نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Appetite is a subjective concept to describe control of food intake، and is under control of brain and hormones like active ghrelin. Ever-increasing incidence of obesity and related multiple psychological and physiological problems converted it into a global epidemic، while sedentariness is considered as one of the main obesity-causing factors. Chemerin is a new adipokine that its serum level increases in obese patients. The purpose of this study was to survey effect of twelve weeks aerobic training on chemerin، active ghrelin، and appetite in sedentary obese men. In a semi-experimental study، twentyone sedentary obese men were randomly placed in two groups: aerobic training (n=10، 27. 8±3. 2 yr، 93. 5±7. 1 kg، 31. 7±3. 4%، 32. 0±3. 5 kg/m2) and control group (n=11، 26. 7±2. 6 yr، 92. 9±6. 3 kg، 31. 4±3. 2 %، 32. 3±2. 8 kg/m2). General characteristics of subjects، circulating levels of chamerin and ghrelin (using ELISA kits)، and appetite (using Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire) were assessed before and after training. Aerobic training protocol consisted of twelve weeks pedaling on cycle ergometer (3 sessions per week، intensity 60-70% of reserved heart rate، duration of each session 20-40 min). Data analyzed by SPSS16 software. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0. 05. After training period، body weight، body mass index، and body fat percent were decreased، and maximal oxygen uptake was increased (P<0. 05). Also، aerobic training decreased serum chemerin concentration (215. 9±27. 2 vs. 200. 8±25. 5 ng/ml) and increased plasma active ghrelin concentration (15. 6±3. 3 vs. 21. 8±2. 8 pg/ml) (P<0. 05). In aerobic group training، appetite (30. 2±4. 3 vs. 33. 1±3. 7) was also increased (P<0. 05). Increase of appetite as a result of twelve weeks aerobic training is associated with changes of circulating levels of active ghrelin in sedentary obese men. Along with these changes، cardio-respiratory function of subjects improved after aerobic training. Also، twelve weeks aerobic training can contribute to improvement of insulin sensitivity and inflammation in sedentary obese men due to decrease of serum chemerin levels.

Nesfatin-1 is a novel adipokine secreted by adipose tissue and interfere in regulation of blood Glucose، improvement of insulin sensitivity، appetite regulation، energy homeostasis and metabolic function. Given the importance of resistance exercise in prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity، the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks resistance training on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in overweight women. Thirty-eight overweight women (age 34. 84±5. 70 y، BMI 28. 82±3. 65 kg/ m2، body fat percent 36. 34±3. 39 % and WHR 0. 85±0. 04 (means ± SD)) were randomly divided into 2 groups. Resistance exercise training (50 min/day، 60-70% 1-RM، 4 days/week). Fasting blood samples were collected to assess changes in plasma Nesfatin، insulin and glucose levels in before and after 2 months of the training program. Independent ttest and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for further analysis (P<0. 05). The results showed after resistance exercise، BMI، WHR، and % body fat and serum insulin were significantly decresed compared with control group (P<0. 05). The findings of this study showed that 8 weeks resistance training had no effect on overweight women nesfatin levels. It seems that changes in nesfetin levels in healthy overweight women has no ralataion with improved body composition or lipid profile induced by exercise. However، more research is needed in this area.

The previous research has identified that many factors can affect appetite. Exercise is one of these factors that affect appetite and subsequent energy intake rate. This study aims to examine the effect of light، moderate and high intensities of circuit resistance exercise on the appetite. 8 healthy men and 8 healthy women participated in this study as subjects voluntarily. Exercise activity with three intensity، light (30 to 40 % of 1RM)، moderate (50 to 60 % 1RM) and high (80 to 90 % 1RM)، and in six moves induding the bench press، armpits، shoulder، leg squat، back foot and leg (each session was 90 minutes) has performed. Appetite were assessed before exercise activity، immediately after، and three and six hours after exercise activity by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). ANOVA with repeated measures and t-test were used to analyze the findings. The significant level was considered (P<0. 05). The Appetite was significantly reduced immediately after the exercise activity than before exercise activity appetite in both men and women. In women desire to food in take 6 hours after light and moderate exercise were decresed up to 33- 35% respectively (P<0. 05)، and feeling of fullness increased 76 and 51 respectively (P<0. 05)، while significant changes in men and in high intensity exercise activity in women and men were not observed. In general، according to the present results، it seems appetite is decreased in low and moderate-intensity resistance training in women، that this appetite decreased can lead to reduced food intake and as a result weight control or loss.

