فصلنامه راهور
پیاپی 21 (بهار 1392)

Pedestrian are one of the vulnerable groups of Guilan accidents. This group comprise 30 percent of fatalities. Rural roads of Guilan have more pedestrian accidents among different provinces in Iran. In the first six month of 2012, these accidents have increased. The main aim of this study is vulnerability study of pedestrian in rural roads of Guilan and presenting strategies for improving traffic safety. In the present study, reaction method for analyzing safety situation is used and crisis points (police checkpoints, pedestrian accident time and road situation) have been identified and finally necessary strategies for studing accident severity is presented. Analyzing accident prone places showed that 25 percent of pedestrian accidents occurred in 10 points of all total roads. By studing these places and points can save 113 lives from death and disability.

The increase in surface transportation and number of vehicle miles traveled has led to new challenges for the transportation planners and engineers of ascertaining safe and uninterrupted flow of people and goods. These challenges can be met by employing some innovative and cost-effective methodologies for solving transportation problems. One of these methodologies is the Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI). This paper presents the results of a study comparing two alternative interchange designs- Diverging Diamond and Single Point Urban Interchange. The two alternatives are studied for a range of volume scenarios using traffic micro simulation and the better performance in each scenario for Diverging Diamond Interchange in terms of delay, travel time, maximum queue length etc are reported.

By considering the reality that most of non-natural mortalities in our Country arise from external factors and accidents and the role of human being and climate phenomena are very effective too. Since Ghazvin-Hamedan axis is one of the most important connective logistic roads of the country, role of climate on accidents was considered in this work. According to our results, the highest numbers of accidents in the road were happened in favorable summer climate conditions. The cause of the accidents is human error and traffic jam of vehicles in the season and also the mountainous conditions of the road between 13-12 hours. Sixty seven percent of the accidents are happened during the day. Among the unfavorable climate conditions, the cloudy weather with 409 cases is the most abundant and its cause is high humidity and the consequent mental fatigue. The accidents due to freezing weather are holder of just 9.09 % of cases according to Traffic Police statistics of Ghazvin Road and the cause for accidents is the toll through operation to clean the routes by toll-houses and caution of drivers and also light traffic in winter. As the final result, it could be said that in this axis, the unfavorable climate conditions have significant role in happening of the accidents. But it should be mentioned that the accidents happening is related to some different factors like climate conditions, human factors, topography and so on. That together makes accidents to happen.

Based on the performed study, 25 percent of driving is at night time and more than half of total accidents happened from 6Pm to 6Am. According to international indexes per 1000 vehicle, 33 accident occurred in Iran in comparison to 3 accident in the world. By considering accident as a second factor of death in Iran, strategies and new ideas for preventing and reducing accidents are needed. Because 10 percent of driving errors is based on the insufficient driver›s view at night, therefore attention should be paid to road line drawing, light refelecting rate and car lightening systems. It is necessary to use. Xenon gas in car industry and other advanced technologies such as Dynamic curve light, cornering light and … for increasing the view of drivers. On the other side traffic police and transportation official should cooperate for line drawing technologies such as Termoplastic and 3 dimensional colors for improving street lighting and reducing accidents. In this article, current and modern Technologies for line drawing of roads and car lightening systems have been studies. The results of the study showed that modern technologies have important role in reduction of accidents and road fatalities.

For highlighting of security in the urbanization, pedestrian is one of main elements of urban transportation modes. Pedestrian is primary mode of urban transportation with the most safety and comfort ability. In the recent researches there is a special focus on the human and pedestrian importance in the urban transportation modes. But there is not strong attention to pedestrian in the urban transportation of developing country such as Iran. Pedestrian-based urban sectors are accidentally developed in these countries and there is no urban planning for this issue. Jolfa in Isfahan City (Iran) is one of these sectors and environmental and energy development. This research evaluates pedestrian situation of Jolfa based on the LEED-ND Pattern. This paper successfully manages pedestrian elements standardization in the LEED-ND Pattern and the make calibration for Jolfa. The results show importance of pedestrian for upgrading urban security and enhancing life level. Also it confirms high level corresponding of Jolfa to pedestrian elements of LEED-ND Pattern.

This study explored the nature of errors made by drivers when distracted versus not distracted. Participants drove an instrumented vehicle around an urban test route both while distracted (i.e. performing a visual detection task) and while not distracted. Two in vehicle observers recorded the driving errors made and a range of other data were collected, including driver verbal protocols, and video and vehicle data (speed, braking, steering vehicle, etc). Classification of the errors revealed that drivers were significantly more likely to make errors when distracted; although driving errors were prevalent even when not distracted. Interestingly, the nature of the errors made by distracted drivers did not differ substantially from those made by non-distracted drivers. Avenues for broadening our understanding of the relationship between distraction and driving errors are discussed along with the advantages of using a multi-method framework for studying driver behavior.