نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال یازدهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 49، آبان 1392)

In recent years with the development of NICUs، survival rates of VLBW and LBW infants has increased in many countries including Iran. There is concern that this increased survival is associated with increased rates of some disabilities، but some studies have reported improved survival without increased morbidity. Until now، there are few studies about long term complications due to VLBW in developing countries including Iran. The present study investigated and compared the development of children with normal، low، and very low birth weight infants. We''re trying to answer the question whether there is any relationship between birth weight and child development.

In a retrospective study 214 infants who had inclusion criteria were enrolled. Their development indices were evaluated according to the information contained in their medical records. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis، chi-square، ANOVA and Pearson co efficient tests by using SPSS software version 11.

Lack of the expected motor and sensory aspects of development had the highest frequency in VLBW infants from 2 – 15 months of age. There was inverse relationship between birth weight and lack of motor development، but there were no significant difference between NBW، LBW، and VLBW infants for their language and also cognitive development.

Developmental disorder in children with low birth weight occurred mostly in the motor domain. Therefore، it is recommended to all employees of the health services to pay special attention to the key points of motor development. If there is any symptoms suggestive of developmental delay immediate referral to higher levels of care should be taken.

One of the problems that patients with coronary artery bypass surgery encounter is anxiety that can have undesirable consequences. This research aims to investigate the effects of foot reflexology on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. This clinical trial was performed on 52 patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire، and the Spielberg’s anxiety inventory. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control groups. Foot reflexology was performed for 30 min in the experimental group. Anxiety levels were measured before and after intervention. The control group did not receive any intervention and anxiety was measured twice within 30 minutes. Patients in the intervention group had significantly decreased in anxiety after the foot reflexology (P=0. 000). However، no significant difference was observed in the control group. The mean anxiety score between the two groups before the intervention was not statistically significant. But anxiety scores between the two groups after intervention was statistically significant (P= 0. 000) This study showed that foot reflexology can be used as an effective، safe and cost-effective nursing intervention in reducing anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

New educational strategies are needed in learning the basic issues in nursing education. Developed concept mapping is a strategy to facilitate the thinking, teaching, learning and evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of education in the form of concept mapping method on learning of health assessment lesson in nursing students.

In an experimental study with two groups, pre-test post-test design, 40 nursing students of the third semester were selected through convenient sampling method, and they were randomly divided into two groups of experiment and control. The pretest students in the experimental group were trained by using concept maps for six sessions of two hours, and the control group received conventional method training for five sessions of two hours. Then, they took the post-test. Data gathering tool was a researcher made test consisted of two parts: The first part included demographic characteristics and, and the second part consisted of forty multiple-choice questions to assess learning on health assessment. The results were analyzed by using binominal test, independent and paired t-tests by SPSS19 software.

The mean and standard deviation of the students’ scores before and after applying the conventional method were (8.4 ±1.57) and (9.05 ±1.71) respectively, whereas it was (8.55±2.31) and (12.15±3.74) in the concept map group, respectively. The study results revealed a significant difference between the pre and post training scores in concept map group (P<0001), and in conventional group (P=0/008). Post training scores in concept map group (12.15±3.74) revealed a significant difference comparing to the conventional group (P=0/001).

Due to the effectiveness of concept mapping teaching methods in learning and performance of the students, it is highly recommended to use this method in order to enhance students'' critical thinking and deep learning.

Smoking as the leading cause of diseases in the world is increasing. Smoking cessetation can prevent the death، but the rate of quitting smoking is low. Transtheoritical model (TTM) is one of the models in health education that was applied successfully in quitting. The aim of this study was to investigate the duration of cessaation based on transtheoritical model on cognitive and behavioral processes.

In a randomized clinical trial study، 110 smokers were divided into two groups of treatment and control. Data collection was done by using demoghraphic variables as well as a questionnaire based on TTM construction standard measures including cognitive and behavioral processes. Treatment group received 5 sessions of intervention، and smoking cessation rates were measured after 3 and 6 months. Data analyzed using repeated mesure analysis of variance، analysis of covariance and independent sample of t-test.

