مجله دانش زراعت
پیاپی 6 (1390)

Reduction of chemical fertilizer consumption in the production of agricultural products, using bio-fertilizers as a suitable substitution or complementary for chemical fertilizers has privileges from ecology and economical aspects. The advantages of applying of bio-fertilizer are providing plant with different nutrients in accordance to the natural ability of plant, enhancing and improving soil biodiversity, resistance to plant diseases, developing biological activities, conservation and supporting the non- renewable natural resources such as ground water and soil. In this study, the effect of different fertilizing methods on protein percentage and phosphorus and grain yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Cv. Gachsaran) were evaluated in the research field of College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran in 2009. The experiment was conducted on basis of a randomized completely block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of chemical fertilizer of super phosphate triple [50 (C1), 100 (C2), 150 (C3) kg/ha-1], three levels of phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 [25 (B1), 50 (B2), 75(B3) g/ha-1], six levels of integrated fertilizer [I1= (C1+ B1), I2= (C1+B2), I3= (C1+B3), I4= (C2+B1), I5= (C2+B2), I6= (C2+B3)] and control treatment (C0B0) Results showed that the effect of various treatments on grain yield was significant (P<0.01), and the maximum (I3) and minimum (control) corresponding values were equal to 442.6 and 279.1 kg/ha-1, respectively. The effects of different treatments on the percentage of seed phosphorus were significant (P<0.05), and the maximum (I5) and minimum (control) corresponding values were equal to 0.39% and 0.26%, respectively. The percentage of seed crude protein in the lentil was not significantly affected. The results showed that use of integrated fertilizing method increased grain yield and the percentage of grain phosphorus, on the other hand this method decreased application rate of chemical fertilizer of super phosphate triple, so integrated fertilizing method could be means to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture.

To evaluate the effect of micro-nutrients spraying on some agronomic characteristics of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Isfahan landrace), under different cropping systems, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2011. Experimental treatments were including: cropping systems (high, medium, low input and ecological cropping systems) as main plots and micro-nutrients (no foliar application, 2 per thousand zinc chelate, 3 per thousand manganese chelate, 2 per thousand zinc chelate + 3 per thousand manganese chelate, water spraying) as sub plot. Results showed that the effect of cropping system and micronutrient spraying on stem diameter, number of branches in plant, capsule diameter, weight of capsule, stem dry weight and seed oil percentage was significant, and also interaction effect between cropping system and micronutrient spraying on grain yield and plant height was significant. The highest yield of seed (4115.6 kg/ha) and plant height (90.62cm) was obtained from high input cropping system and zinc spraying. The minimum grain yield (1540.3 kg/ha) was obtained in plants sprayed with water in ecological cropping system. Stem diameter, number of branches per plant and capsule diameter increased in treated plants with both zinc and manganese. But, the highest weight of capsule and dried weight of stem were affected only by foliar application of zinc. Spraying plants with zinc caused to increase the yield of safflower in medium input as well as high input system.

In order to evaluate effect of plant density and water deficit on the growth, yield and yield component of soybean, an experiment was carried out in split plot design based on RCBD with four replications at the research station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj-Iran in 2006. In this experiment, water deficit treatment in three levels was placed as main plot (water withholding at reproductive stage until 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from evaporation pan in each irrigation period) and plant density in three levels as sub plot in (20, 30, 40 plant/m2). The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on all studied traits and caused to reduce the plant height (23%), number of pod per plant (37%), number of grain per plant (48%), 1000-grain weight (14%) and grain yield (56%). Also in the water deficit condition, oil percentage was reduced and seed protein amount was increased. While plant density had not significant effect on the vegetative traits of plant and only had significant effect on some reproductive traits such as number of pod per plant (P<0.05), pod weight and grain number per plant and grain yield (P<0.05). Generally, the best treatment for obtaining the maximum yield and suitable vegetative and reproductive traits was water withholding until 50 mm evaporation from evaporation pan in each irrigation period and density of 20 plant/m2.

Salcylic acid (SA) as a plant growth regulator. It has major effects on some of plant traits. The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) also as one of the source of protein supplies is consequential. To study effect of SA on some physiological traits and to obtain the best concentration of this substance in the cowpea plant, an experiment was carried out in the field research of University of Zanjan. There were five treatments including: control, four treatment of spray application of SA (150, 300, 450 and 600 µM). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having three replications. Results showed that in photosynthetic parameters such as photosynthesis speed rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, Chlorophyll Content Indexin the treatment with 150 µM SA, had the highest effect and significant difference was observed at 5% level.Total dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight in also treatment with level 150µM SA more average have shown ratio control treatments and were significant difference in level 5% in compare with control. Also with increasing levels of SA, canopy temperature also was significantly increased. In addition positive correlation was observed between dry weight of plant with photosynthetic rate, rate of transpiration, chlorophyll, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight.

