فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 4 (تابستان 1390)

The content of Hassan’s Islamic poetries in comparison to his pre-Islamic works has altered both in terms of quality and quantity. In some of his Islamic poetries new concepts and interpretations could be seen whereas in pre-Islamic ones such thing is not encountered. Hassan also put away themes such as anacreontic verses and romantic odes and instead defended Islam, the Prophet and his disciples. In eulogy and elegy he applied his previous pattern of the pre-Islamic era and once again he repeated his formerly themes and concepts. His eulogies and elegies in Islamic period outnumber the pre- Islamic ones this in turn illustrates the poet’s reluctance towards the two literary devices in the Islamic era.

Myths are inspiring sources for the contemporary Arab poets, from which the Sinbad’s is frequently used. Divers readings of this particular myth have been put forward due to the poets’ moods and the political and social conditions of the time, as a result making Sinbad their own mask. Sometimes Sinbad is in a quest of the invisible to find plain truth and sometimes in search of implements to make new civilization, at times he is exiled due to political and social turbulences while seeking cure for his feeble body. Occasionally, like the mythical Sinbad, he returns successfully from his journey and at times with failure and depression. This paper examines four readings of this myth by Bayati, Siyab, Havi, and Abdul Sabour.

Sheikh Avicenna’s “Ainiyeh’s Ode” and Moulana Jalal Al-Din Rumi’s “Letter of Reed” both express the descent of man’s spirit from heaven to darkness. However, Avicenna’s treatment of the subject is rather reasonable, serious and philosophical, whereas Moulana’s is grievous and amorous. Avicenna is cheered by man’s spirit, for he considers it as a lofty matter. Due to this happiness and academic pride, he portrays the subject in the form of a mystery. He then asks the addressee to apprehend his presupposition. Moulana is devastated by the parting of the spirit and seeks to express this unification with ardor to comfort his heart. In this respect, Avicenna casts an educational look on man’s spirit, because he does not consider the matter important yet natural. Although he tries to discuss the descent as a mystery, his diction is not metaphorical or symbolic. Moulana has rather an emotional perspective of the descent and considers the matter great and the terms he employs are quite figurative and ironical.

The interaction of literature and culture among nations and specially bordering ones has been common from early days. Meanwhile, Iran and Iraq's cultural, lingual, and literal relationship is more than other nations in history. Farokhi Yazdi, the Iranian contemporary poet, who died in 1939 and Sedghi Zahavi, the Iraqi contemporary poet, who passed away in 1936, both have their special place in their home country for propagating the proletarian literature and defending the poor. The present article studies and compares the life, works, thoughts and ideals of the two poets to show their art in advancing Persian and Arabic literature. In addition, extend of the proletarian thoughts of the Bolshevik Revolution on the works of Zahavi and Yazdi is also taken into account. All these findings indicate the source of their thoughts and opinion is classical literature and socialism- proletarian perspectives. The main theme of the proletarian literature that the two poets deal with are quiet similar and above all they share many common perspectives in their novels.

Our didactic and lyric literature, especially in mysticism has employed the true message of "plain truth"(quoted from Koran), in such a way that perusing these woks purges man's heart of darkness and fills it with absolute truth. In this respect, Sanaie, Attar, Moulavi, Sadi, Hafez, and many others who utilized such spirituality in their works have become immortal. Sanaie, the father of Persian mystic poetry, is one of the greatest literary men of Iran. He has portrayed his artistic skills in an ode by employing the words of the Koran and tradition and this is the focus of the researcher's analysis. Sanaie Ghaznavi, in a delightful and appealing ode, has embellished the lines with traditions and the Koranic verses. He applies these embellishments not only to the a-verse of each stanza but also to the rhyming parts of the second stanza in the form of adaptation, allusion, Alteration, and quotation. What is evident in the poet's work is his comprehensive knowledge of Arabic literature.

Nassif Al-Yazeji is considered the greatest Christian Arab and a sage of his epoch. His name is immortal both in history of Lebanon and Arab for he held a comprehensive knowledge of the Koranic concepts. The purpose of this article is to study the effect of the Koranic and narrative theology on Nassif‘s poetries. Hopefully the study reveals that the Koranic concepts, Nahj Al- Balaghah, Imam Ali’s advices, and other religious leaders had their individual and social influence either directly or indirectly upon this poet. Contemplation on the subject would confirm the researcher’s claim.

Literary history of Europe in the first decades of 19th century witnessed a new literary school known as Romanticism and in no time, it influenced the literature of many other nations. The Orient, especially the Arab countries and Iran in expanding their relation with the Occident became the host of this particular new literary school where many great poets and writers followed the trend. Ibrahim Naji, the contemporary Egyptian poet, and Mohammad Hussein Shahriyar, the contemporary Iranian poet, tried to spread Romanticism in their nations. The works of the two poets reflect the finest Romantic concepts and themes. Naji and Shahriyar’s poetries have many common Romantic themes. Love as one of these concepts is the main subject of their work, a love which is interwoven with eagerness and enthusiasm. Both poets mingle nature with love, meanwhile, nature shelters them from their fatigue and they find comfort in it. Naji and Shahriyar embellish the concepts with the elements of emotion and imagination in such a way that the effect is indescribable. In a comparative study the present paper aims to analyze the poetries of the two mentioned poets, in which the themes and interpretations are more similar and Romantic concepts are abundant.

