نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1391)

Family is one of the main elements of community, achieving a healthy community depends on the family. Family well-being depends on mental health and having good relationship. This study attempted to assess the effect of encourage training approach and life skills training (anger management skills) on marital satisfaction and addicts wife’s self- efficacy. Participants in this study were selected randomly between 110 wives of addicts from saqez addiction treatment centers and divided into three groups: control and two experimental group. One of the experimental group received encourage training for 10 sessions of 90 minutes, another group received anger management skills training for 10 sessions of 90 minutes and control group didnt receive any training. Two groups were assessed by enrich 47-item form of marital satisfaction questionnaire and 17-item form of self-efficacy questionnaire in post test.The collected data were analyzed with spss software 15 and presented with MANCOVA. the results of this study showed that there is a significant difference in favor of trained groups in comparison to control group but the there is not significant level of difference between the marital satisfactions of trained groups. Self efficacy means of trained groups showed significant level of difference in favor of encouraging training group The result of this research can improve the training of addicts’ family coming to addiction treatment centers.

The usual method for inducing labor in Iran is the use of oxytocin (Syntocinon). Oxytocin, however, has been shown to be less effective than misoprostol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of orally administered misoprostol for labor induction in term pregnant women and to compare it with intravenously infused oxytocin. This random clinical trial was carried out between 2009 and 2010. A total of 130 term pregnant women whom were candidate for vaginal delivery assessed for eligibility to enter the study and randomly assigned into one of two groups according to the method of treatment, misoprostol or oxytocin. The misoprostol was prescribed orally 25 µg every two hours. The oxytocin group received an infusion of 10 IU which was gradually increased. The time from induction to delivery, induction to the beginning of the active phase, successful inductions within 12, 18, and 24 hours and caesarean section indication were recorded Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 presented with Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square and t-test. Failure of induction, leading to caesarean section was 32.3% and 63.1% in misoprostol versus oxytocin groups respectively. The mean time intervals from induction to active phase and labor in misoprostol group were significantly greater than oxytocin group. Maternal (except gastrointestinal problem) and fetal complications were not comparable between the two groups. Misoprostol is as a safe drug as oxytocin with low complications for the induction of labor.

Widespread health inequalities are of grand challenges to health systems. In present study, researchers aimed to measure socioeconomic inequality in distribution of mental disorders in Tehran. Required data were obtained from Urban HEART (Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool) survey conducted by Municipality of Tehran in 2007. Sample was consist of 22135 people (over 15 years old) selected by systematic cluster sampling method. The Concentration index (C) approach was applied to examine socioeconomic inequality in mental health in Tehran. Concentration index of mental health was demographically (age-sex-ethnicity) standardized in order to determine the level of avoidable inequality. In next step, to control for variables of education, occupation, marital status and economic status which might be related to mental health and demographic variables and prevent from inadvertent standardizing of these variables, these variables also were entered into model. Concentration index of mental health (-0.0673, 95% confidence interval =-0.070 ¬¬¬– -0.057) showed that, there is inequality unfavourable to poorer people in Tehran respecting mental disorders. When the distribution of mental disorders was standardized for demographic composition of the quintiles, the standardized C equalled -0.046 (95% confidence interval =-0.0522 ¬¬¬– -0.0398). This little drop suggests that demographic composition is not the main determinant of observed mental health inequality in Tehran. When they controlled for variables of employment and education, standardized C increased and equaled CI=-0.053 (95% confidence interval =-0.059 ¬¬¬– -0.047). Indeed, the last analysis led to more shrink in inequality attributable to demographics. Since much of the observed inequality in mental health is probably due to social factors and not to demographic ones, therefore the possibility of inequality correction and its avoidance will increase

The traditional use of herbal medicine has increased significantly in these recent years. People are looking for less charge, healthier and safer products. It is obvious that the chemical antibacterial products are creating more bacterial resistant day by day, on the other hand herbal less side effects of antioxidant agents have been proven. Therefore, the first studies on the therapeutic properties of the fruits and leaves extracts obtained from Diospyros wallichii King& Gamble are reported. In the present research the hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts of Diospyros wallichii (fruits and leaves) are screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antibacterial activity was determined against Bacillus cereus ATCC10876, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC11632, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10145 and Escherichia coli ATCC10536 using the disk diffusion method. Moreover, the DPPH radical scavenging test was performed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the fractions. In order to compare the results the phytochemical assay was done. the results showed hexane and chloroform extracts of the fruit, have high amounts poly-phenols. These two fractions were active against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The chloroform extract of fruits had the highest free radical scavenging activity. The results obtained suggest that Diospyros wallichii King& Gamble could be used in the development of therapeutic medicines and health care products. In addition to, it was concluded that the poly-phenols, exclusively Naphthoquinones, play crucial roles in the properties of this plant.

