نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 36، بهار 1403)

Poverty brings with it a trap when the vicious circle reduce the efforts of the poor. In such a situation, the issue of poverty becomes more complicated. The poverty trap for female-headed households is different from men, for biological and social reasons, and the resulting deprivations have special characteristics. The current research has taken into account the deprivations of female-headed household in the spatial poverty traps. In this research, using qualitative methodology and in-depth semi-structured interview technique, data was collected in the suburbs of the 19th district of Tehran, named Mortezagerd neighborhood. With purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, while interviewing 17 female heads of the household, relying on thematic analysis technique in three stages of semantic coding, summarization and interpretation of data analysis was done. Based on the findings, the three main deprivations in Mortezagerd neighborhood were: economic deprivation (limited opportunities, lack of money, lack of real estate, overhead costs, powerlessness and injustice in work and wages), social deprivation (physical weakness, institutional support, hopelessness and concern, reproduction of the life of female heads of households, inappropriate space and limited access) and social interactions (trust, participation and support of female heads of households, self-deprivation and social exclusion in interactions with neighbors and relatives). The deprivations created for women heads of households in Mortezagerd neighborhood have resulted in the synergy of these deprivations, which has resulted in the aggravation of the poverty of women heads of households and the formation of a vicious cycle of poverty in this neighborhood and its reproduction for future generations. It seems that the structural conditions governing this neighborhood, as well as the individual characteristics of female heads of the household, have made it difficult to break this cycle and get out of this trap.

Social collapse is one of the ideas related to the problem of social solidarity in Iran, which has entered the analytical space of Iran society since the late 90s by some claimants and has been favored again with the intensification of tensions and contradictions in recent years. In this article, based on the approach of social constructionism, the claims made regarding social collapse have been analyzed and critically evaluated. To achieve this goal, the text is arranged in three parts; In the first part, with an overview of the literature of social collapse in the wider global sphere, the distinctions of its application in the domestic literature are emphasized. In the second part, the different social and political contexts of the formation of the concept of social collapse within the broader approach of thinking about decadence and how it is found in the analysis of Iran society are in the focus of discussion. Finally, through a critical review of claims related to the idea of social collapse, the way to construct the said idea is discussed. The results of this study showed that the idea of social collapse lacks precise theoretical and conceptual implications and has been formulated in the public space of Iran society in the form of "problem claim" with the aim of sensitizing the political system to review macro policies and governance. However, the predominance of "pathological approach to society" along with "accusing the political institution of creating the problem" has prevented the mentioned idea from entering social policy. The article clarifies that the idea of ​​social collapse, in addition to not having many conceptual and political achievements and is sterile and stuttering in terms of presenting a solution, through the expansion of "exaggerated and dramatic" literature, in addition to giving priority to "analysis and practice based on The political" It is practically organized against The social and society.

Corruption is seen as a pervasive and global problem in all countries of the world, although it is different in terms of type, intensity and generality. This problem has been widely researched due to its economic costs and destructive effects on development trends and quality of governance. However, due to the difficulties of measuring "real corruption", measuring "perception of corruption" has been considered as the best alternative method. In this regard, the article has been done with the aim of measuring the Iranians' perception of corruption and analyzing its causes and consequences. Methodologically, the study was carried out in a documentary Method, by secondary analysis of the WVS 7th wave data. The data was collected in 64 countries in 2020, including Iran. According to the findings, Iranians' perception of financial and administrative corruption is very high. The findings also show that the perception of corruption is influenced by variables such as "education", "population size", "savings rate" and indicators such as "livelihood poverty", "membership in religious institutions", "religious belief" and "media orientation". In terms of consequences, the results indicate that the perception of corruption, in addition to social damages (such as "social dissatisfaction" and "feeling of insecurity") is mainly focused on the consequences that target the political system.

The emergence of non-governmental organizations in Sardasht is tied to the diversity and intensification of social problems. This research analyzes the experiences of Sardasht non-governmental organizations in the construction of social problems within the framework of the constructivist approach. The current study method is urban ethnography and data is collected through semi-structured interviews and coded through thematic analysis. The studied samples included 34 civil activists who have been continuously active in 31 non-governmental organizations and were selected by sampling method with maximum diversity. Results Based on the field data, "constructing social issues" as an approach has been the cause of the emergence of most non-governmental organizations in Sardasht. In order to make people aware of social issues, these organizations have used the strategies of "platforming", "sensitizing" and "needs/demand assessment" as "claim making strategies" and by resorting to measures such as "intellectual empowerment", "practical empowerment" and "providing services". Direct" have begun to build solutions. The solutions and actions of non-governmental organizations can be categorized under individual solutions and the direction of their actions has been focused on individual change. The mentioned approach does not lead to institutional and social changes due to the continuation of the structural conditions of social problems and harms.

With the emergence of Covid in Iran and all over the world, its effects and social consequences can be seen in different dimensions. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the challenges of the career and family roles of working women in the conditions of the Corona crisis in Tehran. Considering the theoretical issues raised, the theoretical idea of "Hyde" regarding the interrelationship of job and family roles and its consequences in the form of theoretical sensitivity of the subject has been taken into consideration. The approach of the current research is qualitative and conducted by the "theme analysis" method, and the participants of the research are "all working women (public and private) with children in Tehran" in the year 1400. In this study, two methods of targeted and theoretical sampling have been used. By analyzing the units of meaning and also reducing the experiences of working women from career and family roles in the Corona era, the following themes were extracted: "Frustration of the mother's role", "Multilayer support of the family foundation", "Compression of family intimacy" and "Disturbance in the order of daily life" has been Also, "Simultaneous role of mother and professional", "Anxiety of taking care of children's education", "Coronavirus sufferings of working women until the moment of death", "Abandonment of children in cyber space" have been among the challenges of working women and mothers in this era. In sum, the comparison of different findings shows that the majority of working women, despite improving their education level and increasing their professional capabilities, are still in charge of traditional domestic roles, taking care of children's affairs and housework, and in turn, they face challenges.