The mean age of the treatment and control groups was 38. 1 ± 9. 14 and 39. 16 ± 9. 12 respectively، which was not statistically significant (p=0. 322). In a 6 month followup after intervention، the mean cognitition score on the quitted، and nonquitted subjects was 3. 045 ± 0. 33، and 3. 14 ± 0. 55 respectively، which was statistically significant (p=0. 014). Moreover، the mean behavior processes was 4. 48 ± 0. 18 and 2. 73 ±. 74 respectively، which was significant as well (p=0. 024).

Based on the findings of this study، continuous abstinence rate was significantly high among treatment group subjects comparing to the control group. Relevant organizations are suggested to be active on education، monitoring and follow-up of those who want to quit smoking.

Today، Patient safety is a critical factor in the quality of health care. The main problem of health care providers in improving their quality of care is their unsafe attitudes and behaviors about patient safety، which may be related to errors and adverse events in the hospitals. This research tries to assess the attitude of health care staff toward patient safety in Kosar wards as well as in urban health clinics. This is a descriptive-analytic study in which 120 people participated who were working in Kosar ward and urban health clinics affiliated to Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to collect the data. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. The findings showed that most of the employees (90%) had the moderate attitude، and (3/3%) had a poor attitude toward patient safety. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship (P <0/05) between the professional staff attitude and some aspects of patient safety (for example: teamwork، job satisfaction and job stress). Most employees had the moderate attitude toward patient safety. An effort of hospital managers and the staff is essential and important to improve patient safety. To achieve this goal، solutions such as improving the attitude of the employees، senior management tends to patient safety، creation of the incident reporting system، and developing team working can be considered.

Academic failure of the students in higher education is one of the major problems. This study aims to examine the factors affecting Academic failure of the college students at Urmia Medical University.

This descriptive - analytical study in which 165 students from the Faculty of Paramedical Sciences،Urmia University of Medical Sciences were selected by cluster sampling. The field of interest of the students included different disciplines such as radiology، laboratory science، health technology، anesthesiology، and the operating room. Demographic characteristics and attitudes of students with academic failure factors were collected by a researcher made questionaiere.

The results showed that the academic failure was most frequent among anesthesiology students comparing to other courses. E conomic status، and unsuitable study hours were the major factors of academic failure according to the students’ point of view. Paying more attention to educational، and training related factors، in addition preventing academic failure of students can help to improve and develop the country.

Individual characteristics، economic status، number of hours of study and training are the major causes of educational failure.

Due to the widespread increase of cancer diseases، cancer registries as foundations for a struggle plan against the disease have been established. The resulting data of cancer research have great value in conducting a research on primary and secondary prevention، health care planning and cancer control. The purpose of this study was to design a minimum data set for national cancer registry system to standardize cancer data in Iran. The present study was a descriptive –comparative investigation conducted in Iran. The population of the study consisted of six countries: Iran، Malaysia، Australia، Japan، Denmark and the United Kingdom. The study was a literature review including library resources and information on the databases using data extraction form. The data were analyzed by comparative tables using similarities and dissimilarities of the cancer registry systems in the countries under the study. Then، three oncologists in association with three health information management experts formed a panel to reach an agreement on a minimum data set on the basis of the new data. According to the findings of the comparative study a national minimum data set was proposed. This data set was comprised of three sub sets of information: demographics، tumor and its treatment، patient death. Regarding the crucial role of minimum data set in decision makings، statistical reports، consensus on a uniform set of data، and deployment of standardized data in all cancer centers، the use of the proposed minimum data set of the present study is highly recommended.

Attention to admission time of women for delivery can prevent the majority of mother and neonate complications. One of the labor complications is postpartum Hemorrhage. Postpartum Hemorrhage is an important etiology of mortality and morbidity of pregnant mothers. This study was done to compare the PPH bases on the rate of HB and HCT in women admitted in Latent & Active Phase in Taleghani Hospital of Tabriz.