Leishmaniaisis is a protozoan disease with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestations in human are different from skin rash to visceral disease. Quest for new medicine forms that can quickly treat the wound with the least side effects and the resistance is an ongoing subject. Because synthetic drugs are associated with several complications, medicinal plants such as Abulkhalsa that used in this study is important in treatment of diseases. In tubes containing medium 106 Leishmania (equivalent 0.5cc parasites) and 0.5cc dilutions of the extract were added separately Abulkhalsa and yarrow plant. Then all the tubes were transferred to the incubator and examined the viability of the parasite. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of Leishmania parasites over time was due to the effect of the extract. The effect of different concentrations of Abulkhalsa extract on Leishmania in comparison with control medium was determined for all concentrations of the extract. All extract concentrations of extract could reduce the number of Leishmania parasites. Abulkhalsa extract can be applied on anti-parasite Leishmania researches and development of herbal medicine

Synthetic dyes are widely used in various industries. Discharging waste water containing dyes causes serious environmental problems because of its high toxicity and possible accumulation in the environment. The present work focuses on removal of anionic dye (Acid Red 18) by oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes (o-MWCNT) from aqueous solution. In this experimental study the effect of various parameters such as contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were studied. The final dye concentration was read by UV–Vis spectroscopy at maximum wavelength 506 nm. Adsorption data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. the results of this study showed that, by increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage dye removal percentage increases but by increasing solution pH and initial dye concentration dye removal percentage decrease. The adsorption of Acid Red 18 dye complies with Langmuir isotherm (R2= 0.995) model. The results of this study indicate that oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes can be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes.

Prematurity is the major cause of neonatal mortality, so this study aimed to determine the perinatal factors related to the premature infant’s mortality. Sample of records of this historical cohort study, was premature infants hospitalized in the Qhaem hospital intensive care unit, since 2007 to 2010. Two hundred cases were randomly selected. After the sample loss, 172 files precisely were studied from admission to discharge. Data were collected using a validated researcher made questionnaire, analyzed with SPSS19th, and presented with descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test, chi-square and T tests. From 172 neonates based on death or alive until 28th day after birth, 54 and 118 were included in the case and control groups, respectively. Birth weight and gestational age of the subjects, were 1549.54(±635.42) g and 31.46 (±3.35) weeks, respectively. Antenatal taking of nitroglycerin, magnesium sulfate, methyldopa, hydralazine and chronic use of insulin were not significantly deferent in the two groups (P>0.05), and had Odds ratio more than 1. Diabetes, preeclampsia, maternal Rh and blood group, were significantly deferent between the two groups (P<0.05). In the birth room crying, breathing, cyanosis, tonicity, cord status, and a history of neonatal resuscitation (p<0.001) and neonatal clinical findings at the NICU admission time including apnea, bradycardia, gasping, hydrops, ascites, and IUGR (p<0.005) were significantly deferent between the two groups. Some of the maternal and neonatal perinatal factors could affect the premature neonate's mortality. Considering these factors could be effective in determining at risk neonates and providing factors in reducing mortality.

There is an evidence that the risk of hypertension as well as the senile cognitive dysfunctions due to hypertension are different between male and females. In the present study effects of increased blood pressure Induced by phenylephrine (PhE) on Morris water maze performance was compared between male and female rats. In this experimental study, 32 male and female rats were used. The animals were divided into four groups: groups 1 and 2: male and female controls which received saline, groups 3 and 4: male and female groups which received PhE (100µg/kg). PhE was infused for 5 min once a week. Time latency and traveled path length to find the hidden platform were compared between male and female rats treated by PhE and controls by using of spss software and unpaired t- test. Increased blood pressure induced by PhE was confirmed by a blood Pressure transducer and power lab system after the last session of Morris water maze. The latency and traveled path length in female rats that treated by PhE was significantly higher in comparison with their controls (P<0.05 and P<0.01) but there was no significant difference between male rats which were treated by PhE in compared to male controls. These results suggest that effects of increased blood pressure on spatial learning and memory in female and male rats are different

