مجله تولیدات دامی
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

This study was achieved to evaluation of some strategies and determination the best suitable selection index for Afshari sheep using simulated data. The relative importance of traits was determined based on the estimated economic values and consequently، the most benefit traits were applied to selection indexes construction. The interest indexes were different combination of traits including ewe body weight (EBW)، annual wools weight (AWW) and total weaning weight for each exposed ewe (TWWEE). The index 1 were included all three mentioned traits. The indexes 2، 3 and 4 were included (AWW، TWWEE)، (EBW، TWWEE) and (TWWEE)، respectively. The results indicated that the aggregate genotype، selection index and economic progress increased by increasing in the population size and decreasing in ram ratio، but made reduction in inbreeding average، in all indexes. In more cases، the aggregate genotype decreased by removing a trait in the index. The comparisons among indexes indicated that the most suitable selection index for this breed is index 1 which included EBW، AWW and TWWEE. This index had a maximum selection index average، aggregate genotype and economic progress.

The TLR4 gene structure as the main receptor for lipopolysaccharide recognition of Gram-negative bacteria was investigated in two strains of Iranian commercial Arian line and west Azerbaijan native chicks and its expression was studied in some major organs. Blood samples of the 120 birds were taken and total DNAs extracted. Then، the target gene was sequenced using four pairs of primers on four samples of each strain. The effects of amino acid changes on protein function were assessed by PANTHER software. To investigate the gene expression، total RNAs were extracted from liver، spleen، and lung tissues after slaughter of the birds. Gene expression was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The amplified RNAs from tissues of liver، spleen and lungs. Then electrophoresis images were processed with the ImageJ software and quantitative data analyzed by MINITAB. The results showed 3 new single polymorphisms (T1147C، C2246A and A1832G) in the sequence of TLR4 gene in the studied populations. The effects of variations on TLR4 protein structure indicated a deleterious effect of mutations on protein structure. The TLR4 gene expression in case of native and commercial strains did not show significant differences. Due to importance of the TLR4 in innate immunity and identification of some novel mutations affecting on protein structure، this gene could be a valuable candidate related to genetic resistance in poultry.

Effects of chromium nano particles (NanoCr) on performance and meat quality traits of Japanese quail under physiological stress، using 360 birds to six treatment groups، four replicates and each replicate consisted of 15 birds of quail was determined from d 17 to 35. The groups were negative control (non-stressed)، and five groups under stress supplemented with different levels of NanoCr (0، 200، 400، 800 and 1200 µgkg-1). Dexamethasone (0. 6 mgkg-1 BW) was added to diet for induction of physiological stress. Physiological stress، reduced feed intake and growth، whereas increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and thigh and breast muscles malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (P0. 05). Stressed birds were fed diets containing increased levels of NanoCr linearly improved weight gain (P 0. 02)، and decreaced FCR (P 0. 05)، MDA levels in breast (P 0. 04)، and thigh muscles (P 0. 006). The results showed that supplementation of diet with NanoCr can alleviate the negative effects of physiological stress on performance and meat quality in quails.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of soybean lecithin on performance and blood lipids of broiler chicks. A total of 180 one day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with nine treatments (diets with 0، 0. 2، 0. 4، 0. 6، 0. 8، 1، 1. 2، 1. 4، and 1. 6 percent of soybean lecithin) and four replicates for 47 days-rearing period. In order to evaluate the biochemical factors of blood including cholesterol، triglyceride، high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein، blood sampling from chickens were taken in day 41. The traits of weight gain، feed intake and feed conversion ratio were evaluated at the end of each period. The results showed that different levels of soybean lecithin had no significant effect on weight gain، feed intake and feed conversion ratio traits during each period. Increasing in the level of lecithin، decreased the concentration of cholesterol، triglyceride and low density lipoprotein and increased the high density lipoprotein concentration in blood plasma (P<0. 05). In conclusion، dietary inclusion lecithin up to 1. 6 percent، have no any effect on broiler performance، but could reduce cholesterol، triglyceride، and low density lipoprotein and increase high density lipoprotein in blood’s plasma.

