فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 41 (تابستان 1390)

Nowadays, Due to Promotion of Media institutions the Range of Modernity and experiencing it in social life has influenced not only Urban areas, but also rural areas and contexts. Rural Areas and people, as like as Urban areas and people, exprience the modern social life which is different from previous Decades. the Method used in this research was survey Along with Descriptive and Analytical approaches. The house hold headers Resident in rural areas of 10 towns of Markazi province consisting the Statistical population of this research that among which 1261 persons have been selected as the sample size according to cochran formula. Modernity experience in Markazi province, rural areas showed the in complement rural welfare (Lag of economic and cultural welfare from social welfare), high level of immigration, excessive dependence to Government, weak performance of media including Seda and Sima and press, and weak performance Goverment institutions including islamic rural councils and Rural or Agricultural Co-operatives. The non Comprehensive experience of Modernity in Markazi province has resulted in incompletiveness of modernity project and finally, the Phenomena Deviated modernity of in this rural areas as result to the social, cultural and economic Backgrounds, (wished or unwished) We are facing with the formation and continuity of various social problems in rural areas.

This paper reviews the citizen media and studies the fourth generation of communication development theories emphasizes on participatory communication. In this kind of theories the cibizen’s parbicipation and their activeness is the center of case instead of the public Accessibility of media. Therefore providing an opportunity for dialogue through media and providing dialogue Democracy in the process of communication is considered as the basis of development in the local communities. In order to achieve the goal of communication development, the virtual networks prove to be a potential source and can depict the cooperation of locals without any physical locations. The case study in the paper is Fesharaki Family Network which is a successful example of a virtual Media with the motto of "think locally and act globally". Which Showes the capability of this class of Medias in the development.

This article evluated urban upgrading achievements and challenges of the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project conducted in Iran during the period 2004-2009. The assessment is provided both at the project level and in the target informal settlements of Bandar Abbas as a case study. Data and information were collected through a desk review, a beneficiary assessment conducted in Bandar Abbas, and a set of interviews held with project stakeholders at the national level and in Bandar Abbas. Findings & One of the most important achievements of the project it is making positive attitude to the informal settlements in public level. Alsoseries of interventions including streets improvements, water piping schools construction, chanel reform, and construction of hygiene an medical centers have resulted various benefits for local inhibitant. Yet the project faced with the challenges and difficulties and have disappointed some of it’s appliances.

The conceptualization of Social Capital impressed by the studies of thinkers and theorists in various districed of social sciences ether in the past or modern era. Today this concept has standed as an important role in researches, polices and planings. Therefore the study of Social Capital in Kerman City has done. The method which is used in this research is Survey and questionnaire is considered as a method of gathering data which were needed. The social statistic includes the habitants above 15 years old in Kerman City which was selected350 samples with the use of cocheran formula and multi stage clustral sampling method. The results show that the Social Capital in Kermanhas been stimated in medium that has plurality in aspects and indexes. In some aspects can see the traditional kind of Social Capital while in others the modern kind overcame. Considering that Iran society experiencing the transmission from tradition to modernisms, reinforcement of civil institutions, Enrichment of public educations, preparing security, governmental decentralization, promoting trust, strengthen beliefs and positive attitudes and are recommended to eliminating the challenge between tradition and modernisms and promoting Social Capital.

This article probesto answer that which are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of citizens’ participation in civic affairs in Tehran? This is achieved through studying social, cultural, economic, politicalmanagerial, legal, and spatial-physical aspects of the subject -- providing the basis upon which planners can formulate strategies and models for citizens’ participation in short-, medium-, and long-term plans. Benefiting from a qualitative approach and relying on in-depth interviews and open questions, information on social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial physical aspects of citizen’s participation has gathered with the aim of providing a SWOT analysis. A statistic community consist of 60 prefessors, urban planning and social science experts, and public sector officials were selected from the several University of Tehran and Socio- Cultural Bureau of Tehran Municipality have been selected and Studied with aimed and accessable sampling. Findings and The Results indicated that citizens’ participation in Iran specially in Tehran faces with the number of structural, socio-cultural, political-managerial, legal, and juridical impediments. Despite the current impediments various strengths and oppor tunities for stabilishment and empower of citizens’s participation in civic Affairs exist for there more weaknesses and thresats of participation from the citizens and city management has affected the partiction. yet the neccessity citizens practipation in the affairs is not be recognized by the Urban managers and cibizens. The citizens participation is mostly superfacial and symbolic.

