نشریه پژوهش و سازندگی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 80، پاییز 1387)

Cuminum cyminum is the important exporting planet in the world. Khorasan province is one of favorable regions for growing Cuminum cyminum. In this study Cobb- Douglas and Transdental method for production functions were used to determine the productivity of factors that used for production of Cuminum cyminum. The results show that there is a significant relation between production and labor, fertilizer and seed. Farmer don’t use optimum combination of them for production Cuminum cyminum. Optimum combination of labor fertilizer and irrigation water inputs were computed to be 16/63- 554/747and 2 day – labor respectively

Astragalus squarrosus Bunge is a desert and psammophyte shrub with stem erect, branches between 50-150 cm long and in some of the habitat is 190 cm long. This is a species of shrub of genus Astragalus L., without spine and eating well. This plant distribute in appear of wide plant formation in sandy dunes of arid and super arid in central, south-eastern and north-eastern desert of Iran. In orther to study of ecological properties of this plant, we had selected 3 various habitates in kashan Rige-Boland sandy dunes. After that we determined minimal area and defined measure of plant and density of canopy of spices companion. Then we study properties of stem and root branches. We defined som of the base and then measure biomass of stem and root organs. After that we refer to habitat, every 15 days and defined phenology of this plant. We had done physico- chemical analysis of habitat soil in the depths of 0-40 cm. and 40 – 80 cm. and then we take sampling from young stem and then we had done chemical analysis. Results show that Astragalus squarrosus Bunge habitats in Kashan desert sandy dunes is placed in varied altitude between 750 –1100 meter from sea level. The soil struction of Astragalus squarrosus Bunge habitat shows that it have sandy texture with gipsy layer. The average number of plants in every a hectar is between 3125 -15625, the average of forage is between 62 – 312 kilogram of dry material in every hectar. Such a mounting plant protein is 7 percent. The most prominent companion plants elements are as follows: Salsola tomentosa, Salsola arbuscula, Cyperus eremicus, Stipagrostis plumosa,Convolvulus eremophilus. Phenology studies of this plant show that the beginning of growing period happen in March. The appearance of buds of flower in the middle of Avril, fruit formation is in the end of June, and during July and August is going to seed. Summer dormancy countinue in during August to October. Regrowing of plant is in middle of October and Winter dormancy begin in December.

One of the most important ways that is proposed for management of carbon value is: Increasing the carbon aqumilation by means of carbon sequestration. Carbon is found in all living organisms and is the major bulding block for life on earth carbon exists in many forms, prominately as plant biomass, soil organic matter and as the gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and dissolved in sea water. carbon sequestration is the long term storage of carbon in oceans, soils, vegetation and geologic formations. Although oceans store most of the earth, s carbon, soils contain approximately 75% of the carbon pool on land – three times more than the amount stored in living plants and animals. therefore, soils play a major role in maintaining balanced global carbon cycle. The effect shrubs and perennial grass and soil on CO2 fluxs in Hamedan Ranges are not know. The objective of this reaserch were to determine carbon sequestration in this factors. Resoult show that, between 9 spices, Astragals gosypinus has the hights potential for Carbon sequestration and Echinophora platiloba has a lowest. between dry wight and soil organic carbon and cover plant obtaind correlathon (R=0.52)

In order to assessment of adaptation of some important species of poa genus, an experiment was conducted using 27 genotypes that had been collected from various parts of Zanjan province rangelands, Iran. The treatments were arranged using an unbalanced CRD (nested design). Data were collected and analysis for of forage yield and other 18 morphological traits for individual years and combined over 2 years. The results showed significant differences among species and genotypes within species for all of traits, which indicated highly genetic variation in Iranian Poa genus germplasm. For plant height, P.sinaica and P.trivialis were taller and dwarfed ones, respectively. The results showed P.sterilis and P.araratica (with average values of 52.1 to 51.8 g/plant aerial biomass and P.sterilis and P.araratica (with average values of 31.5 to 23.3 g/plant dry matter, had higher production. It was concluded that genotypes P.sterilis3 and P.araratica11 with average values of 1.2 and 1 tonha-1, respectively, had good adaptation for cultivation and rangelands improvements in province of Zanjan.