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is defined with two of the following items: Fever or hypothermia, tachypnea, tachycardia and leukocytosis or leukopenia or bandemia. Sepsis is SIRS with an infectious etiology. Severe sepsis is sepsis plus associated hypoxemia and insufficiency of tissue perfusion or hypotension. Septic shock is severe sepsis without response to adequate fluid therapy. In this article we study abovementioned parameters. The first physical Exam, presentation, past history and familial history were determined. Vital sign and SIRS factors, Diagnosis interventions and paraclinical labs and final diagnosis were recorded. The cause of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis was enrolled in the questionnaire with close monitoring and observation from admission till final diagnosis. In Admitted patients 60.86% were male and 39.14% were female median respiratory rate, pulse rate, white blood cell was 28.24, 102.31 and 11597 respectively. Diabetes mellitus 9.3%, Intravenous drug abuse, (5.5%), malignancy (5.2%), and trauma (3.8%) were the most important predisposing disease. The most frequent etiology was pneumonia 17.2%, meningitis 10%, cellulitis 4.8% and endocarditis 4.5%. The most frequent etiology of SIRS without infection was drug reaction, and the most frequent cause of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were pneumonia and meningitis pneumonia, pneumonia and gastroenteritis respectively. There was no significant relation between age and type of etiology and mortality. Rate of Mortality in sepsis and severe sepsis were 4.5%-9.9% – 7.8% respectively. According to the results of this study the most frequent etiology of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were pneumonia, meningitis, pneumonia, pneumonia and gastroenteritis respectively. The rate of mortality in septic shock patients was zero. We recommend attention to respiratory infections and predisposing disease like diabetes and training and education of students

Traditionally, passiflora (passifloraceae family) is used as sedative and hypnotic agent. In the present study the probable effects of maternal administration of passiflora on lateral ventricles and neuronal density of rat neocortex was compared with those of diazepam. After mating, the pregnant rats were divided as follows (n=6): control, treatment A (200mg/kg passiflora extract) and treatment B (2mg/kg diazepam). Daily subcutaneous injections were started from 12th day of gestation up to the last day of pregnancy. On delivery day, from each animal 2 newborn were randomly selected, their brain removed and fixed (formalin). After tissue processing, systematic random sections (7µ) were selected, stained (H&E) and then the lateral ventricles volumes (Cavalieri method) and neuronal density of neocortex (dissector technique) were estimated. The data were analyzed by SPSS and presented with t-test and ANOVA. lateral ventricular volume and neuronal density of neocortex treated group showed no significant level of difference with those of control group. Diazepam treated group lateral ventricles volume and neuronal density showed significant increase (p<0.05). treatment with passiflora at dose of 200mg/kg has no significant teratogenic effect on developing embryos ‘brain. Nevertheless the teratogenic effect of high doses of passiflora can be probable.

Ticks play a significant role as a vector of pathogens of domestic animals and are considered as the main vector for transmission of various diseases such as Tayloriosis, Babesiosis, Recurrent fever and CCHF to human being. This study was carried out to investigate the geographical distribution of ticks, of sheep's and Camels in Qom city, during 2010-2011. in this study, sampling was performed and selected randomly seasonally in 25 villages from mountainous (%40) and plateau (%60) regions of province through one year during summer, autumn and winter 2010-spring 2011. From each village two animal husbandries and from each animal husbandry 3-4 animal (15 sheep in all seasons) and for camel, from 5 villages two animal husbandries and from each animal husbandry 5 animal (50 camel in each season) were selected and tested for tick infestation. Ticks were identified using valid identification keys. The ticks were classified into two families: Ixodidae (7/91%) and Argazidae (3/8%). Three genera: Hyalomma (73. 9%)، Rhipicephalus (17. 8%), Argas (8. 3%) and 6 species. The species of Hyalomma were H. dromedarii (32. 25%), H. schulzei (26. 35%), H. marginatum (8. 6%), H. anatolicum (6. 7%). Genus Rhipicephalus, comprised Rh. sangiiuneus (17. 8%) and genus Argas has A. persicus (8. 3%). only. Hy. dromedarii (32. 25%) was recorded as the main species. Their highest seasonal frequency occurred in summer and spring seasons. there are various species of ticks in this area that some of the collected ticks can play an important role for transmission of vector borne disease to human; based on tick distribution veterinary authority and other officials should act for implementation of disease control.