This paper studies the social relationship among inhabitants in Sardasht as a Kurdish city in west-south of west Azarbayjan province. The exploration of urban social relationship is located in the center of urban sociology and anthropology theories.according the Sardasht city faced with growth of urbanization, so it is necessary to explorate this subject. Three levels of social relationship: kinship, neighborhood and friendship for discription and explatoion of social relationship with inspired from ecological and compositional perspectives have been used and survey method to conduct this research. Fidings: The findings of this research indicate that the average of social relationship in three levels is high and adapted to compositional approach characteristics. Although diiferences is seen between Urbanized characteristics and level of social relationship but this differences is only between age and educational relationship which neigh borhood and also educations and kinship relationship, about other variables is not significant relationship. Finnaly age and education are two variables that explain social relationship changes in the kinship, neigh horhood and friendship between sardasht in habitants.

Entrepreneurship is a process which is taken place in a changeable network of social relations, these relations can limit or facilitate the relationship of entrepreneurship with resources and opportunities.yet most of researches has been done are a types of personal attributes indicating type of enterpreneuer that has criticized be cause of non attention to social relationship and social capital. Studies and empirical witnesses have shown that in today’s Iranian society, putting aside political, economic, and legal and management factors, for many different reasons, entrepreneurs are not successful and this possibly is rooted in different socio-cultural reasons among which ignorance of social relations and connections can be named. Accordingly present research considers surveying the social capital effect on entrepreneurship as one of the different forms of capitals in world bank categorization as a factor of social growth and development specially in developing societies. Surveying the degree of social capitals effect and its different aspects over entrepreneurship, surveying the weakness and strong of under study society from social capital and entrepreneurship point of view and providing suggestions for increasing the social capital effect over entrepreneurship are among the most important purposes of this study. The Hypotheses were tested through Freedman and Regression tests. Finding and The research has shown a positive and meaningful relation between social capital and its aspects and entrepreneurship. Moreover in this study is shown that the social capitals quality aspect, in the under study it society is more important and its correlation index is higher than other factors. In entrepreneurship its risk indicator has the highest priority, too. In addition the research results show that the relationship structure indicator has the highest effect over the entrepreneurship and connection indicator has the lowest effect and creativity and independence indicators (from entrepreneurship) are affected by none of the social capitals indicators.

Now days,Social capital or social and spiritual dimensions of health are under attention of social and behavioral scientists. Social capital persuades individuals to collaborate and coordinate in societal interactions, to become able to solve their problems and reduce risk taking behavior within the society. The aim of this article is determining the relationship between social capital and its dimensions’, and risk taking behaviors among undergraduate students of Tehran Allamah Tabatabaei University, in 2010. This survey is a descriptive and correlational study, using Social Capital Questionnaire (Onyx and Bullen, 2000), and Iranian Adolescents Risktaking Scale (Mohamadizadeh and Ahmadabadi, 2008). The samples were selected in random among undergraduate students of Allamah Tabatabaii University in Tehran. Overall, 372 individuals completed the questionnaires, while data’s analyzed by SPSS. Findings showed negative and significant relations between social capital, cognitive and communicational dimensions of social capital and risk taking behaviors in samples, but there was no meaningful correlation between constructional dimension of social capital and the risk taking behaviors. The results also indicated that there were meaningful and negative relations between drinking, smoking, drugs and sexual risk taking behaviors and social capital. Mean scores of girls, married and employed individuals, were significantly higher than other group in Social Capital Questionnaire, and Mean scores of boys, unmarried and unemployed individuals, were significantly higher than other group in Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale. The results suggest that authorities should take actions to keep youths being away from development of risk taking behaviors by improvement of social and spiritual dimensions of health.