Sand dunes of Khouzestan province with 350/000 hectares cover 5.3% of the province total lands. Roads, farms, rural houses, pipelines and the other installations are always exposed to danger of sand dunes. Termites are one of the most important factors of destroying the trees which cause to fix them. Regarding to environmental adverse effects of omitting plant species, danger of sand dunes movement, and plantation costs in arduous paths through sandy lands, identification of these pests is the most necessary measurements. Upon the last report indicated to existence of six species of sand termites in Khouzestan province, however the species Psammotermes hybostoma Desneux also was collected and identified by this research as a new record for the province and confirmed by London Natural History Museum. In view of distribution, P. hybostoma as a predominant termite collected upon reports the sand termite living places are limited to deserts and sandy regions. Morphological investigations revealed that the workers by external form are in two shapes of big and small, and five different sizes for the soldiers. Changes domain relative variance, variance and average of different pieces of head and body of workers and soliders were evaluated and compared separately. Also evaluation of different morphological specification for workers and soldiers showed that the size of head to base of mandible had significatn coefficients (R2 = 0/88.7, 97.8) for workers and soliders respectively. This characters are the most appropriate specification for classification of these two castes.

In this paper, the effects of large scales climate signals on the low and high precipitation Spells in the southwestern part of Iran are investigated. Large scales climate signals are parameters that can play the important role on analysis variations of seasonal and annual precipitation. In this study monthly southern oscillation index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and ENSO index were applied in NINO4, NINO3, NINO1+2, NINo3.4 were used respectively. All data of above signals received from center analyzed data (NCEP) during 1960 to 2003. In order to determine the rate of importance of these parameters on quantity of precipitation was used multivariate regression method. Results of regression analysis show that ENSO index in zone of NINO1+2, NINO3 and NINo3.4 strong correlations with the variations of precipitation. In this study long- Range precipitation prediction for the time period, 3 and 6 months was done. Analysis of artificial neural network model results in comparisons with observations show that the warm phases of ENSO are accompanied with more rainy periods and, cold phases of ENSO with less rainy periods.

Mentioning the importance of being aware of the rivers flow in future, in this research Karkheh river flow forecasted in two stations called Jelogir and Payepol by time series method with Auto – regressive moving average technique and artificial Intelligent with artificial neural network. Data set and information collected from these two hydrometric stations from1958:10 2003:9 to periods. Data set and information of 1958:10 to 1999:9 were used to compare the methods. Data set and information of 1999:10 to 2003:9 were used to study the forecasting power. To compare the forecasting error of various methods, MAE, RMSE and MAPE criterias were used. Obtained results showed that Artificial Neural Network has lower error due to time series method in forecasting of monthly flow of Jelogir station. But comparing to change of the flow regime in Paypol station, time series method had lower error in prediction of monthly flow in this station.

Sistan plain located in east of Iran which is a very dry territory and also impressed by desert situation. In this area desertification phenomenon makes a transient basis which is not suitable for socio-economic activities specially for agriculture and irrigation. To evaluate the desertification rate regarding to water index in Zabol area, we choose MEDALUS model beyond the others. High precision and reduction of the expert`s mistakes are the two important preferences of this model which is caused by particular weighing of layers and usage of geographic information system (GIS) for over laying of indices` maps. Another important characteristics of this model is its high adaptation of indices and factors with local situation without using a separate method. In this area after choosing the appropriate factors for water index, the maps overlaid by the usage of geometric mean. Regarding determination and desertification of indices in this research two different methods have been used; namely MEDALUS model and modified MEDALUS model in accordance with conditions of Iran. In this region indices and sub indices of water index were chosen in evaluated including indices such as climate, quantity factors, irrigation methods and efficiency as well as wind directions, precipitation, Transou index, duration of drought, amount of sub surface water, shortage of human required water resources, system of surface water collection, type of irrigation system and transition efficiency. Due to the final desertification map, the class of critical (C2 and C3) or very high cover the most parts of this area.