The institution of the family, as the first and most important socializing institution, has faced serious challenges in modern human life. In fact, the basic gesture of the transcendental turn of the postmodern world represents the change in the meanings of life, new intellectual styles and, accordingly, the change of important social positions, including the family. The aim of the current research was to study qualitatively the experience of women from divorce in Tehran city, which was done with qualitative methodology and grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 divorced women in Tehran, who were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball strategy. In the data analysis stage, 131 open codes, 20 sub-categories, 6 main categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: pluralism in the experience of forms of violence, the desire to be free from restrictions and separation from control, husband's tendency to extramarital relationships, spouse's personality-spiritual problems, the stigma of divorce (from rejection of others to being a sexual prey), contact with the opposite sex after divorce, break from communal life. Also, "divorce: the dialectical tragedy of tears and smiles" was chosen as the core category and finally the paradigm model extracted from the data was set. The findings indicate that the explanation and interpretation of the request for divorce has made this issue completely objective and involved in different dualities of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, positive and negative, and the desire to be freed from many hardships. This semantic dualism and paradox do not reflect a uniform analysis and understanding of the field of divorce.

The purpose of this article is to study the position of the national language and the local language in the institutional policies of the country. The current research method is the analysis of the qualitative content of the documents and policies of the three institutions of education, culture and Islamic guidance and radio and other important and influential documents in this field (Citizenship Rights Charter, Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, Comprehensive Scientific Map of the Country, Vision Document 1404 and the cultural engineering map of the country). 8 main categories were extracted from the research data: the Persian language is an element of identity, the connection of the native identity with the national identity as a symbol of cultural and political solidarity, the spread of the Persian language, script and literature in the transnational area, the Persian language as a tool for promoting religion, strengthening the Persian language and script. To promote science, publication and teaching of Persian language, media language and education environment, the need to pay attention to local languages ​​and the issue of bilingualism and the priority and need to pay special attention to the strengthening of Persian language, literature and calligraphy. The findings indicate that among the categories extracted from the documents and policies, apart from the two categories of connecting the native identity with the national identity, the code of cultural and political solidarity, and the need to pay attention to the local languages ​​and the issue of bilingualism, which is aimed at preserving the local language and identity In other categories, it is mentioned only to strengthen and promote the national language.

Considering the importance of poverty in the development and cohesion of society. The need to recognize and fight against it is one of the primary goals of governments. Undoubtedly, the existence and continuation of poverty is a serious obstacle for the progress of society, and for this reason, knowing the state of poverty can be fruitful for coherent planning to eliminate or reduce it. The extent of poverty-related researches, along with the diversity of scientific fields in this field, has made it necessary to consolidate the results and present a systematic study in this field. The present research was conducted with a meta-composite qualitative method to examine the works related to poverty in the writings of Iranian researchers between 1390 and 1402. By collecting the articles published in the desired period of time, 40 scientific and research articles were selected from among 150 works for collecting and extracting data. The research findings showed; most research in the field of poverty is related to the field of economics. From a methodological point of view, the quantitative paradigm of the econometric model prevails, and most of the quantitative researches have examined poverty through the lens of statistics, numbers, and maps, and there is not much room for the voice of poverty and the poor, the expression of the lived experiences of the poor, and the representation of poverty. Most of the thematic part of the research has been done in the majority of general poverty (income and livelihood). Although qualitative researches are increasing in the field of poverty research, but such studies have been conducted using data or analysis of already existing works and are not closely related to the research problem. Also, in the subject area with a lack of research on poverty in the field of women, children, ability poverty, hidden and widespread poverty, and the normalization of this issue as a part of the daily life experience due to special social events (coronavirus, economic sanctions and rampant inflation). We are facing the results of various studies show; In the last years of the 90s, with the increasing spread of poverty throughout society, a new form of poverty in the form of the experience of poverty among social groups under the title of widespread poverty is evident, which can result from the weakness of the economic situation, the reduction of social well-being and the spread of social harms. Conditions are available.

The book Social Issues: Community, Politics and Social Action is written by Ana Leon Guerrero, translated by Amir Khorrami and published by Andisheh Ehsan Publishing House in 2018. Ana Leon Guerrero is a professor of sociology at The Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. He is the recipient of the University Faculty Excellence Award and the K. T. Tang Award for Excellence in Research, and teaches courses in statistics, sociological theory, and social issues. book introduction The book "Social Issues: Society, Politics and Social Action" with a special focus on social issues and social harms, a comprehensive approach (statistical, scientific, theoretical, practical) to the status of various social issues from alcoholism and drug abuse to crimes, the state of criminal justice, It examines and analyzes the social issues of the city, environment, etc. in the United States of America in the contemporary era. Although the social issues presented in the book are a full-length mirror of the social issues in the United States, this type of social issues and harms have a common theme in a global context and cannot be considered specific to one society. In fact, this book introduces the audience to a wide range of social issues with valuable details, and of course, in different scientific and experimental dimensions, and provides the audience with the type of encounter with it, the method of analysis, and finally effective strategies. . The book begins with a one-page introduction titled Our Social and Material World. In this introduction, although the introduction of the book has been made, the noteworthy point is the explanation that the author spoke about the connection of all social issues to the society and considers even the physical and natural world to be affected by the society. The book consists of an index, an introduction, 6 chapters, glossary of concepts, references and an index.