Khabab is one of catalectic of Bahr-e MotadErek that has a harmonious rhythm. This meter is quiet common in Arabic poetry whereas in Persian it is not. However the tasteful Persianpoets, at times tried their hand in writing such rhythms and some of these meter have turned out to be artistic. The present paper, firstly deals with Khabab of the MotadErek prosody along with one its modifications within Persian and Arabic poetic verse samples. Then, Sheikh Bahai's "Shir o Shekar", written in couplet poem, is analyzed in terms of prosodic features. The researcher has also tried to investigate the influence of this Zehaf on Persian poetry.

Oration, speech, or expressions of intend with a special and reasonable order in terms of content, composition and literary structure has existed along with the genesis of language. Oration has developed simultaneously with the advancement in man’s intellectuality and civilization. Before the appearance of media, oration served as news transmission. This literary element has preserved its place due to auditory and live performance. With the emergence of Islam the content, structure, and the strategies of oration were highly promoted therefore it became more strategic with wider range of variety.

The scheme of the lexicon-syntax interface in the configuration of the language faculty still remains a formidable and controversial issue in theoretical especially structural linguistics. The debates bring together the opposing structuralism ideas on the relation between syntax and semantics. Continuing attempts to improve our understanding of this interface help us gain further insights into many intriguing puzzles, including the linguistic behaviour of nouns, verbs, propositions and their arguments. The present study is framed to formulate a comparative analysis of two structuralism theories against data from the subject's verbal accounts in both Arabic and English in the form of task performance in order to evaluate the claims put forth by these theories as to the nature of the lexicon-syntax integration or insulation. So the paper sets out the aim of providing the following question with an empirically-based suitable answer regarding how lexical information is deployed in syntactic structure in real-time linguistic events: Does sentence construction take place with an emphasis on separation of the knowledge of lexicon and grammar or integration of the two? On this ground, a number of 18 Arabic and English senior English major students studying in the departments of English and Arabic languages of IKIU University participated in the study. The analyzed data show consistency with an integration-based claim supporting the view that lexicon must be an active component of the grammar.

Motenabbi's divan as an outstanding piece of literary work is replete with different kinds of imagery such as auditory, visual,olfactory, tactility, and taste. Meanwhile, sound imagery is mainly evident in his verses, which in turn indicates his creativity and inner thought. This kind of imagery is employed such a care that creates live and active imagery. In this respect, he has paid close attention to the surrounding sounds such as horse's neigh, corp's clamor, clanking of the swords, sound of jumping arrows, wind puff, thunder clap, water gurgle, and his dialogue with others, so the addressee would comprehend the reality of the mind and poetic experience.

Nihilism has been one of human obsessions; its history has its roots in human calamities, disasters, and failures in life. This school of thought manifests man’s psychological and epistemological status in which the meaning of life and existence is missed while fear and depression becomes domineering. A nihilistic aspect is mediation over the concept of existence which in turn has fascinated many poets and philosophers to it. Illia Abu-Mazi, an obsolete Arabic poet, who’s thoughts, literal and poetic aspects of his works has been the subject of many books and articles is one of poets who belongs to this literary school. The present paper deals with Abu Mazi’s nihilism and the leading factors that drove him towards this school. Then the nihilistic elements of his works are highlighted. Finally it could be perceived that different factors such as political, economic, social turmoil, poverty, Ottoman Empire's oppression, acquaintance with two philosophy of eastern pessimism and western nihilism, and being in contact with poets such as Jebran and Naimeh led to Abu Mazi’s nihilism. In this respect, in his divan he emphasized on death, existence, determination, reincarnation, and many other subjects from the nihilistic perspective.

The confrontation between Eastern traditions and Western freedom and technology is a controversial issue and the subject of many popular Arabic novels. The present paper points out some of the outstanding novels with the mentioned characteristics. However, “Ghandil Om Hashim” authored by Yahiya Haghi has been chosen to be analyzed in terms of theme and structure. Other novels “Mosem Al-Hejrat ela Al-Shomal” by Tayyeb Saleh, “Al-Hay Al-Latini” by Soheil Edris, and Ala Al- Alsavani’s “Shikagho” have also been discussed by their different subjects and outcomes. Yahiya Haghi rejects the Eastern superstitious traditions yet admiring some of the Western values; he endeavors to entwine Eastern religion and spirituality with western’s science and technology to create new trends

Identity as one the main characteristics of man is in fact a response to vital questions such as “who to be” and “how to be identified”; such questions have haunted man from the very early stage of life. In modern era, the existence of so many factors that have threatened human identity, the subject has become the focus of scholars and researchers. A research into the works of four modern Iraqi poets, Badr Shaker Al_Siyab, Abdulvahab Albayati, Boland Al-Heydary and Sa’di Yousof, to show the individual, national, ethnic, Eastern and human aspects of identity crises, could represent identity crises as one of the social pivots of their poetries.