فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1388)

The aim of this research is to compare two weight loss methods in 20 to 25- year-old well-trained wrestlers. 30 well-trained wrestlers participated in this research voluntarily and then were randomly divided into two groups. Their percentage of body fat (measured with caliper) and strength and endurance of their upper and lower extremities were measured before and after the weight loss program. All subjects were required to lose 4% of their body weight, group A (recommended manner): gradual weight loss method according to a special diet for 12 days and group B: traditional method with a sever diet (limitation on water and sauna). Results showed that the endurance of upper and lower extremities and the strength of upper extremity decreased significantly and body fat percent and the strength of lower extremity did not change significantly in group B, but in group A despite a significant decrease in body fat percent, none of the mentioned variables changed significantly. In conclusion, we recommend wrestlers to use this gradual weight loss method to maintain the physiological parameters of their body, to lose weight without harmful side effects and to have a better performance.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three and five sessions on of the continuous aerobic training on high sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) in wistar 14848 rats (325.6+4.93 grams, 21.5 months old and they stopped fertility for at least 3 months). For this purpose, 56 rats were divided randomly into a control group and two experimental groups. The experimental groups, in turn, were divided into 5 and 3 sessions of continuous training groups. The experimental training programs were performed five or three days a week for 12 weeks at a definite treadmill speed. Blood samples were gathered in three phases: pre-training, mid-training and post-training following 12-14 hours of an overnight fasting. The results showed that HS-CRP levels in both 5 and 3 sessions of continuous aerobic training groups decreased insignificantly in the first 6 weeks and significantly after 12 weeks, but HS-CRP level in the control group increased significantly after 6 and 12 weeks. The research findings for HS-CRP showed significant changes in two training groups after 6 and 12 weeks when compared with the control group as well as no significant changes between 5 and 3 sessions of continuous training groups after 6 and 12 weeks. However, the difference in HS-CRP levels between the control and the experimental groups was significant after 6 and 12 weeks. These findings suggest that although the effectiveness of 6 sessions of training a week is generally more than 3 sessions of training, the training duration is more important than the number of training sessions to control systemic inflammation response.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cortisol hormone and plasma metabolites change in male runners. For this purpose, 16 young male runners (age 21.8 ± 2 years, height 175 ± 5.26 cm, weight 64.17 ± 2.21 kg) volunteered in this study. In order to examine plasma cortisol and metabolites changes, subjects were required to perform Balk exercise test. Blood samples were gathered at rest, immediately and 3 hours after the exercise. We used one-way ANOVA, repeated measures, Tokey test and Pearson correlation analysis to analyze data at P<0.05. The results showed a significant increase in plasma cortisol, lactic acid, and creatinine concentrations immediately after the exercise (P=0.001). A significant correlation was observed between plasma cortisol and lactic acid immediately after the aerobic exercise (P=0.001, r=0.62) whereas there was not a significant correlation between plasma cortisol and lactic acid 3 hours after the exercise. No significant correlation was found between plasma cortisol and creatinine both immediately and 3 hours after the exercise. This finding suggests that an increase in cortisol hormone and serum metabolite might result from exercise intensity. As well, a positive and significant relationship between cortisol hormone and lactic acid following Balke test shows the efficiency of this test and the importance to investigate plasma metabolite and cortisol hormone in young male runners.

