فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1391)

Grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller) is the main pest of Iran and most vineyards of the world. The pest larva causes yield reduction by feeding on inflorescences and berries. The pest reduces the quality of grape by favoring the growth condition of rot fungus such as Botrytis cinerea as well. The seasonal population abundance and related damage of the pest were investigated for 3 years in 3 main vine growing districts of Orumieh, Iran. The population dynamics and density of the moth were monitored by sex pheromone traps and the damage of inflorescence clusters and fruit bunches were determined by sampling from experimental vineyards in different years and generations. Results showed that the grape berry moth has 3 complete flight periods with an average of 37, 26 and 54 days for 3 generations, respectively. Population abundance was varied between years, districts and generations from 51 to 1647 male moths /trap/generation. There was no significant relationship between population abundance and damaged clusters at different districts and generations during 2 years study. Infestation rate of flower clusters at the first generation varied form 68 to 90 percent with a severity of 1 to 15 larval nests per cluster. In the second and third generations, the infestation rate of fruit bunches varied from 43 to 100 percent and the damaged berries per clusters were from 1 to 63 percent.

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This species has been distributed in Iran and all over the World. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation on the biology and life table parameters of P.interpunctella was investigated. Three age groups of eggs (1, 2 and 3-day-old) were exposed to UV-irradiation (254nm wavelength) for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 minutes at temperature 25±5ºC and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D), without humidity control. The results indicated that all exposure periods of UV-irradiation reduced hatching eggs. An increase in time of exposure to irradiation caused a gradual decrease in percentage of hatching in all age groups of eggs. However, for each exposure duration, the hatching rate was decreased as the age of irradiated eggs increased from 1 to 3 days. Hatching rates decreased from 71.33% at 0.5 min to 0.67% at 8 min exposure time in 1-day-old eggs, from 35% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 4 min exposure time in 2-day-old eggs and from 31.67% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 2 min exposure periods in 3-day-old eggs. No hatching eggs occurred at higher exposure times. At three age groups of eggs all exposure periods of UV-radiation increased significantly the incubation period of eggs of males and females in comparison to controls The longest incubation period in males and females was recorded in 3-day-old eggs which treated by 0.5 min exposure time. 7.00±0.00 and 7.67±0.33 days, respectively). There was no significant different between adult longevity of controls and irradiation adult in 1, 2 and 3-day-old eggs. In all age groups of eggs, adult longevity of females was longer than males. The results showed that UVC irradiation has greater effects on the eggs of P.interpunctella than other developmental stages.

Our research has been done in order to find out the effects of soil solarization on population of prostigmatic mites, in Fars Science and Research, Fars Province, during the years 2010 2011. We prepared a land with the area of 120 m2 in the above location. The block was divided to 3 parts of 5 × 8 m. The first part was covered by a plastic, the second part was covered by a plastic but the soil was mixed with manure. The third part was used as control. Samples were taken randomly from the depths of 5, 10 and 15 cm every other day. Totally 1215 prostigmatic mites were collected from 108 soil samples. These mites belonged to 6 families of Cunaxidae, Bdellidae, Cheyletidae, Tetranychidae, Stigmaeidae and Tenuipalpidae. In this research Tetranychid mites had the most and Tenuipalpid mites had the least population in different depths of the soil. Our results indicated a significant reduction in Prostigmatic mites population in both plastic covered treatment and plastic covered with manure in compare to control.

The fauna of Thysanoptera was studied in Khorramabad region, Iran during 2009-2010. Altogether 8 species from 4 genera and 3 families were collected and identified Which the asterisked species among them were new records for Lorestan Province. Some species are also sent to Dr. Mound in Australia for Identification or confirmation. The identified species are as fallow:1- Thrips tabaci Lindeman,18892- Thrips meridionalis (Priesner,1926)3- Thrips trehernei Priesner,1927*4- Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday,1836*5- Melanthrips pallidior Priesner,1919*6- Melanthrips fuscus(Sulzer,1776)*7- Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov,1912)8- Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz,1909*