The steroid hormones play a significant role on different target organs including the central and peripheral nervous system. It is known, that the androgens influence on motor neurons of muscles that directly involved in sexual activity. The masticator muscles are not involved directly in sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the testosterone administration on trigeminal nerve motor neurons of immature castrated male rats. In this experimental study 40 one-month aged male rats were randomly divided into five groups (immature testectomy, immature testectomy + testosterone injection, immature testectomy + sesame oil injection, sham surgery, control). Testosterone (5mg/kg/day subcutaneously) was injected for one month. Then histological sections were prepared from brain stem at the level of trigeminal nerve. The length, Volume, number and density of motor nucleus neurons were calculated. The number and density of neurons in the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in testectomy without testosterone injection group was significantly lower than those testectomy with testosterone injection (P<0.01). Neuronal density in the testectomy without testosterone injection showed a meaningful decrease in comparison to those of control group (P<0.05). Following injection of testosterone, neuronal density was lower in testectomy group than in the control group and this difference was not statistically significant. It seems testosterone is effective on the number of motor neurons and their density in the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.

Backgroiund & Ketamine is one of the anesthetic drugs which is used in dissociative anesthesia. Psychotogeinic effect of ketamine with its resulted euphoria has made it as a psychotogenic abused drug. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chronic exposure to ketamine on dentate gyrus and CA3 region of hippocampus. materaial and this study was carried out on 20 male wistar rats (4 weeks old 150-200gr) that were randomly divided into two groups namely experimental and control. Experimental group received ketamine interaperitonellay at dose of 10mg/kg for one week. At the end of week speciement were stained by cresyl violet and degenerated neurons were counted by modified stereological method. the count of dark neurons in granular layer of dentate gyrus of experimental group showed significant level of difference compare with control (p<0.001).The comparison between the dark neurons in pyramidal layer of CA3 region of experimental group showed significant difference with those of control group (P<0.001) the results of our study showed that chronic exposure to ketamine can accelerate neuronal death in granular cells of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons of CA3 regions.

One of the most important strategies for treatment and preventing recurrence of addiction is group cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness cognitive–behavioral therapy on improving irrational beliefs in male addicts. In a semi-experimental study, 80individuals who had been treated in MMT therapy of bojnurd, were divided randomly into an experimental (40 subject) and a control (40 subject) groups. The experimental group underwent ten treatment sessions (one session per week, 90 min) with cognitive-behavioral approach while control group only receive routine treatment of MMT center. In this study, Jones irrational beliefs questionnaire form was used. Data were statistically analyzed using spss sofware16 and presented with chi-square tests, t-independent and paired t test with 95% confidence level. influential variables of two groups (age, education, age of onset of drug use, smoking, etc.) were similar. Irrational beliefs scores of both groups before the intervention were not significant, but showed significant level of difference after the intervention (p<0/0001). The overall mean pre-intervention score (112/95 ± 11/52) and post-intervention score of experimental group (82/78 ± 9 / 76) showed a meaningful decrease. (p<0/0001). Group cognitive - behavioral therapy is effective in reducing irrational beliefs of addicts and probably could change their positive attitude to drug abuse.

One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patient is cardiovascular disease.The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is estimated to be between 10 to 30 times higher than general population. Some of the known risk factors for calcification are hypetcalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, increased parathyroid hormone(iPTH), increased CRP and dyslipidemia. We selected 30 dialysis patients and 30 healthy persons among persons admitted to the Imam Ali’s hospital of Bojnurd. 5 ml blood was obtained from all subjects. Parathyroid hormone(iPTH) and hs-CRP were measured with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) reader. Other biochemical factors were measured with autoanalyser. it was found that Parathyroid hormone (iPTH), mean LDL, calcium-phosphorus products and hs-CRP, between patient group and control group, were significantly different (p<0.001). We also found significant direct relationship between the disease and increased risk factors for vascular calcification. These results support a role for serum iPTH, hs-CRP, ca*P ratio and LDL level as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.