In this descriptive and comparative study، 250 women with low risk pregnancy، single fetus and vertex presentation، that had been admitted in their latent phase (group 1) and 250 women who had similar characteristics، had been admitted in their active phase (group 2) in Taleghani Hospital. They were assessed and compared randomly. Information recording form and check list were used for data collection. SPSS software (ver 13)، t-test، chi -square and regression logistic tests were used to analyze the obtained data. P<0. 05 was considered as the significant level.

The results showed that there is a significant difference in two groups of women about postpartum Hemorrhage (p < 0. 05). Mean of Hb and Hct before Discharge from hospital were respectively 10. 8 ± 1. 4 and 33. 1 ± 3. 9 in Latent phase group and 11. 6 ± 3. 1 and 33. 7 ± 4. 8 in Active phase group. Pierson test showed that there is significant difference between 2 groups about Hb (p <0 /007) and Hct (p < 0. 008). Procedures were done for control of Hemorrhage in 4th stage of Labor was more in Latent phase group than Active phase but there was significant difference about Uterus Massage on Abdomen (p=0. 001).

The results showed that the rate of Hemorrhage based on Hb and Hct in women in Latent phase were more than women admitted in Active phase. Therefore admissions of women in Latent phase are increasing with complications and interference on mothers. It is suggested that pregnant women should be sufficiently instructed about prenatal care regarding the signs of the beginning of active labor and they had better refer to the hospital when in the active phase of labor in order to prevent complications which could be resulted from early admission.

Oral­-­dental health behaviors education to students is an important subject in the school to prevent dental problems. The use of suggested educational models and theories is a new way in health service fields. This study was done to determine the effect of health education based on HBM on the decreasing of dental plaque index among first grade of middle - school girl students in Hamadan. In this quasi-experimental study، 120 students were chosen through the stratified random sampling which were in 2 schools and 6 classrooms، and they were placed in the experimental (n=60) and control groups (n=60). Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on HBM constructs (perceived severity، susceptibility، benefits، barriers and self-efficacy) ­، knowledge، dental health behaviors and determine dental plaque by disclosing agent. The educational intervention included 4 educational sessions ­­of 60 minutes. Two months after intervention، two groups were followed، and the data were analyzed by using SPSS16. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic factors in two groups. Significant differences were observed in perceived severity (P<0. 001)، perceived barriers (P<0. 001)، self efficacy (P<0. 001)، perceived benefits (P=0. 015)، knowledge، health behaviors and dental plaque index between the two groups after intervention (P<0. 001). There was no statistical significant difference between the two groups in perceived susceptibility­ (P=0. 095). Finally، the optimal performance as well as decreasing dental plaque index was shown in experimental group comparing to control group. Findings showed that educational intervention based on HBM may be an effective method for promoting oral - dental health behaviors and decreasing dental plaque index in students.

Nursing has considerable progresses towards becoming professional in recent decades in comparison with previous decades. It seems that researches on nursing students perceptions about nursing profession at first and at the end of their education in our country (Iran) ins’t enough. So this study was conducted with the aim of describing the nature of first and last year nursing bachelor students about their own profession.

This study is a qualitative one، and the participants of this study were 20 nursing students who were in the first and last year of their education in bachelor degree. Sampling method was purposeful. The data were collected and analyzed (content analysis) simultaneously. After explaining the aim of research to the participants، and taking written consent and keeping the record of interviews، unstructured interview was used to gather the data.

In the current study، conceptual domains of bachelor’s degree students about this profession included: “The nature of nursing (knowledge/ job)”، “The profession’s social status” and “Actually/delivering nursing (nursing administering)”. The student were fully aware and close to nursing reality in their last year. Another classification as “effective (positive /negative) factors on nursing student’s perceptions about their own profession” were recognized as well.

According to findings of this study، it seems that some interventions must be conducted in order to assess and inform students about their profession in three dimensions of profession concerning factors which are affecting their perceptions.