Because of the importance role of these insects, the present study investigates Aphididae fauna on different host plants from different regions of Kermanshah (the City in the southwest of Iran) was studied during 2010-2011. The collected aphid specimens were kept in ethanol 75% and then mounted on microscopic slides for identification to species level. Additionally, in order to better identification of the aphids’ species, the host plants were collected and identified by professional botanists. The identified species of Aphididae were confirmed by professional experts in Iran. Altogether 25 species belonging to 13 genus of the family were collected and identified in different regions of Kermanshah. All species reported for the first time from Kermanshah. All identified species are kept as permanent microscopic slides in the entomology laboratory, department of plant protection, faculty of plant production, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural resources. The collected and Identified Aphididae are listed as follow: Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko,1914, Acyrthosiphon malvae ssp. geranii Gillette & Palmer, 1929, Aphis craccivora Koch, 1855, Aphis euphorbiae Kaltenbach, 1843, Aphis idaei Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Aphis punicae Pass, Aphis umbrella Boerner, 1950, Aphis verbasci Schrank, 1801, Brachycaudus (Acaudus) cardui (Linne, 1758), Brachycaudus (Acaudus) iranicus Davatchi & Rememaudiere, 1953, Brachycaudus (Acaudus) tragopogonis Kaltenbach, 1843, Dysaphis plantaginea Pass, Hyadaphis foeniculi Pass., 1860, Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy, Hyperomyzus lactucae Linne, 1758, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776, Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley, 1841, Rhopalosiphum padi L., 1756, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, 1856, Sitobion fragariae Walker, 1848, Uroleucon cichorii Koch, 1855, Uroleucon compositae Theobald, 1915, Uroleucon sonchi Linne, 1767.

In last decades, many researches have been done on use of botanical compound especially essential oils as insecticides. In the present study, the contact toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia and Zataria multiflora essential oils was evaluated on both sexes of C. maculatus adults at 29± ºC, 60±5% RH in dark condition. Essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation. The toxicity of both oils against males and females was positively and significantly associated with concentration. On the basis of LC50 ratios and their 95% confidence limits, there was no significant difference between sensitivity of males and females. The LC50 values for males were 719 and 598 l.m-2 and for females were 787 and 738 l.m-2 for L. angustifolia and Z. multiflora, respectively. Both essential oils had no negative effect on seed germination of the cowpea. The essential oils analysis by GC-MS showed that the main compounds of L. angustifolia oil were linalool (42.8%), 1,8- cineol (23.4%), rosefuran epoxide (14%), menthone (6.8%), isomenthol (5.2%) and dihydro carvone (trans) (4.3%) and those of Z. multiflora oil were thymol (55%), linalool (37.8%) and pcymene (7.2%). The results suggested that L. angustifolia and Z. multiflora essential oils might be suitable alternatives to conventional pesticides for protecting pulses against C. maculatus adult.

Two spotted-spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of bean. Biology of TSSM on white bean genotypes (Dehghan, Sadaf, Daneshkadeh, G-11867, Jules, Goynok98, Kara Casehiro) were studied using leaf disk bioassay under laboratory conditions (Tempt.: 25±1°C, RH: 50±5%, L:D= 12:12 hours). Moreover, some of the reproductive characteristics of TSSM (egg number, immature and mature numbers) were evaluated in greenhouse conditions by releasing five adult female mites on two leaf stage plant and estimating mite population after two weeks. The parameters mx, rm and T of Two spotted-spider mite on seven white bean genotypes were calculated and considered their associations with resistance and sensibility of hosts. Results indicated that Dehghan and Sadaf genotypes with lower damage (respectively, 3.40±0.24 and 2.00±0.20 damage score of 6) were resistant genotypes and Daneshkadeh, Goynok98, Kara Casehiro, G-11867 and Jules genotypes with higher damage (respectively, 4.00±0.00, 4.00±0.00, 4.20±0.00, 4.00±0.00 and 5.00±0.00 damage score) showed levels of sensibility to two spotted-spider mite.

Abstract Tomato is a very common agricultural commodity in our country andThe producers use pesticides frequentely for its pest control.This vegetable is usually presented to market a short time after the last insecticide spraying, it is more probable to be contaminated in the time of consumption. This study was conducted to measure the safety interval of the two common insecticides used in greenhouses of Iran, Chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin. Tomato samples cultivated in 2 greenhouses with the design pattern of randomized complete block with 3 replicates. For deltametherin within one hour and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 days after spraying and for Chlorpyrifos within one hour and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30 days after spraying sampling was performed. Samples in laboratory were extracted by using SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) and with the help of Nitrogen were concentrated and extracts were injected for measurement into HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatograph), GC (Gas Chromatograph), GC/MS(GC/Mass Spectrometer) devices. Data were compared with WHO/FAO and Recovery results were 101% and 94% for Chlorpyrifos and deltametherin as respectively also results showed that deltametherin has the php about days and Chlorpyrifos has the php near 15 days in greenhouse condition has been studied. However, to get the post harvest period under farm condition more studies are needed.