This study was carried out in order to determine the more suitable seedling age on rice cultivars in Chaparsar Rice Research station of Mazandaran province in 2009. This experiment was laid out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots were seedling age with four levels (20, 33, 37 and 40 days) and sub plots were rice cultivars (Hashemei, Khazar, hybrid and Shirodi). During growth stage different traits including plant height, total tiller, fertile tiller, panicle length, number of grains (filled, unfilled and total) per panicle, 1000-grain weight, flag leaf area, day to emersion of panicle, day to 50% of flowering, day to maturity and grain yield were measured. Results of statistical analysis showed significant difference in fertile tiller, number of grains (filled, unfilled and total) per panicle, day to emersion, day to 50% of flowering and day at 5 and 1 probability levels. Effect of cultivars for all characters was significant. Correlation coefficients were also showed positively significant relationship in total tiller, fertile tiller, number of grains (filled, unfilled and total) per panicle, day to emersion of panicle, day to 50% of flowering and day to maturity in with grain yield in different cultivars. The highest grain yield (5166.9 kg/ha-1) was obtained in 20 days seedling age. The greatest grain yield (5899.9 kg/ha-1) was also belonged to in Shiroodi cultivar. Therefore, according to the results and to reach to highest yield, 20 days seeding age and Shiroodi cultivar is recommended.

One of unfavorable factors in agriculture in each geographical region is exquisite winds which with increasing evaporation and transpiration amount led to decrease in water use efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to control with the most adaptable Plants as the windbreak. This study was conducted to ascertain the most adaptation of windbreak in Damghan arid region. The climatic information was collected and climatic classification was done according to Demarton Method. Soil samples were collected from each observation plot in two different layers of 0–20, 20–40 cm from different soil cores. Finve tree species including Pinus eldarica, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus arizunica, C. sempervirnce and C. sempervirens var horisontalis were planted as dense windbreak model. The obtained results showed thatPinus eldarica decreased 403.22 kgm/s of wind power in first row, but Thuja orientalis, Cupressus arizunica, C. sempervirnce and C. sempervirens var. horisontalis decreased 137, 287.09, 112.25 and 229 kgm/s respectively. The most resistant species to chilly conditions were Pinus eldarica, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus arizunica, C. sempervirnce and C. sempervirens var. horisontalis respectively. On the basis of our results C. sempervirens var. horisontalis species is not recommended as windbreak due to sensitivity to chilly condition.

Population flactuations of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Putton was studied in the wheat and barley fields of five regions of Shahre Rey including, Esmail Abad, Shahed University, Dorsun Abad, Ghaleh Nou and Nazar Abad from 25th March 2009 to 10th June of 2009. Additionally important parasitoids of the sunn pest were collected and identified in different regions of Varamin and Shahre Rey. Upon the results of this research, appearance date and maximum population density of the sunn pest in Esmail Abad was in 25th March and 15th April, respectively; Also the appearance of 1st to 5th nymphal instars were observed in 15th, 23rd April (both 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars), 5th May (both 4th and 5th nymphal instars), respectively. The first individual of the sunn pest and its maximum population density in the wheat fields around Shahed University was sampled in 1st April and 16th May, respectively, and the 1st to 5th nymphal instars were appeared in 15th, 23rd April (both 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars), 30th April and 5th May, respectively. In Dorsun Abad, the sunn pest and 1st to 5th nymphal instars appeared in the wheat fields in 25th March, 15th, 23rd, 30th April (both 4th and 5th nymphal instars), and 5th May, respectively, and the maximum population density of the sunn pest was obtained in 30th April. The appearance date and maximum population density in Ghaleh Nou was observed in 25th March and 23rd April, and for 1st to 5th nymphal instars were obtained 23rd, 30th April (both 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars) and 5th May (both 4th and 5th nymphal instars), respectively. The results of sampling in Nazar Abad indicated that appearance date and maximum population density of E. integriceps were 8th and 15th April, respectively; Also the appearance date of 1st to 5th nymphal instars were determined in 15th, 23rd, 30th April and 5th May (both 4th and 5th nymphal instars), respectively. Regarding to the parasitoids of the sunn pests in Varamin and Shahre Rey, totally eight species including, Telenomus chloropus (Thomson), Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), Trissolcus festivae (Viktorov), Trissolcus grandis (Thomson), Trissolcus rufiventris (Mayr), Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees), Trissolcus simoni (Mayr) and Trissolcus vassilievi (Mayr) were collected and identified from the fruit and forest tress, weeds and many crop fields around the wheat and barley fields.