This study was carried out to determination of in vitro binding capacity of organic (wheat and barley) and inorganic (perlite) sources for Mn، Zn، Cu، and Fe. For this reason wheat and barley were chemical analyzed for moisture، protein، ash، and ether extract، total carbohydrate، NDF، ADF، ADL، crude fiber، viscosity، cellulose، and total dietary fiber. The in vitro mineral binding capacity of wheat، barley، and perlite to Mn، Zn، Fe، and Cu under sequential simulated physiological conditions of the stomach، small intestine، and colon was investigated and compared. Acid washing was efficient in removing most endogenous minerals from samples with the exception of Fe. Barley showed the highest mineral binding capacity for Mn (5. 16%)، Zn (11. 07%)، and Cu (44. 48%) in small intestine. Perlite had lower mineral binding capacity (Mn (0. 76%)، Zn (1. 74%)، and Cu (1. 41%)) than wheat and barley. Organic sources had an affinity for Fe>Cu>Zn>Mn. Dietary Fiber had a negative impact on mineral bioavailability.

In order to determination of the share of cost factors affecting the cost of chick live weight per kilogram by using multi-criteria decision-making، a study were done in Tehran province. Data were collected through questionnaires. Farms were divided to three cost ranges، 1- less than 35،000، 2-between 35،000 to 40،000 and 3-over 40000 Rails based on production cost per kg of live weight. Performance parameters، including body weight and feed conversion ratio were not different among three groups (p >0. 05). To determine the share of cost factors، the difference between the groups were analyzed by using multi-criteria decision-making methods. Water and additives، staff، vaccines and fuel are the most factors that influence the difference among 3 groups، so they made a big difference in final live weight price. But the effects of diet cost and insurance had lowest effects on final price. The total cost of feed، chicks، personnel، fuel، rent، vaccinated and litter، respectively، 66. 75، 12. 4، 5. 03، 2. 8، 2. 6، and 1. 38 percent of the production costs themselves. The results showed that the average production cost 38،000 Rrails in Tehran province in the summer of 2014.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiling pistachio by-product (PBP) on nutrient value، some physical and chemical parameters. Fresh PBP were ensiled into a trench silo for 3 months and simultaneously amount of PBP was dried in front of the sun. Chemical composition، buffering capacity، water holding capacity، protein fractionation according to cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS)، concentration of aflatoxin poison and ruminal and post ruminal degradability was measured for both products. The result showed that pH reduced from 4. 73 to 4. 12 after ensiling. The ensiled PBP had low aNDFom and water soluble carbohydrates and high phenolic compounds content compared to the sun dried PBP (P<0. 05). There was no difference in buffering capacity، water holding capacity، non protein nitrogen، concentration of aflatoxin and degradability in total gastrointestinal tract between sun-dried and ensiled PBP. Aflatoxin concentration for both PBP was in the permitable range of using in animal nutrition. It was concluded that PBP had a good potential for ensiling and that process of ensiling had no deterimental effect on nutritive value of PBP and furthermore ensiled PBP had a desirable aerobic stability.

