectively applied in real-world scenarios.

The use of artificial intelligence in library software is a significant development in the field of information retrieval. This research aimed to study the comparative performance of Sana and Pars Azarakhsh libraries' software, specifically in the context of their use of artificial intelligence in the information retrieval process. The current research is practical in terms of purpose; a descriptive method with a content analysis approach and a fuzzy Delphi technique have been used to confirm the indicators and criteria of the use of artificial intelligence in the process of information retrieval in library software, the research tool is a checklist including six main features to evaluate the capabilities of the software, and 82 is a comparative measure. The validity of the research list tool has been measured using the opinions and advice of experts and competent people who have worked with the mentioned software. The findings of the present research show that in the examination of the ability to search in different fields, Sana 95.9% and Azarsa 97.7% and the examination of the search formulas Sana 70.8 and Azarsa 95.8%, in the examination of the search facilities Sana 61.9% and Azarsa 83.3% and the examination of the display of the search results of Sana 100% and Azarsa 86.8%, also in the examination of the capability related to the auxiliary software facilities of Sana 92.8% and Azarsa 90.4% and finally in the examination of the amount The benefits of software from artificial intelligence in the information recovery process were obtained by Sana 36.7% and Azarsa 28.2%. The findings of this research have practical implications for the use of AI in library software. Sana software, with a total of 538 points, was ranked second after Azarsa software in terms of its capabilities in the process of information retrieval. However, both software did not score well in terms of the benefit of artificial intelligence in the information retrieval process, indicating a need for further improvement.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the documents related to research evaluation in Iran critically. This study is of significant importance as it aims to identify the elements and components, provide solutions for the growth and development of research evaluation in the country, and eliminate existing defects, thereby contributing to advancing the research landscape in Iran. In this research, a rigorous approach was taken. Eight evaluation documents belonging to different authorities of the country were selected by purposive sampling method. The information was extracted and analyzed qualitatively and inductively using the document analysis method. This thorough process ensured that the main elements of evaluation systems (input, output, process, achievement, and effect) and the components of each of these elements were accurately extracted and purified from the documents. The selected documents were then analyzed using these elements and components, and possible defects were identified and solutions were presented to improve the state of the research evaluation. While the eight examined documents are not significantly different in terms of the main elements of research evaluation systems (input, output, process, achievement, and effect), and all these elements can be more or less extracted from all these documents, but the components of each of these elements are different in these documents, which is due to the difference in goals and ultimately leads to many differences in the results of evaluations, and sometimes it has caused many contradictions between the findings even in the same components. The main difference between the reviewed documents is related to the components of the process element, which includes the components of criteria, scope, methods, and evaluation indicators. The following items are the different meanings of the elements, the lack of specific rules and criteria for the evaluation of the same elements and components, and in general, the dominance of the quantitative perspective in the evaluation activities, and considering the amount and number of scientific productions as an evaluation criterion, especially in the quality component of the researches.  Currently, the amount of deficiencies in research evaluation activities in the country is high, and cases such as the lack of uniform definitions of concepts and terms in this field, scattering, non-unification, absence of a single center that officially carries out the task of evaluation; lack of professional staff to design and implement research evaluations and the lack of a single goal and strategy for a national research evaluation system can be mentioned. Therefore, solutions such as creating an efficient evaluation system, which facilitates the collection of data and information necessary for evaluation throughout the country, identifying the challenges of transferring policy or management tools from developed and prosperous countries in the field of research evaluation, such as England and Australia, with a national research evaluation system and specialized centers responsible for evaluating and agreeing on elements, components, criteria, and indicators and how to develop them that fit the society be the country's scientist. Finally, it is suggested to use a comprehensive model based on a structured system for the country's research evaluation, which, in addition to paying attention to the internal interactions of the country's research system, also considers its interaction with the surrounding environment.