One of the main concerns of the referred subjects with dentistry is the fear from local anesthetic injection and its resulted pain. Physiologically vibration sensory inputs can block pain transmission. The aims of this study were design and make a vibrator device to reduce the pain of injection during dentistry procedures. A minute electrical motor was applied to the body of a syringe. The rate and power of vibration were adjustable by changing in motor voltage during the injection. In order to assess the heart rate, as a pain reaction indicator, a sensor was fixed to the tail of animal. The injections were carried out in the upper and lower jaws of male wistar rats(250-300 gr, 8 weeks old) in high and low vibration modes. The results were assessed and analyzed with Mat Lab software and T test. The results showed that in low vibration mode pain is less than at first and during the injection. A significant change was observed during 4 to6 seconds of injection (p<0.05) compare with control group. In high vibration mode, significant reductive change was observed in begin, during and pulling out the needle form gingival in compare with the control animals (p<0.05) According to results of our developed electrical injector device can be considered as an effective device without need to medical and psychological intervention in dental anesthesia.

Physical inactivity is prevalent among adolescents around the worlds. This study tested the ability of the theory of planned behavior)TPB(to predict Physical Activity)PA(among adolescents in a 4-weeks longitudinal study. 623 adolescents were randomly selected from eight high schools in Qazvin. TPB measures, and a revised International Physical Activity Questionnaire were measured at baseline and 1-month follow-up. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted regressing Physical Activity at Time 2 onto TPB. the mean age of the adolescents was 15.5 years and the most of them were girls(51.2 %(. Past behavior accounted for a significant 57% of the variance in Physical Activity in Step 1of analysis. In Step 2, TPB accounted for an additional 7% with attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control as a significant predictor. The analysis resulted in a significant amount of incremental variance accounted for by the intention (Step 3(. The results of this study demonstrated the theory of planned behavior successfully predicted the most of physical activity's variance among adolescents. Our results suggest that theory-based interventions should be based on the TPB with a targeting on PBC.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of strength training on electroneurographic indicators of the symmetric member in the upper limb. 30 healthy women without any past damage on the elbow joint, tendons and biceps muscle ligaments were chose and all of them were right handed. They were randomly divided in three groups. Experienced group performed strength training on biceps muscle of the dominant hand and 2 experienced groups did the same exercises on biceps muscle of the non- dominant hand. It was done three times a week for eight weeks. Electromyography (EMG) with the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of biceps muscle of dominant and non-dominant both hands in the pre-test were measured. To analyze the presented information the t-student test was used and the measurement was done in a meaningful level (p≤0.05). The results show that after eight weeks doing exercise in both hands, there is a meaningful increase in MVC and EMG. While in control group there wasn’t any differences. Cross transfer rate equal to the dominant of non-dominant. The unilateral strength training causes increase in EMG, amplitude accretion and decreased latency of M wave in both training and not raining members. The underlying Mechanisms which is responsible for electroneurographic cross transfer may be explained by associational neurons, corpus callosum and parallel processing of the nervous system.

Repair of recurrent inguinal hernia is associated with high re-recurrece possibility and more surgical complications. This study compares open preperitoneal mesh vs. Lichtenstein technique for repair of recurrent inguinal hernia. In a prospective clinical trial 60 patients with recurrent inguinal hernias were evaluated. 30 patients were operated on using Lichtenstein technique and 30 patients were operated on using open preperitoneal mesh repair technique by the method of Wantz. Patients with BMI>35, under treatment with corticosteroid, diabetes mellitus, coagulation disorders, female gender and previous abdominal surgery unless hernia repair were excluded. The patients evaluated 2 and 6 weeks and 3-12 months after operation. Mean follow-up period was 8 months. Data were analyzed with SPSS15th, and presented with Fisher’s exact test, chi-square and T tests.p value equal to0.05was considered meaningful. There were no major complications. There was 20% recurrence in Lichtenstein group vs. 0% in open preperitoneal group (P: 0.01). Nerve injury (sensory impairment or neuralgia confirmed by physical examination.) was seen in 20% of Lichtenstein group and without any of nerve injury in open preperitoneal group (P: 0.01). Ischaemic orchitis was seen in 23.3% of Lichtenstein group and without any of ischaemic orchitis in open preperitoneal group (P: 0.005). Other complications such as infection, hematoma, urinary retention, testicular atrophy showed no significant level of difference. open preperitoneal technique for repair of recurrent inguinal hernia precedes in patients with previously anterior approach operation and is associated with less recurrence and nerve injuries