The present study examined the effect of endurance training on lipid profile, body weight and cardiovascular endurance in normal male rats after bunium persicum extract administration. 40 experimental male rats were divided into 5 groups: control, placebo, endurance training (ET), bunium persicum extract administer (BPEA) and ET – BPEA group. The exercise protocol was performed at a speed of 25 m/min., 90 min./day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. The bunium persicum extract was administered for the same period and the desired dose (5 mg) was reconstituted in 1.5 ml of distilled water. At the beginning and the end of this period, changes in triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, body weight and cardiovascular endurance were compared. Data were analyzed with one-way ANAOVA. The results indicated that the 6-week endurance training accompanied by bunium persicum extract administration increased HDL-C significantly and reduced TG, TC and LDL-C concentrations but these changes were not significant (P=0.013). Meanwhile, results showed that body weight changes were not significant (P=0.26) but cardiovascular endurance significantly increased (P=0.001). These results suggested that this protocol affected HDL-C concentration, cardiovascular endurance and body weight protection. Therefore, such protocols may be useful to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of one- and two-session(s)-per-week training programs on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular indices in sedentary female university students. 111 voluntary sedentary female university students were randomly divided into three groups (one session groups (OS): N=37, mean age 21.02±1.73 years, two sessions group (TN): N=35, mean age 21.17±2.17 years and control group (CS): N=39, mean age 21.78±2.27 years). OS training program included running with 60-70 HRmax, 40-60 min., 1 day/week and TS training group preformed 20-30 min. running with the same intensity, 2 days/week for 12 weeks. Physical fitness variables included muscular endurance, flexibility and agility. The Rockport test, blood pressure, 4x9m running, push up, pull up and seat and reach tests were used to measure variables. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results showed that the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular variables improved significantly (P<0.05) whereas the time of agility decreased significantly only in TS group. Generally, both training programs may be useful and changing the number of sessions affects only their improvement, but in case of agility, the effect of changing the number of sessions might be more than the effect of the whole training period per week.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of endurance training on inflammatory markers of cardiovascular diseases in old men. For this purpose, 20 male subjects voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: endurance training (age=66.60+3.77 years, weight=76.20+4.07 kg, BMI=25.60+1.78 kg/m2, BF=24.65+2.88%) and control group (age=64.50+4.06 years, weight=76.90+5.25 kg, BMI=26.40+2.28 kg/m2, BF=24.40+2.01%). The endurance training program included continuous running (in gymnasium) with an intensity of 60-70% maximal heart rate 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were gathered (5cc) in fasting state before and after the 8 weeks of endurance training. CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetric method and fibrinogen was measured by Clauss method. The data were analyzed by T-student test. Results showed that endurance training significantly decreased serum CRP and plasma fibrinogen (?=0.05). It is concluded that endurance training decreases inflammatory makers and probably future cardiovascular risks in old men.

The purpose of this research was to survey the general health and social relationships of active and inactive governmental employees in Isfahan city. This research was causal-comparative. The statistical sample included 384 employees of governmental organizations in Isfahan who were selected by cluster random sampling manner. A general health questionnaire (GHQ 28) and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. The results of general health examination showed that 211 personnel enjoyed acceptable general health conditions and 2 personnel had unacceptable general health conditions. There was a significant difference in general health between physically active and inactive employees. However, the results showed a significant difference in social relationships between active and inactive employees. It is recommended that managers provide social meetings for newcomers to governmental organizations and provide them with the chance to attend meetings, to accompany their colleagues and to help promote their social relationships.

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of carbohydrate and branched chain amino acid supplements consumption in recovery period on secretion of insulin and preserving the performance of wrestlers. For this purpose, 21 wrestlers in Zanjan team (mean age: 20.07?1.93 years, height: 171?5.37 cm, weight: 65.38?6.39 kg, VO2max: 65.73?3.94 ml/kg/min and insulin before Bruce test: 14.13?1.16? u/ml) voluntarily took part in this study. After a standardized breakfast at 7:30 A.M., the wrestlers performed Bruce test at 9 A.M. The control group consumed a solution with the volume of 6ml/kg/BW consisting of lemon and salt in the recovery period. The CHO+BCAAs group consumed the 8% glucose solution with the volume of 6ml/kg/BW in addition to 45ml/kg/BW of each of leucine, isoleucine and valine. The CHO group ingested the 8% glucose solution with the volume of 6ml/kg/BW in the recovery period. To investigate the effects of consumption of supplements on insulin secretion, blood samples were collected before and immediately after the first Bruce test and 30 minutes after supplement ingestion. In order to investigate the effects of the ingestion of the supplements on wrestler's performance, the subjects performed Bruce test for the second time 45 minutes after consuming the supplements. Different statistical methods (repeated measures, ANOVA and t – test) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the secretion of insulin after 30 minutes in the group which used the complex supplementation of BCAAs+CHO was significantly higher than the group which used carbohydrates and the placebo group (p<0.05). The performance of the BCAAs+CHO group and CHO in second Bruce test declined when compared with the first one. Yet the decline was insignificant (P>0.05) while performance decline in control group was significant (P<0.05).