نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، بهار 1390)

Optimum resource utilization is one of the primary objectives of any organization. Hospitals as one of the most important elements of health systems, facing escalating costs and resource scarcity, are concerned with this issue as well. Productivity improvements can help hospitals to achieve this objective. If hospitals are planning to improve productivity, at first, they have to identify factors influencing productivity. This study aims to identify factors affecting productivity and measuring their status quo at selected hospitals of Mazandaran province. The present descriptive study was carried out cross sectionally. The research population, comprised of hospitals presidents, managers, nursing managers and supervisors (N=250), were all studied with no sampling technique. We used a questionnaire for data collection, its validity and reliability of which was verified. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, chi square and T test through SPSS 16The mean score of influential factors and their status quo was measured as followed respectively: managerial factors (3.95±0.82; 2.55±0.86), employees job satisfaction and motivation factors (3.03±1.05; 2.4±0.92), customer orientation factors (3.28±0.7; 2.86±0.86), human resources development and training factors (3.15±0.92; 2.59±0.89), organizational culture factors (3.23±0.86; 2.6±0.84), hospitals technology and equipment factors (3.34±0.73; 2.61±0.79). Although the research population believed these factors have a great impact on hospitals productivity, but their current situation was not ideal in the hospitals. If these hospitals are determined on their way to improve productivity, designing interventions targeting these factors seems useful.

Cardiovascular diseases are a global pandemic and the leading worldwide cause of death and in Iran, Regarding that most people tend toward eating fast foods and processed foods for various reasons, the cooks can play an important role in heart health. we decided, therefore, to study the chef's knowledge, attitude and performance of chefs especially concerning prevention of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in the city of Yazd.

This is a descriptive cross - sectional study performed on 60 restaurant chefs of Yazd in 1389. Data were gathered through a questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to Knowledge and Attitude. Data were then analyzed through SPSS software using statistical tests such as Anova, T-test, Chi square test and Pearson correlation.

The mean score of the knowledge of the chefs was 16.6±4.8; attitude 16.9 ± 3; and practice was 13.7±4.2. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (p=0.027); attitude and income (P=0.030); and income and age (P: 0.029). Also a significant relationship was detected between knowledge and health (P=0.019) and attitude and history of cardiovascular diseases in the family members (P=0.032).

According to the results of the study of the average knowledge and practice as well as the good attitude of the chefs, and the critical role of the chefs in keeping up the cardiovascular condition of the people, improving chef's information through regular training programs, posters, pamphlets and media is suggested.

Self esteem is the judgment of a person about herself himself. Given that having low self esteem causes many abnormalities such as function reduction,loneliness, substance abuse and self destructive behaviors and also the fact that some studies report low rate of self esteem among students, this study wanted to assess self esteem and some related factors among high school students of Sabzevar. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 270 students of high schools of Sabzevar in 2010.The subjects were selected using multi-stage sampling.The data were collected using PoP questionnaire. The questionnaire included five domains of self-esteem (physical, public, academic, family and social self esteem.Score above 75 was taken as good self esteem,50-75 was medium and lower than 50 was comsidered as poor. The data were then analyzed by SPSS software version 15.0 using descriptive and analytical statistics t-test, ANOVA and pearson correlation.This study indicated that only 50 students(14%) enjoyed good self steem. There was a positive correlation between the five domains of self esteem. However there is a negative correlation between family self esteem and parent age. Results also showed a significant difference between public and academic self esteem in terms of the gender of the students because the mean of self esteem was higher among the girls. There was significant difference between self esteem domains except academic self esteem and addiction of a member in the family as the mean self esteem was lower among students who had an addicted family member. Mean of self esteem was higher among the students who enjoyed a warm and supportive relationship with their parents (P< 0.01).Conclussion: Considering the low rate of self esteem among students and many problems that can results from unfavorable self esteem it is necessary that parents and high school teachers pay more attention to this age group. Supportive relationship of parents, appropriate age for marriage and non-addicted parents all can improve self esteem among students.

Eating disorders are the result of behavioral disorders associated with many complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these problems in high school girls in Yazd city. This cross-sectional study was commenced in 2010 and ended in 2011. The population studied were 1400 high school girl students in Yazd city who were study by cluster sampling method. Eat-26 questionnaire was used for diagnosing eating disorders and for identifying those at risk. Variables such as age, parents education, menstrual status, birth order and family size were also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software package and chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and pearson correlation coefficient test. For the definition of obesity and overweight BMI and CDC BMI charts were used. Of the subjects,16.7% were suffering from overweight or obesity;169 students (12%) were at the risk of eating disorders. Between BMI status and risk of eating disorders a significant relationship was detected, so that 51.7% of those at risk, were suffering from obesity or overweight. In this study, 7 students (0.5%) had anorexia nervosa and 74 students (5.3%) were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa showing no significant relationship with the variables mentioned. Totally 689 students (51.3%) were dissatisfied with their current weight out of which the 21.4% wanted to gain weight while 78.6% were willing to lose their weight. Satisfaction with weight status and BMI found to be were significantly correlated. This study, like many other similar studies, showed that the epidemiological transition, cultural interaction and changing of values has increased incidence of eating disorders and has been considerably high compared with the past decades, thus reguiring speculation and employment of effective measures in dealing with these disorders.