The availability of a reliable and valid measurement to assess social support represents an important precondition to promote health research. The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) was simple to complete and developed by Sarason, Levine, Basham, & Sarason (1983), so it had been decided to translate it into Farsi to examine its psychometric properties. Social support can be defined as perceived availability of people who care about us; the certainty that there are people whom we can rely on makes it easier for us to feel good. Social support is composed of three types: instrumental, informational, and emotional. There is lots of evidence indicating that perceived social support is an important process that can reduce stress and foster positive health outcomes, such as physical and psychological well-being. Emotional support particularly was found of buffering effect of various stressful life events consequently having a positive effect on physical and psychological health. A convenient sample of 270 individuals aged 18-65 years old recruited from two private English language teaching institutions and from the Ministry of Health and Education. The data were analyzed with: one-sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Z test, Mann Whitney U-tests, ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, Spearmen’s rho correlation and Cronbach’s alpha was calculated. Women showed a higher satisfaction with social support compared to men whereas there was no gender-difference in the number of reported supporting persons. There was no significant main effect for marital status relating to the number of reported supporting individuals. Neither the number of reported supporting persons nor the satisfaction with social support was significantly associated with the age of the subjects. The internal consistency in terms of Cronbach’s alpha for both scales were high (number of supporting individuals. 95 and satisfaction. 96. The Farsi version of the SSQ has satisfactory psychometric properties supporting empirical evidence for its use in research and practice.

Social inequality and countinues of class interval is one of the most important problems of human beings. Class interval with injustice, countinues and deepness of inequalities can cause an important and hard question in a society. This study is seeking the effective causes of inequalities within societies. For to explication of the subject form a new outlook, the social capital as an independent variable is compaired with other independent variables, thesis is control condition for survey and explication. The statistical target population of the studies all the citizens above 15 years old in isfahan at the time of survey with a sample of 696 citizens. The needed information has been achieved by analyzing statistical questionnaire. analy the data, multiple regression, modeling and equation structure has been used. The beta values resultes show that variables of luxurity, age, education, rationality, advertisement, need satisfaction are effective in explanative of social inequality. Mean of social inequality and social capital is 2/7 and 2/9. The results of this survey show that social inequality reduces when social capital arises.

Disable people need special legal attention. In this regard, special rules have been gradually developed by domestic and international law. Convention for the Protection of the Disabled Disability (2006) in the international community and the Iranian Act of comprehensive protection of the disable people (1383) in a national community are examples of above mentioned legal development. The article is to analysis the efficiency of Iranian Act by a comparative study. The method of this research is descriptive and analytical. It is descriptive when seek to explain the rules of international law which has been codified in the 2006 Convention for the Protection of the Disabled and is analytical where the international act with the tryies to compare national regulations of protection of disable people. In Comparison which 2006 Convention for the Protection of the Disabled Disability, the Iranian Act of comprehensive protection of the disable people (1383) is as an incomplete law. In this aspect, the Convention may be considered an appropriate model of possible revision of the mention to Act. Taking into account the preventive criminal policy and the protection of the disable people by the procedural and substantial criminal law are among the matters which should be considered be legislators.