This study investigate the effects of production variables of melt-blending on wood fiber /polymer composites; A combination of 12 treatments for melt-blending were used.The effect of cellulose fiber content and mixing temperature were studied. Mechanical properties of the sample were analyzed using factorial experimental design with completely random and mean comparison test. FTIR spectroscopy is used to investigate the bond formation mechanism which influence on the mechanical properties.The results of FTIR spectroscopy shows that carbonyl stretch peak occurs at1688-1755 Cm-1 and anhydride exhibits a characteristics doublet due to carbonylstretch of coupling agents. This phenomenon improved the mechanical properties of wood fiber/polymer composites.The utilization of lignocellulosic materials changes the properties of composites. Addition of 10 to 40% fibers to the plastics in melt-blended resulted in a composite with higher modulus and tensile but lower impact energy and of elongation and MOR was increased up to 30%.The absorption bands at 1704-1725 Cm-1 (carbonyl stretch) were influenced after heat treatment of copolymer at 190°c.The major factors that govern the properties of the study are fibers type strong interfacial interactions such as covalent and hydrogen bonds. Initiators radicals, which are formed across the interface between the two components account for the adhesion in the system.

For investigate the water use efficiency (WUE) in haloxylon (Haloxylon aphylum), design was carry out in four successive years (1999-2005) in Yazd shahidsadoge control desert research station and at near of manual plants. After establishment of plantlets moisture treatments including: 1- replenishment of total soil moisture depletion (SMD) up to FC point; 2- rechargement of 1/3 SMD and 3- without any irrigation of terward were applied in a CRD design with 3 replication. A control lysimeter was used for checking the SMD measurement. Requirement water for reach to enough moisture provide weekly and via weigh of lysimeters was accessible for plants. Imply at dry treatment next of plant complete establishment, irrigation was avoidance. For evaporation amount minimum of lysimeters surface, they were cover with fiberglass thin foil and one of lysimeters was use for counted of evaporation amount without plant. Sum of output water (Drain + Evaporation) was deducted from input water (Rainfall + Irrigation) and equipollent transpiration. Moisture treatment in during two of growth season and the end of experiment with remove and drying of shoot and root dry weights as well as shoot/root ratios of plants, and also water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. The results of this research suggest that among of root and shoot dry weight at 1% level of probability were affected of moisture treatment.

To compare vegetation composition of rangelands under exclosure, gazelle grazing (Mirzabylou plain), moderate sheep grazing (Ghorkhoud Protected Area), and heavy sheep grazing (Spakhou village grazing unit), random plots of 1-m2 were radiated from water points/ village along systematic transects were established and production based on life form of and canopy cover of different species were recorded. The results showed that in Mirzabylou plain with 440 kg/ha dry matters, production of shrubs and forbs increased as distance from water increased and gazelles usually preferred browsing shrubs. In Ghorkhoud protected area with 320 kg/ha dry matters, as moving from uplands to low lands near main road, forbs decreased and shrubs increased and there was not overgrazed as it was protected legally. The forbs did not completely destroyed and grasses had uniform distributions. In vicinity of Spakhou village, the range production is about 188 kg/ha dry matters and forbs and grasses overgrazed quite to the ground surface but shrubs are abundant. This range can carry 225 sheep and goat, but just now, the numbers of livestock are 5380 AU. The carrying capacity of Ghorkhoud rangeland is 457 AU which is equivalent to the permit issued by Range and Forest Organization. The number of gazelles is 184 which is quite below the carrying capacity of Mirzabylou range unit and could be increased to 650 gazelles. It can be concluded that wild ungulates like gazelles have little impact on vegetation, but high numbers of domestic livestock overgrazed the rangelands.