Aging in human is associated with a loss in neuromuscular function and performance. This is related، in part، to increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants status. Uric acid and bilirubin considered as two main antioxidant in blood and have a significant relationship with Total Anti Oxiidait Capaciy. The aim of present study was to examin the effects of resistance exercise on total antioxidant capacity، bilirubin and uric acid in non-athlete and elderly wrestlers. 8 elderly wrestlers (age 59. 75 ± 1. 98، Height 172. 25 ± 7. 08 cm، Weight 76 ± 14. 6 kg) and 7 untrained (age 61. 42 ± 1. 9، Height 173. 14 ± 4. 09 cm، Weight 79. 71 ± 8. 15 kg) elderly people volunteered as subject for the study. Subjects completed resistance exercise protocol including: bench press، leg extension، lat-machine pull down، leg curl، cable triceps curl and cable biceps curl with 60-70% of 1RM and with 8-12 repetitions. Blood samples were colected at pre، post and 24 hours after resistance exercise. Resistance exercise did not caused any significancant differences in indices but the baseline amount of total bilirubin and TAC was higher in athlete group، but not significantly. The results of this study showed a single bout of resistance exercise had not significant effect on antioxidant status in athlete and nonathlete elderly men.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of one-bout exhaustive resistance exercise on some muscular damage markers in serum of male volleyball players after different dosage of caffeine intake. Thirty male volleyball players (mean aged 21. 47±1. 45 years، fat 10. 47±3. 11 % and BMI 23. 15±1. 26 kg. m2) in a randomized semi experiment and double-blind design were allocated in three groups: supplementing groups (with 6 and 9 mg. kg-1 caffeine) and placebo group (6 mg. kg-1 dextrose). After the supplementation، all subjects were participated in onesingle- session resistance weight-training (with 80% of one repetition maximum until exhaustion). Changes in muscular damage indices (total serum CK and LDH) were determined in three phases (Baseline، immediately and 24 hours after the training protocol). The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni at P≤0. 05. The results showed different dosage of caffeine intake had no significant effect on increased level of muscular damage serum enzymes immediately after exercise compared with the placebo group. Also، exhaustive resistance exercise increased levels of 24-hour CK and LDH significantly in all groups (P≤0. 05). However، different dosage of caffeine intake had not effect on increased levels of muscle damage markers after 24 hours of exercise. Based on the present findings and the execss intake of different dosage of caffeine probabley can not prevent further damage and in intraction with resistante exercise can not lead to escalation the indirect indices of muscle damage in compared with the placebo group.

The Aim of present study was to investigate response of salivary IgA and cortisol to reduction body''s carbohydrate reserves following paddling interval exercise in men kayakers. Subjects included 10 men elite kayakers، with a mean age of 18. 6±4. years، height 179. 2±4. 07 and weight 68. 3±9. 6 kg، that participated in two separate session within 7 days in two tests and were evaluated. At first، when the glycogen levels were normal، they performed interval exercise protocol، including 3 time padlling for 1000 meters with 90% maximum heart rate intensity and the rest interval 1. 5 fold of padlling time، then the day before main test، to reduce body carbohydrates reserves، they performed a test of padlling with 80% maximum heart rate and rate intensity for 60 minutes and a test including 4 times padlling for 250 meters wihe 90% maximum heart rate intensity and 1. 5 fold rest interval were followed. Then، subject’s nutritional status was controlled and they were asked to stay fast overnight. In the morning، after 12 hours fasting، the interval exercise protocol was performed. Saliva samples were collected before، immediately and 3 hours after exercise. were used Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test to locate differences and the independent t-test to compare the differences in normal and reduction body''s carbohydrate reserves conditions. One bout of paddling interval exercise significantly reduced salivary IgA and increased cortisol levels (P<0. 05)، in normal and reduction body''s carbohydrate reserves conditions. Nevertheless، was observed no significant difference between IgA and cortisol responses under these two conditions. It seems that one bout interval exercise causes decrease in salivary IgA and increase in cortisol levels، in normal and reduction body''s carbohydrate reserves conditions، of elite kayakers.

The growth factor myostatin and IGF-1 play a major role in response to muscular contractions and in the regulation and stimulation of muscles metabolism. This research aim is to study the effects of ginseng on the myostatin and IGF-1. Therefore، 16 athletes were selected. The research was constructed as a two-way blinded semi- experimental، pre-post test with a control group. Participants were divided into two groups: Ginseng and placebo. Blood sampling was done before and after one month supplementation and after a simulated competition. Data analysis was done by repeated measures analysis of variance، LSD post hoc and independent T-test. Results showed that level of myostatin and IGF-1 were influenced by using ginseng and simulated competition (P<0. 05) and the levels of myostatin and IGF-1 were increased after supplementation compared with pre supplementation (P<0. 05). There were a significant decrease in IGF-1 (P<0. 05) and increase in myostatin (P<0. 05) after simulated competition. Conlusion: So that a significant increase in myostatin and IGF-1 levels after one month ginseng supplementation. Seems that the role of insulin-like growth factor in physical growth، increasing anabolism effects، body tissue regeneration and also the role of myostatin in controlling energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism، the importance of Gensing supplementation appears in this process. Therefore it is suggested that herbal supplement performance to be considered in the competitive exercises.