Activity Based Costing is widely used as a cost measurement instrument to more closely approximate the true cost of operations. This study was aimed to estimate radiology services total cost in Shafa hospital, Kerman. This practical research was done by descriptive method in a Cross-sectional and retrospective form during year 2010. Data was collected trough direct observation, interviews and information sheets of hospital. Cost price of radiology services calculated by using activity based costing method and Excell software. Personnel cost involved 55.70 % from total costs in the radiology department that is the highest share of department costs. Consuming materials obtained 7/57 % of department costs. Nutrition cost’s share was 1/23%. Water, electricity and telephone costs were /32 % from total cost. Also, the depreciation cost equals 14/96% of total costs. Total cost in this ward was 1396273212 Rials from which 97/68% is related to direct costs and 2/32 % to indirect costs. The results of research indicated that we can reduce the services cost price by improving performance management, especially human resource management initiatives and standardization of consumptions to reduce the consuming materials coat.

Ion silver from the internal surfaces tubes and generators inter to industrial wastewater by corrosion process. These ions have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. Iron oxide is commonly used to removal chemical contaminates. However, the used of nanoparticles in removing pollutants is more effective than the mass. In this study, using of iron oxide nanoparticles for removal silver ions from synthetic industrial wastewater was investigated and the effective parameters were optimized for the better removal. This study is a experimental-laboratory that iron oxide nanoparticles was synthesized by exposing nZVI into air and then Ag+ removal efficiency was studied in batch system. Also, the impact of the important field parameters including pH, iron oxide nanoparticles concentration, retention time, and temperature were investigated. After centrifugation and filtration, the amount of ion silver was determinate by flame atomic absorption. The results of this research showed that iron oxide particles were reacted with Ag+ in nano scale. The maximum removal at pH=3, nano iron oxide concentration 35 g L-1 and 25°C was 99.2%.In optimum condition (pH=3, nano iron oxide concentration 10 g L-1, 5 hours reaction time and 25°C temperature) 87% of Ag+ was removed. The concentration of nano iron oxide and pH had significant effect on the Ag+ removal. The results showed that Ag+ removal in acidic pH controlled by absorption on surface then reduction by atomic core. While, removal in basic pH controlled by absorption. The studies showed that iron oxide nanoparticles have high ability to remove Ag+ and decrease of chemical pollution of Ag+ from industrial wastewater.

Dye compounds is one of the most critical contaminant for natural ecosystems. The aim of this study were to determine the primary concentrations of reactive red 198 dye (RR 198), adsorbent dosage and pH influences for the adsorption of RR 198 onto chicken’s eggshell (ES) as an adsorbent. The target adsorbent was prepared in laboratory conditions and pulverized by ASTM standard sieves. Surface characteristics and measurement of the adsorbent surface area was carried out with Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and via N2 gas adsorption with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm. The maximum absorption wave length of this dye (λmax) was determined by spectrophotometer (Optima SP-3000 Plus). Analysis of absorption spectra showed that the λmax of RR198 is 518 nm. The results show the Calcium components are the main constituent of ES with 1.2 m2/g. Elevation of the ES dose (2 to3 g) lead to increasing of dye removal from 80% to 92%. The results show that elevation of pH from 4 to 10 would lead to increasing of RR 198 adsorption from 44% to 64% but increasing of preliminary dye concentration would lead to decreasing of dye adsorption from 72% to 23%. The kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of RR 198 is rapid and complying with second-order kinetic (R2= 0.995) which the kinetic constant is 0.0004min-1. Eggshell is a cheap adsorbent that can be used for the removal of dye components from alkaline solutions.

Teeth and mouth diseases encompass about 5-10% of the total health care costs. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) explains when individuals will adopt changes in their behaviors, how they change their behaviors, and which factors affect the changes in their behaviors. Processes of change is an important component of the model which include covert and overt activities that people use to progress through the stages. The purpose of this study was to determine the stages of change of inter-dental cleaning behavior and its relationship with the process of changes based on TTM in Yazd, Iran. This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 361 students from 8 pre-university schools who were selected via cluster sampling. Appropriate standard instrument were used to measure the stages of inter-dental cleaning behavior, and the process of change questionnaire was developed by the researchers. The reliability and validity of questionnaires were examined and approved using expert panel and cronbach's α coefficient. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and using ANOVA and Binary Logistic Regression tests. 49% of students were in pre-contemplation stage, 5.3% in contemplation, 24.1% in preparation, 6.8% in action and 12.5% were in maintenance stage. The subjects earned 73.98% scores of cognitive processes of change, 63.59% scores of behavioral processes of change and 59.77% of scores of total processes of change. According to binary logistic regression analysis, In order to transfer from pre-action stages to action stages, the students used consciousness raising (Odd Ratio=1.061) and Self- liberation (Odd Ratio =1.155), and social liberation (Odd Ratio =1.204). Majority of students was in pre-contemplation stage and most of them used cognitive processes of change to move from primary to final stages. So, interventional strategies which include programs with the aim of increasing cognitive process of change may be useful for transferring the students from primary stages of inter-dental cleaning behaviors to final stages.

Child abuse is one of the social problems. The control of which requires good and appropriate planning in order to prevent and reduce the related problems. The present study describes the relationship between social skills of adolescents with their abuse at 17 district th in Tehran. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between social skills of adolescents with their Maltreatment in the 17 district th in Tehran. This is a descriptive – correlational study conducted through multistage sampling. Sample size included 144 students selected from four girl and boy secondary schools in 17 district th of Tehran city. Matson evaluation of social skills and Child Abuse Self Report Scale were used for measuring social skills and child abuse. For analyzing the data Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis were used. The findings demonstrated a significant relationship between adolescents` social skills and maltreatment with them. The results indicated that adolescents` aggressiveness is the most significant predictor in maltreating them. Overall it is concluded that deficits in social skills particularly aggressiveness, non-social behaviors, and lack of observing appropriate social skills at children interacting with adults increases the likelihood of children`s abuse. So it is necessary to improve social skills of teenagers and students by authorities and practitioners.