فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Earthquake is one of the major natural hazards which specifically makes cities of developing countries more vulnerable to probable earthquakes in comparison to developed countries. Tehran as the biggest and most populated city of Iran due to the active faults in the vicinity of it and its high population and constructional density has great vulnerability to probable earthquakes. The territory of Accessibility Network has a significant role in earthquake vulnerability reduction، so if the Accessibility Network can be ordered according to standard principal of urban planning، the vulnerability can be decreased. To obtain this purpose the environmental assessment is the basis element and there are lots of different methods and techniques. Present paper with emphasis to the studies in the observed field (Located in the 6th district of Tehran Municipality) and the presented conceptual framework، which is a composition of Analytical Hierarchy Process، Fuzzy logic، Network Analyst and Probability Function; analyses the probable vulnerability due to relevant factors to Accessibility Network in the case of earthquake. The proposed model represents an explicit and intelligible frame based on the available information for the earthquake vulnerability assessment due to access base criteria. Using this model provides a proper and scientific basis for the accurate perception of access to these vital centers during and after probable earthquakes. The outgoing in the mode of map، chart and graph illustrate the resultant condition of parcels in the studied area. The produced vulnerability map can be used in site selections of these centers and vulnerability reduction programs by relevant organs such as Crisis Management Center، Emergency centers، Fire stations، Municipalities and etc.

Reducing consumption of fossil fuel، is a key effort to promote sustainable development. Transportation sector is one of the most important parts of fuel consumers. Urban form is one of the most important and effective factors in fuel consumption in transportation sector. Urban form includes some criterions such as density، mix land use and internal development of city. In order to reduce fuel consumption in transportation sector، urban form should be changed. This issue is more necessary due to increasing urban population and urban sprawl. Resident’s use of private car increases with distance from city center and lack of proper public transport system. This not only causes increasing of the fuel consumption، but also it increases emission of greenhouse gases، noise pollution and traffic congestion. The present study has followed explanation of relationship between urban form and energy consumption in transportation sector. For this purpose، the theory of urban form، including compact city، transit-oriented development and Neo-traditional development and studies in other countries are surveyed and analyzed. Research findings indicate that socio-economic characteristics and physical variables and urban form are affected the usage of private car and fuel consumption in transportation sector. This study which is based on the findings of survey and analysis، seeks to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding the effective factors in Households Fuel Consumption in Transportation Sector.

Light has got the prominent significance in the Iranian beliefs throughout the history. Insistence on the light sanctity originates from the religious doctrines of pre-Islamic era (Zoroastrian beliefs) which was emphasized in the Islamic era and especially Islamic Sufism. Overall، in most religions light is the symbol of Divine Wisdom and the element of all goodness and purity; so going from darkness to brightness has been the main goal of life. Since the religion، mysticism and culture throughout the Iranian history have always been in direct relationship with the architecture of each era، the Iranian architecture has always strived to give the interior a kind of spiritual atmosphere and since no sign like the light does symbolize or manifest Divine Unity، the Islamic artists have strived to use the light in their works to make them much closer to the source of spirituality. Paying attention to light is considered as one of the most prominent features of Iranian traditional architecture، which influenced most of its structural and conceptual patterns. The construction of light-openings in the buildings such as masjids، bazaars، madrasas، and caravanserais، as the Iranian outstanding monuments، proves this very point. The Iranian master-mimars’ strategies to create the light-openings in the domes has been taken into consideration through this study. To this end، the light-openings’ exact location، according to the domes’ structural properties have been analyzed. Next، based on the foursome classification of the domes، the research theoretical framework has been determined، and the case-studies have been studied meticulously; through applying the case-studies and the combined research methods. According to the achieved results، the light-openings of the Iranian brick domes have been located at four distinguished areas، including: 1- the dome’s top، 2- the dome’s curve، 3- the dome’s shekargah and 4- the dome’s drum. Moreover، because of the structural limitations of each type of dome، the constructional techniques have played the pivotal role at locating the light-openings in the domes.