food allergy prevalence is relatively high in infants. About 6-8% of infants have cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The clinical presentations include gastrointestinal symptoms(diarrhea, bloody stool)-dermatologic symptoms(eczema, urticaria) and respiratory symptoms(wheezing and rhinitis). The purpose of the present study was to investigate Cow's milk protein allergy and its clinical symptoms. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 81 infants (age between 1 month and 2 years) with Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy which was previously confirmed by challenge test in Ghaem hospital in 2011. Data were collected using a specific questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software version 18 presented with chi square and independent t-test. 74.1% of cases presented gastrointestinal symptom of allergy less than 6 months old. Bloody stool was reported in 55 of cases. This finding was more common before the age 6 months. Main non-gastrointestinal symptoms were skin disease in 40.7% and respiratory symptoms in 33.3%. 33 infants had positive history of antibiotic intake by their mothers during pregnancy or lactation. Gastrointestinal symptoms of CMPA mainly occur less than 6 months of age and the most common symptoms are diarrhea and bloody stool. Early feeding of infants by diary and also using antibiotics by mothers increase chance of early presentation of disease in susceptible infants.

This study evaluated the ability of natural clinoptilolite zeolite in form of Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZS) in removal of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from water using batch tests. Direct comparison between none modified zeolite (NMZ) and Surfactant-Modified Zeolites (SMZ) was made for MTBE removal from water. The two Clinoptilolite samples used in this study were obtained from Semnan and Meyaneh province. Before the synthesis of the surfactant modified zeolites, the two kinds of zeolites were milled and sieved in to two sizes ranging 0.21-0.25mm (60 to 70Mesh) as fine and 0.59-0.84mm (20 to 30Mesh) as coarse. Total cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the external CEC (ECEC) of zeolites were measured and the best zeolite according to CEC & ECE for rest of the examinations was selected. Results of this study showed that adsorption capacity of the zeolites will be remarkably improved toward MTBE molecules by modification of its surface by surfactants like Hexa Decyl Trimethyl Ammonium-Chloride (HDTMA-CL) & n-Cetyl Pyridinium Bromide (CPB). Especially the HDTMA had more effective performance and could receive to average adsorption capacity of 13.02 mg/g and average removal efficiency of 65.11 percent by the initial MTBE concentration of 10 mg/L. According to the results of this study SMZ are suitable candidate for removal of MTBE molecules from contaminated solutions

The term natural products refers to secondary metabolites, small molecules (mol wt <2000 amu) produced by an organism such as medicinal plants. These compounds are known as a powerful source to design novel medicines. In this review article one group of the most famous and applicable compounds in the genus Diospyros named 1, 4-naphthoquinones is discussed. The aim of this review is to disclose advances in biological, pharmacological researches and phytochemistry of 1, 4- naphthoquinones isolated from this genus, as well as the suggested mechanisms regarding their activities. This research was done based on the searching the keywords including Diospyros; 1, 4-naphthoquinone; antibacterial; anticancer; Ebnaceae, mechanism through the well-known databases from beginning to 2011. During the past 60 years many compounds have been isolated from Diospyros L. Twelve considerable bioactive structures are reported in this review. plumbagin and diospyrin are two main basic 1, 4-naphthoquinone skeletons, which have been studied extensively in clinical and pharmacological researches. At present the potential for development of leads from 1, 4-naphthoquinones obtained from Diospyros L. is growing dramatically, mainly in the area of anticancer and antibacterial investigations. The data prepared and described here is intended to be served as a reference tool to the natural products and chemistry specialists in order to expand the rational drug design

For the first time Jeune in 1954 described Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (ATD) in a brother and sister with chest skeletal dysplasia and asphyxia and several respiratory system infections.ATD is an autosomal recessive disease with variable clinical, radiologic and pathologic sign and symptoms. In this study we described an ATD case.