Our objective was to determine the effect of inclusion of dried de-oiled savory (Satureja khuzistanica; DDS) on production performance and fatty acids composition of longissimus muscle (LM) of finishing lambs. Thirty Farhani lambs with average body weight of 33. 6±1. 4 kg were used. The lambs were randomly divided into five groups and individually fed with the experimental diets. In the experimental diets، alfalfa was replaced by dried de-oiled savory at the levels of 0 (control diet)، 25، 50، 75 and 100 percent. The lambs were finished for 60 days with a 15-day adaptation period. During the finishing periods the lambs were weighed individually every 15 days and average daily gain، average feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were determined. At the end of experiment، the lambs were slaughtered. Samples of LM along with subcutaneous fat were taken from the region of twelfth and thirteenth ribs post-mortem and their fatty acids profile were determined by gas chromatography. The results of current study showed that the experimental diets had no effect on production parameters of lambs assessed (P>0. 05). Saturated fatty acids content of LM was higher in the lambs fed with diets in which alfalfa was replaced by DDS at the level of 25 percent than those fed with diets in which alfalfa fully replaced by DDS (P<0. 05). The lambs fed on diets in which alfalfa was replaced by DDS at the levels higher than 25 percent had numerically higher saturated fatty acids in their LM compared to control diet-fed lambs. The results showed that dietary inclusion of DDS at the level of 75 percent instead of alfalfa numerically increased poly-unsaturated fatty acids content of LM. Dietary replacement of alfalfa with DDS at the levels of 25 to 75 percent numerically lowered the proportion of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids of LM compared to the control diet.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of doses of 25، 50 and 75 kGy of gamma ray (GR) and electron beam (EB) ionizing radiations on ruminal disappearance of amino acids (AAs) and protein subunits of canola meal (CM). The nylon bag technique was used for degradability trial. Three ruminally fistulated Taleshi bulls were used for this aim. The disappearance trends of protein subunits for protein meal samples were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Irradiation decreased ruminal degradability of AAs (P<0. 05). In this case، except for serine، tyrosine and glutamate، the effect of GR in reducing AAs degradability was more than the EB. Electrophoresis analysis identified the presence of cruciferin with four subunits in CM. In unirradiated CM، all four protein subunits of cruciferin were degraded after 8 h of rumen incubation. Doses of 25، 50 and 75 kGy of EB and GR preserved the protein subunits of cruciferin up to 16، 24 and 48 h، respectively. It can be concluded that processing with ionizing radiation of EB and GR decreases ruminal degradation of CM protein subunits of cruciferin and AAs. The effect of GR in reducing ruminal degradation of CM proteins is more than EB.

The effect of melatonin and bromocryptine on body weight، fibre shedding and cashmere traits was investigated. The Twenty four Raeini goats females (2-3 years old) were allotted to four treatments (n=6/group): control (C); melatonin (MI) implant (18 mg at first and repeated after 40 days); bromocryptine (B) injection، (0. 5 mg/kg BW per 3 days) melatonin and bromocryptine implant and injection (MIB). All goats were maintained under natural photoperiodic conditioned of short day photoperiod (8 h light and 18 h dark)، for 2 months. Fibre was harvested by using wooden combs and each goat was combed four times at two week intervals، from 23th February to 8th March. Combed fibers were 23. 3، 15. 7، 17. 0 and 21. 3 % for MI، B and MIB treated and C groups (P>0. 05).. Cashmere fiber diameter (CFD) for MI group (21. 4 um)، was higher than the other C، B and MIB groups 20. 2، 19. 9 and 19. 8 um (P<0. 01). The CV of CFD was significant and higher in C group compared with the other groups (P<0. 05). These results suggest that hormone treatment improve uniformity of cashmere diameter.

The polymorphism in exon 3 of FABP4 gene and its association with growth traits of 45 Sistani (n=30) and Dashtiari (n=15) cattle were investigated. DNA extraction from the whole blood was performed and its quality was determined by electrophoresis of one percent agarose gel. Animal genotypes were determined based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and their band size electrophoresed on agarose 2. 8 percent resulted from enzyme digestion by NlaIII. The pattern of bands gave three genotypes including AA، AB and BB in two Sistani and Dashtiari breeds with frequency of 67، 30، and 3 percent and 73، 27 and 0 percent، respectively. The frequency of A and B alleles in exon 3 of FABP4 in Sistani and Dashtiari breeds were 82 and 18 percent and 86. 5 and 13. 5 percent، respectively. Heterozygosity indices including Shannon index (I)، Nei’s index، observed and expected heterozygosity in Sistani and Dashtiari population were 48، 30، 30 and 30 percent and 39، 11، 27 and 24 percent، respectively. The association between genotypes and growth-related traits were significant for body weights in 6، 9 and 12 months of age. Therefore، this locus can be considered as a candidate gene in breeding programs for describing the variation of growth traits after weaning age in calves.