The growth of energy consumption in modern societies has confronted world with threatening changes along with the peril of depletion of fossil resources. Therefore، exploiting the methods of sustainable design has found a high status in international planning and policy making. The most energy consumptions are happening in the building industry، about 40%، and the major part of which is spent for cooling، heating and ventilation. Therefore، using suitable measures to reduce energy consumption has a great influence on energy balance of building. Solar energy for natural ventilation has been used for centuries. Air ventilation is necessary for removing or depleting pollution that can be supplied through solar chimney. Solar chimney is a simple idea to increase natural ventilation in surrounding spaces by using solar energy and chimney effect in an air gap. The driving force in solar chimney is buoyancy force. The solar energy absorbed by chimney causes heat up the air in the chimney so that the air flows upward because of the stack effect. That can be a driving force to enhance natural ventilation. Therefore، the breeze inside the space lets the fresh air enter the space through window. There are a lot of cases which show the use of solar energy for ventilation by some absorption effect in building. The commonest design of solar chimney for ventilation is in vertical form. In the present study، the effect of solar chimney on ventilation rate has been examined in four cities of Iran with different climates. The cities were Rasht (moderate and humid climate)، Tabriz (cold climate)، Isfahan (hot and dry climate)، Bandar Abas (hot and humid climate). Due to the lack of access to the implemented samples، the computerized simulation was used as an alternative method for field studies، the results of which by Energy Plus software in four cities of different climates show that the most suitable city is Isfahan (hot and dry climate) and the maximum ventilation is obtained there. There are also other factors that impacts solar chimney efficiency. Three cities (Isfahan، Yazd، Shiraz) of hot and dry climate were investigated to define their impact of latitude on ventilation rate.

In the last decade، there has been more attention towards the assessment and improvement of construction phase embodied energy. In addition to buildings maintenance energy، large amounts of energies are consumed in construction process which is called embodied energy. This research results from recording all types of energies used in construction phase and presenting a numerical calculation method to assess the embodied energy of area unit and also decreasing this energy to its lowest possible limit. In order to achieve the minimum embodied energy، three energy consuming phases are calculated for 1400 square meter case study; which are material embodied energy، transportation energy and erection and on-site energy. Deviation of total embodied energy for the area shows 795. 14 GJ/M2 as embodied energy. This digit is a reliable benchmark for comparing these three energy consuming phases and also comparing this construction system with other ones. Total embodied energy it the result of all three parts. But analysis of them shows that it''s necessary to substitute some materials with more optimized ones. The result of this substitution decreased the embodied energy to 12. 75 GJ/M2 and which is about 1. 6% of the first measured embodied energy.

In recent years the growth rate of industry، science and technology has increased exceptionally and same relative changes in standards، practices and architecture operation has been more explicit. This suggests that nowadays architecture needs change and more dynamic than in the past and new buildings seem to be more varied، more flexible and adaptable to future possible changes، which needs architectural and structural solutions. In addition to being stable، one of the other mysteries of a creature is the ability of being responsible to many patterns which are expected in present and future. Although people are similar in humanity، they are unique in their aims، will and requirements. Therefore، in one place we encounter variety of requirements. In retrospect we can find out how man could solve their difficulties by the most basic movable structures and how he had designed mobile homes and flexible urban contexts to utilize in the future. This portable structure is also used in bridges، shelters، temporary and multipurpose spaces thus it has the ability to adapt to future needs. Although throughout history، man has lived in buildings which their function is fixed and unchangeable، but todays buildings function and users change rapidly and buildings should be constructed flexible and adaptable to the functional changes (for example climate changes)، time change، social and cultural changes. What will be discussed in this article is examining، analysis and classification of structural systems of mobile and contemporary shelters. The purpose of these classifications is defining models that can be divided into various forms and production methods proposed for development and construction of systems available.

Due to increasing global pressure on the environment caused by human interventions، the studies on interaction of traditional building and their components with nature has been increased. These studies attempt to identify natural building design and determine how to use them in the climatic design of today''s architectural design. Building performance simulation enables the examination of the effectiveness of innovative energy efficiency measures and control strategies. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow architectural design and construction practice to have a more flexible design of building facade، and to enhance a more energy-efficient and greener building development. Energy savings resulting from daylighting not only would mean low electric-lighting and reduced-peak electrical demands، but also it means reduced cooling loads and the potential for smaller heating، ventilating and air-conditioning. The absorbed solar radiation acts to raise the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent air layers. This has a significant effect on the generated thermal conditions، which is، in turn، reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding habitable spaces. In tropical areas، especially in warm humid areas، the need for shade and air ventilation are most important factors used for the provision of thermal comfort. In climatical and morphological studies of dezful historical context، great appliance of shade and ventilation can be seen. Among the hundreds of ways to do this، one of them is using khavoon (brick work) that creates shadow on the inner and outer walls and increase visual richness of the environment. This paper attempts to understand patterns of the brick khavoon in the way they were used; and to evaluate their shadows. These patterns became 3D using schetchup software and their shadow have been prepared at different hours of day and different directions. The amount of shadow has been calculated and analyzed by the image processing، IMAGEJ software. It seems that such patterns، in different orientation، increase amount of shadow (2. 5 - 4. 5 times). Given the size of the hourly solar radiation on the walls in each direction، the best direction of using this patterns can be identified.