Increasing the world population and the shortage of wood supply as raw material for paper production necessitates the recovery of waste paper. Among of the different waste papers, both old newspaper and mixed office waste are considered as important groups of recycle papers which have been successfully utilized in tissue production. In such applications, pulp brightness is of prime importance. Old newspaper was deinked using 2% NaOH and 2% H2O2 and mixed office waste was deiced using 1% NaOH and 2% of H2O2 which produced the highest brightness. Two pulps were combined at different ratios of 20, 30, and 40% deinked old newsprint and60, 70, and 80% deinked waste office waste. Hand sheets were made using 20% long fiber and 80% mixture of above pulps. Strength and optical properties of hand sheets were measured and analyzed.The combination of 20% old newspaper and 80% mixed office waste produced the highest brightness and increasing the ratio of old newspaper in the mixture reduced the brightness. Increasing the ratio of old newspaper in the mixture reduced the tear strength and increased the water absorption. The ash content of the handsheets was lower than one percent which is lower than acceptable level for tissue paper. Significant difference was not observed for any of combinations of two different pulps.

Artemisia have the most vast distribution in Iran. In this research anatomical of Artemisia sieberi in Vard-Avard, Garmsar and Semnan was investigated. The specimens collected from various habitats (in 1200, 1400 and 1600 m elevation form sea) were fixed in FAA solution. Transfers sections and measured in laboratory by microscope. Anatomic characteristics such as leaf structure, paranchima layer, number and length of stomata, cambium layer were measured. To compare mentioned characteristics among elevations and regions, ANOVA was done. Totally, this research found that one of the main reasons of A. sieberi adaptation in arid and semi-arid regions is its anatomical properties, that is, changes of root and leaves led to increase of water uptake and decrease of evapo-transpiration. Fro this, in water stress conditions root shows an increase in length and thickness while in upper surface of leaf the number and area of stomata decrease.

The research has been conducted at HYANAN forests located at five kilometers, north east of ILAM.To assess the probable forest structural changes during the past fourty years. A 0.2 hectars plot area was suggested in accordance with minimal area approach. sample plots were located systematically with a 100 meters intervals.Then data collection were completed according to this scheme.Using spss software, comparisons were made, between the past and present forest condition. Interpretation of the data, suggests that major structural changes have occured during the past 40 years, both from qualitative and quantitative point of view, leading to what is called, forest degradation.As a general framework, low rate of volume increment, grazing, human intervention, charcoal preparation, forest fire, parasit plants, were the major factors, affecting the structural changes of the studied forests. Finally, guidelines are suggested for optimum manipulation of the forests.

Dried leaves were collected from north, south facing in regions with similar ecological conditions in pure Fagetum Associations in the Gorazbon district located Kheyroud kenar forest. Leaf litters were sampled by linear transects in March 2006. 30 square with 1m² areas were sampled in each facing. The leaves ٰin each samples were weighted. The samples were dried by an Oven in 95ºC for 24 hours at laboratory and they were weighted. Ash of samples was provided in375ºC for 48 hours by a kiln. Organic matters and accumulation carbon of samples were calculated. One-way ANOVA was applied for analyzing the difference of dried leaves, ash quantities, Carbon accumulation and organic matters percentages between aspects in litters. Tukeyُs Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test was used for multiple comparisons. The results showed there were not significant differences between wet and dry weights of leaves related to aspects. Carbon and organic matters percentages and ash weights were significantly differed in aspect positions.

The aim of this study was to determine stand structure and biodiversity of plant species in the Box tree site, Kish khaleh, Talesh. Sampling procedure was the systematic- random method. Type of woody species and their diameter at breast height (DBH,2 cm) were identified and measured. Also herbaceous species were identified and their numbers recorded within each sampling plot. In addition, number of seedling and sapling of Box tree were recorded. Data analysis was carried out using diversity indices of Simpson, Hill’s N2, Shannon- Wiener, Mc Arthur’s N1 and Wilson and Smith’s evenness index. Species importance value (SIV) was calculated in the woody and herbaceous layers. The results indicated that mean richness of woody and herbaceous species were 13 and 11, respectively. In the woody species layer, mean of richness and the mentioned diversity and evenness indices were 2.613, 0.444, 1.922, 1.029, 2.104 and 0.672, and also in the herbaceous layer the mentioned parameters were 3.310, 0.667, 2.528, 1.394, 2.798 and 0.793, respectively. Structurally, mean of diameter and height of Box tree were 4.87 cm and 5.37 m, respectively, mean basal area equal to 2738.95 cm2, number of Box tree (DBH,2cm) equal to 4056 per hectare and the number of sapling (H < 5 cm) and seedling (DBH < 2 cm, H > 5 cm) were obtained 44236.11 and 7091.67 per hectare, respectively. In the woody species layer, the highest value of SIV belonged to Buxus hyrcana (221.43 %) and the lowest value belonged to Zelkova carpinifolia (2.84 %), in the herbaceous layer the highest value of SIV belonged to Mentha longifolia (0.68 %) and the lowest value was in Polypodium vulgare (0.11%).