The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of feeding frequency and oil supplementation to the diet on performance and feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows. Twenty four lactating Holstein cows، 12 primiparous، (BW = 626 ± 58 Kg and DIM = 195 ± 44 day) and 12 multiparous، (BW = 617 ± 25 Kg and DIM = 207 ± 39 day) were randomly assigned to the four diets contained 2. 5 percent supplemental oil or no oil and feeding frequency of 3 or 1 time per day in a randomized complete block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Frequency of feed delivery and oil supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake. Oil supplementation reduced slug feeding especially with feeding once per day (P < 0. 05). Feeding frequency and oil supplementation interaction tended to significant for milk yield (P = 0. 09)، as there was a numerical increase in milk yield in oil 3 time feeding with oil diet. The cows fed oil diet in 3 time feed delivery had lower milk protein (P < 0. 05)، but milk fat increased with 1 time feeding and oil supplementation (P < 0. 05). The results showed that oil supplementation to mid lactating cows diet can decreased compromised effects of decreasing feeding frequency.

Effect of Protexin to diminish negative consequences of feeding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diet on performance، immune response، meat quality and ileal microbial flora were examined using 320 seven-day-old Japanese quails fed four treatments [control diet (without additives)، diet containing 2. 5 mg AFB1/kg)، diet containing 150 mg Protexin/kg، diet containing 2. 5 mg AFB1/kg+150 mg Protexin/kg] with four replicates and 20 birds each in a completely randomized design. Feed intake of birds fed probiotic diet was higher than those birds in control group (P<0. 05). Weight gain in birds fed aflatoxin contaminated diet was lower than birds in other treatments (P<0. 05). Humoral immunity response in quails related to aflatoxin and probiotic groups was lower and higher than control group، respectively (P<0. 05). Skin thickness increase after 48h challenging with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in birds fed aflatoxin contaminated diet was lower than the other groups (P<0. 05). Concentration of malondialdehyde (after freezing meat for 30 days) in the meat of aflatoxin fed birds was higher than the other birds (P<0. 05). Population of E. coli and lactic acid bacteria in birds fed protexin or aflatoxin+protexin was lower and higher than the two other groups، respectively (P<0. 05). Based on the result of this research، dietary inclusion of protexin probiotics into aflatoxin contaminated diet could improve immunity response and intestinal microbial population in Japanese quails.

Effect of different levels of zinc supplementation on footpad lesions، reproductive and blood parameters of broiler breeders with 300 hens and 40 roosters of Ross 308 strain with 4 treatments، 5 replicates and 15 hens and 2 roosters in each for 12 weeks was evaluated in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were 80، 110، 140 and 170 mg zinc/kg diet. Increasing supplemental zinc level especial 170 mg/kg diet increased hatchability (P<0. 05). Levels of 140 and 170 mg zinc/kg diet significantly improved footpad lesions (P<0/05). In the first phase of incubation، the lowest rate of mortality observed in 140mg zinc/kg diet (P<0. 05). Also، number of large and small size follicles of broiler breeders increased at 170 mg zinc/kg diet (P<0. 05). Blood parameters did not affect significantly. The results of this experiment showed that supplementation of broiler breeders diet with zinc at 140 and 170 mg/kg diet could improve hatchability and had desirable effect on footpad health.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of R. coriaria L. and P. farcta extracts as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in broilers diet. A total of 300 one-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (5 pen replicates; 15 birds per pen) for the 0- to 28-d period، and all data were analyzed in a randomized complete design. Dietary treatments included a basal diet (as control diet، without additive) and 3 similar diets that were supplemented with 200 mg/kg R. coriaria L. extract، P. farcta extract، and oxytetracycline 20%، respectively. The results showed that average daily gain was significantly increased (P<0. 05) by supplementing diets with all feed additives in 7-14 d period and entire (0-28 d). Broilers fed the diets supplemented with each of extracts had a low serum cholesterol levels as compared to control diet (P<0. 05). Moreover، the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus was significantly increased by supplemented diets (P<0. 05). However، adding feed additive to diets had no significant effect on antibody titer against SRBC، skin thickness due to DNCB challenge and toe-web thickness in response to injection of phytohemagglutinin-P. In addition، supplementing diet with P. farcta caused to a significant increase in relative bursa of fabricius weight in contrast with control diet. Based on current results، it can be concluded that R. coriaria and P. farcta extracts can be used as alternatives to oxytetracycline as a growth promoter in broilers diet.