Nowaday this has been clarified that there is special time for social development and in this time the root of social behaviors of chid should be formed and after that he can appear in society and make appropriate social interaction. Most of Researches Show that Environmental ` Social Conditions emotional communications and nourishment condition have significant affect on Children`sphysical` Social and psycological Development(shonkoff&Philips- 2000). while the rural children has unbenefited from this environment because of special condition of that.Informations from this study effect of training plans on children social development specialy deprived childrent help to formation of training tacts andshow the paths to planners that prepare necessary conditions for growth and efflorescence of children. The Research Method of this Study Is a causative- Comparative Study. In this Study 588 Rural Children Between 3-6 Years Old in Varamin in Two Groups (294 Children as a Test Group and 294 Children as a Control Group) Were Compared with Vineland`s Social Maturity Scale. This Scale Has 8 Subscales: Self Help General, Self Help Dressing, Self Help Eating, Communication, Self Direction, Socialization, Locomotion & Occupation. Statistical Analysis Determined that there ars Significant Difference Between Children who Use Rural Child Care Center Services and Children who don`t Use these Services in Variables such as Self help General, Self Hhelp Dressing, Self Help Eating, Communication, Self Direction, Socialization, Locomotion & Occupation. Our Findings Suggest that Children who Use Rural Child Care Center Services Have More Social Development in Comparison with Children Who don`t Use these Services and Who Are at Home, Because They Experience Better Environment to Learning Educational Issues and Social Skills and also because They Have opportunity for Understandig Concepts and Basic Skills like Eating, Dressing, Communication,… in these Centers. In fact these Services Are Effective for Rural Children`s Social Development.

gender-based attitudes, often a social consensus on manner of practices, gender role attitudes, regardless to individual differences show. Such structural factors can be reinforcing gender inequalities to be considered. This study aimed to assess the type of stereotypes attributed to men and women, to study some common stereotypes jobs in this field deals with the perspectives of students. This survey has been made. The population of Yazd University students make up between them using the formula Cochrane 289 people were selected as the sample size. Boys sterotypes are more baised on supervisory on power, rationality, independence, and violence and managerial jobs is a tool. While referring to the gender sterotypes tenderness, effective, service jobs tendency and dependency between them. Students attitudes expressed indicate some kind of dichotomy and acceptance of gender differences in beliefs between androgyny and similar stereotypes commonly thought of their society from which they can root for both biological and social and psychological fields were allowed.

Social cognition is composed of variety of processes that result in perception of self, others and social world. Theory of Mind (ToM) is the high level processing and analysis that organizes social cognition data by reflecting and projecting other mind states in self mind environment. Impairment in social cognition and ToM is one of the suspected problems of substance abusers, and play role in addictive behavior especially in social relations. In this study we tried to evaluate some aspects of ToM and Social Cognition among opiate addicts in comparison to normal group. We used Persian computerized version of Eyes Task (ET) and Facial Emotional Expression Recognition Task (FERT), over 52 normal person and 50 opiate addicts referred to Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS).We also use Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM), Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire -7 (EIQ-7) and Addiction Severity Index (ASI). We found that there is a significant difference in mean score of ET task and FERT between groups (p<0.01). Also there is significant difference in mean scores of RPM, BDI, and Impulsivity subscale of EIQ between groups. Using multivariate analysis for ET & FERT scores including all possible related variables revealed that there is significant effect for Addiction (group) and RPM (Intelligence quotient) score on ET score, and Addiction & Empathy on FERT score. In this study opiate abusers showed significant impairment in some aspects of social cognition in relation to normal group with fixation and matching of other related variables. Results of this study should be concluded with respect to other cognitive deficits correlated to opiate abuse and brain areas involved coordinately in response inhibition, risky decision making, emotional processing and social cognition. Basic and clinical implication of "impaired social cognition" should be considered in therapeutic interventions for opiate dependents.

The aim of the present study is to examine associations among several family functions and resilience against substance which is begin use in high school students. 145 high school students at risk for substance use participated in this correlational study. Family assessment device (FAD) and a researcher-made questionnaire were applied to assess variables. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. This study revealed significant associations among family functions (problem-solving, communication, roles, control, emotional involvement and general function) and resilience against substance use. But emotional responsiveness was inconsistent with them. Results of multiple regression showed that the emotional involvement can Predict respectively 13% of the resilience against substance use variance (p<0/0001). The more the family functions is healthy and favorable, the more probability of offspring becomes resilient in the face of substance use.