Progenies of twenty five black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) selected trees (eighteen seed born-progenies of each tree) were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications for genetic variation and heritability of several morphological and vegetative characteristics. Recorded data were analyzed in an unbalance manner. All the statistical model components were regarded as random effects. The results of ANOVA indicated that most of the effects in the applied model including habitat and mother plant effects were statistically significant for plant height, crown diameter and collar diameter. Variation in the studied characters was vast enough. The genetic variation and superior stands are expected to be employed for improving growth capacity and seedling stabilization in the nature. Remarkable differences between the selected mother trees based on the vegetative characteristics such as seedling height, crown and trunk diameter imply that by the existing populations of the species, it can be planed in such a way that the required seedlings, produced by the collected seeds establish much better with a reasonable growth rate.

This experiment was carried out to determine the joint effects of Gibberellin and two growth inhibitors and their possible interaction effects on Arabidopsis thaliana at early vegetative growth stages. Effects of all combinations of four concentrations of Gibberellin and five concentrations of Isoxaben also the same concentrations of Gibberellin and five concentrations of Oryzalin on vegetative growth of Arabidopsis thaliana at early growth stages were studied by two independent experiments.Gibberellin and Isoxaben showed significant effects on vegetative growth but they didn’t show any significant interaction effects. Oryzalin also showed significant effects at 1% level of probability on root length and meristem thickness. General features of interaction effects of Oryzalin and Isoxaben with Gibberellin on vegetative growth of the species were similar. The chemicals levels effects on increasing or decreasing length or thickness of hypocotyl, root and root tip meristems deviated from linearity for both the cases but there were remarkable differences between speed and quantity of their effects. High levels of Gibberellin increased hypocotyls length at most levels of Isoxaben and Oryzalin. Hypocotyl length decreased by increasing Isoxaben and Oryzalin concentration level but the speed of the decrement for different levels of Oryzalin was more than that of different levels of Isoxaben. Increment speed of root tip meristem thickness for both the cases were similar to root and hypocotyls length decrement.

In this research investigated adaptation and establishment Seven range plants and seeds cultivated in date October 2001 and statisticed for 4 years (2001-2004). Then selected 3 site for cultivate to similar climate (3 replications). This study do to randomized complete blocks design to seven treatments.seed of the species were planted on 4 rows that aparted 1 meter each other and 40 meters length lines aparted 70 centimeters each other. results analyzed to Duncans test and showed that percentage germinate and establishment of species in different replications and treat ments was significants(p<0.05). also replication 1 to 2 and 3 was significant and range plants Hordeum fragile, Medicago sativa and Secal ceremont to ward reminant range plants were significants (p<0.05).

Bibliographic network is necessary in order to exchange the bibliographic information of scientific resources in central university and research libraries. Through resource sharing and network-based inter- library loan services may be acquired some parts of information needs. The purpose of the research is to investigate the state of the art of central university and research libraries affiliated to Ministry of Science, Research and Technology(MSRT) in IRAN in from point of manpower, network infrastructure, computer equipment. 75 of 79 central university and research libraries have been answered the questionnaire. The collected data have been analyzed through descriptive statistics. Research findings show that 46/6% of investigated libraries, managers were educated in library and information science. Managers and personnel of the libraries are in a good and proper situation to use the computer and network capabilities. 78/6% of the libraries use the Library of Congress Classification System. The condition of information technology and network infrastructure in the studied libraries is considerable, so only 5/3% of them lack local network.